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Lecture 02 types of surveying
1. SURVEYING
Surveying is the art of making measurements of
relative positions of natural and man-made
features on or near the surface of earth and
then plotting them to some suitable scale to
form a map.
They are often used to establish maps and
boundaries for ownership, locations, such as
building corners or the surface location of
subsurface features, or other purposes required
by government or civil law, such as property
sales. 1
2. • Survey is performed to prepare a
map of relative positions on surface
of the earth. It shows the natural
and artificial feature of a country
such as towns, villages, roads,
railways, etc.
• They may also include details of
different engineering works such as
bridge, canal, dam etc.
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SURVEYING
3. • Before commencement of any major
engineering project,
• survey is carried out to determine
the location of site and its
surrounding.
• To understand the topography of the
site and natural resource availability.
• Survey is carried out to prepare the
cadastral map showing property
boundaries.
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SURVEYING
4. SURVEYING
ART
The accuracy and thus reliability of the survey depends not only
on the field expertise but also on the surveyor’s understanding
of the scientific principles.
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SCIENCE
?
5. BRIEF HISTORY
The nearly perfect squareness and north-south orientation
of the Great Pyramid of Giza, built 2700 BC, affirm the
Egyptians' command of surveying.
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6. BRIEF HISTORY
Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument in Wiltshire, England. It
consists of a ring of standing stones, with each standing stone
around 13 feet (4.0 m) high, 7 feet (2.1 m) wide.
A recent reassessment of Stonehenge, (2500 BC) suggests that
the monument was set out by prehistoric surveyors using peg and
rope geometry.
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7. OBJECTIVE
The main objective of surveying is to form the
map of the site.
This map should provide following information:
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1. Distance between different features on the
site.
2. Direction of the features.
3. Difference of level between different features.
8. OBJECTIVE
It also involves marking of lines and grades
needed for the construction of building,
roads, dams and other engineering
structures.
Surveying has many industrial applications as
well like; setting equipment, laying out
assembly lines, and so on.
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10. CLASSIFICATION
1. Plane Survey
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ln plane survey curvature of earth is not taken into
account.
Plane surveys are the most commonly practiced
method of surveying and treat the earth as a flat
or "plane" surface.
11. CLASSIFICATION
1. Plane Survey
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Good enough for small-scale surveys in
limited areas, the curvature of the earth
has no effect on the results, thus the
computations and results can be
referenced to a plane or flat surface.
Calculations for a plane surface are
relatively simple, since the surveyor is able
to use plane geometry and plane
trigonometry.
12. Plane Survey
Plane surveys, however, are made on such
small areas that the effect of curvature may be
neglected. e.g., American surveyors put the
limit at 250 km2 for treating the survey as
plane.
In large scale mapping, adjustments are made
for the curvature of earth. E.g., For highways
and Railroads, corrections applied at regular
interval of 1 mile to correct for the earth
curvature.
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13. Plane Survey
Most of surveys are sufficiently accurate for all
but not for the largest areas. Survey of farms,
subdivisions, buildings etc in fact most
constructed works are plane surveys.
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15. Plane Survey
It can also be shown that an arc along the
earth’s curved surface of 11.5 miles in length is
only approximately 0.5 feet longer than the
plane or chord distance between its ends.
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16. Geodetic Survey
In geodetic surveying, also called
Trigonometric Surveying. It is necessary to
take into account the curvature of the earth.
Since shape of the earth is spheroidal, the line
connecting any two points on the surface of
the earth is curved or an arc of a giant circle.
Traditional geodetic survey is of great
magnitude like;
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National Boundaries
17. Geodetic Survey
Geodetic surveys are those that are adjusted
for the curved shape of the Earth’s surface.
Since they allow for earth’s curvature,
geodetic surveys can be applied to both small
and large areas.
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19. The ruling principle of surveying is to work from the whole to a
part and not from part to whole.
• According to this principle,
it is always desirable to
carryout survey work from
whole to part.
• This means, when an area is
to be surveyed, first a
system of control points is
to be established covering
the whole area with very
high precision. Then minor
details are located by less
precise methods. 19
Basic Principle of Surveying
20. Basic Principle of Surveying
• The ruling principle of surveying is to work from the whole to
a part and not from part to whole.
• First, control points are established in the area to be surveyed
and this can be done through a network of triangles or
traversing.
• Control points for the “primary network" are provided with
the help of instruments of highest precision and by adopting
well-established methods of observation.
• The underlying idea is to minimize the accumulation of error
and to localize the error. If the survey is made to expand
outward from the central points, the minor errors will become
so magnified as to become uncontrollable at the end.
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29. TYPES OF SURVEY
This section is devoted to a brief description of various
types of surveys.
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Land surveys are the oldest type of survey and have
been performed since earliest recorded history.
They are normally plane surveys made for locating
property lines, subdividing land into smaller parts,
determining land areas, and any other information
involving the transfer of land from one owner to
another. These surveys are also called property surveys,
boundary surveys or cadastral surveys.
30. TYPES OF SURVEY
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Topographic surveys: By topography is meant the shape or
configuration of the earth’s surface.
• Topographic surveying is the process of determining the
positions, both in plan and elevation, of the natural and
artificial features of a region, and delineating them by means
of conventional symbols upon a map called a topographic
map.
• The distinguishing feature of a topographic survey is the
location and sketching of contours. A topographic map shows,
hills and valleys, streams, rivers, lakes, trees, etc.
• Also the artificial features, such as roads, railways, canals,
houses etc
32. TYPES OF SURVEY
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Route surveys: It involve the
determination of the location of natural
and artificial objects along a proposed
route for a highway, railroad, canal,
pipeline, power line, or other utility. They
may further involve the location or
staking out the facility and the
calculation of earthwork quantities.
33. TYPES OF SURVEY
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City or Municipal surveys: are made
within a municipality for the purpose
of laying out streets, planning sewer
systems, preparing maps and so on.
When the term is used, it usually
brings to minds topographic surveys
in or near a city for the purpose of
planning urban expansions or
improvements.
35. TYPES OF SURVEY
Construction surveys are made
for purpose of locating structures
and providing required elevation
points during their construction.
They are needed to control every
type of construction project.
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36. TYPES OF SURVEY
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Hydrographic surveys pertain to lakes,
streams and other bodies of water. Shorelines
are chartered, shapes of areas beneath water
surfaces are determined, water flow of
streams is estimated, and other information
needed relative to navigation, flood control
and development of water resources is
obtained.
These surveys are usually made by a
governmental agency.
38. TYPES OF SURVEY
Marine surveys are like hydrographic surveys, but they are
thought to cover a broader area. They include the science of
navigation, marine features and water depth etc on
hydrographic maps and charts.
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39. TYPES OF SURVEY
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Mine surveys are made to obtain the relative positions and
elevations of underground shafts, geological formations, and
so on.
Shafts (The Qanat System) Aerial View of Qanat
40. TYPES OF SURVEY
Forestry and Geological surveys are much more common
than the average layperson realizes. Foresters use surveying
for boundary, locations, timber cruising, topography, and so
on. Similarly, surveying has much application in the
preparation of geological maps.
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Photogrammetric surveys are those in which photographs
(generally aerial) are used in conjunction with limited ground
surveys (used to establish or locate certain control points
visible from the air).
42. TYPES OF SURVEY
As Built survey is similar to
preliminary survey with a difference
of that it has been constructed to
provide a final record of the
construction and to check the
construction has proceeded
according to the design plan. Also
called in-built survey. 42
43. TYPES OF SURVEY
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Control surveys are reference
surveys. For a particular control
survey a number of points are
established and their horizontal
and vertical positions very
accurately determined.
These points are called Bench
Marks.
44. Land Surveying Techniques
• Land surveys are used to determine land
boundaries for a variety of reasons, including
the selling or buying a property, putting up a
fence or larger scale projects such as building
roads and highways.
• While there are many different land surveying
techniques, there are five fundamental ones
that are used the most often. These five
techniques can be used alone or, most often,
in a combination of some form or another.
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45. • Triangulation – This technique uses a series of
fixed points or stations in the area to be
measured. These stations are connected as
triangles, joining and overlapping each other.
From these points, angles are measured. This
is the most commonly used of the land
surveying techniques and is also the most
efficient in that it minimizes the number of
different measurements that are needed.
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Land Surveying Techniques
47. • Trilateration – Using the same principles as
described in the triangulation method of land
surveying techniques, trilateration adds
electronic distance measuring equipment. This
allows for faster and easier mapping of
uneven and rough terrain.
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Land Surveying Techniques
48. • Leveling – This technique is used to determine
land elevations. It begins with a fixed point
such as a metal pole and uses a leveling
instrument to move up and down an area,
determining height at specific points along the
way. Each one of these points provides part of
the calculation, which is determined using
trigonometry methods. The most common use
for this type of land surveying technique is in
determining information for elevation maps. 48
Land Surveying Techniques
50. • Traverse – The method in which a series of
lines with predetermined and measured
distances and lengths are used to connect
together at various points in determined
location. These traverse lines can be open or
closed and can be easily moved around
uneven terrain or obstacles that are in the
way. This technique is most often used in the
surveying for new roads, railroads and other
such linear projects. 50
Land Surveying Techniques
52. • Radiation – Most commonly used along with a
plane table, this land surveying technique is
often used in conjunction with triangulation
and traverse methods of measurement. This
method takes a fixed position above a ground
location in which various points are taken
along the boundary line then drawn out on
paper. Once drawn out, the distance is
measured and converted to the necessary
scale on the survey sheets. 52
Land Surveying Techniques
54. Accuracy and Precision
Accuracy:
It is the relationship between the value of a
measurement and the “true” or theoretically
correct value of the dimension being
measured.
Precision:
It describes the refinement of the measuring
process and the ability to repeat the same
measurement with consistently small variation
in different conditions. 54
Natural features are part of the land, and many were in a place before people lived there. Plants, rocks, sand, soil, sea and streams are all natural. They are not made by people.
Manmade features such as roads, dams, and cities may also be included.
Topography describes the physical features of an area of land. These featurestypically include natural formations such as mountains, rivers, lakes, and valleys.Manmade features such as roads, dams, and cities may also be included.Topography often records the various elevations of an area using a topographicalmap.
