The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Vaccine Stock Management Tool - System documentationOtieno Julie
This is the system documentation for my final undergraduate year project. The system was a Vaccine Management System for the National Vaccine & Immunization Program - Kenya. We worked in partnership with the Clinton Health Access Initiative - Kenya to research, develop and deploy the system. The phase one deployment is currently ongoing.
PIC'S - GOOD PRACTICES FOR DATA MANAGEMENT AND INTEGRITY IN REGULATED GMP/G...Khaled Balaawy
PIC/S Participating Authorities regularly undertake inspections of manufacturers and distributors of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) and medicinal products in order to determine the level of compliance with Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) and Good Distribution Practice (GDP) principles
Defining Functional Requirements for Immunization Inform.docxsimonithomas47935
The Create Newborn Record business process has the objective of creating an initial immunization record in the IIS system following a newborn's birth. It is triggered by a baby's birth at a birthing facility. The process involves receiving and registering the birth, extracting data from the birth record, transmitting the data, checking if a record already exists, and if not, creating a new record and querying, adding, and/or updating patient information. The inputs are the birth record and associated data elements. The outputs are the registered birth in vital records and an electronic birth record added to the IIS. Measurable outcomes include recording vaccinations in the newborn record and timeliness of record creation.
A Literature Survey on Vaccine safe Health Tracker based on blockchain techno...IRJET Journal
This document contains a literature review of 17 sources related to using blockchain technology for vaccine distribution and health records. The sources discuss:
1. Using blockchain to provide transparency, immutability and data integrity for vaccination registration records by connecting healthcare provider records on a shared network.
2. Smart contracts being used to monitor vaccine handling rules and distribution conditions.
3. Transparent and tamper-proof solutions for reporting vaccine side effects by beneficiaries and administrators.
4. Most projects focus on financial services but blockchain has applications in healthcare like managing public health and medical research data.
A Literature Survey on Vaccine safe Health Tracker based on blockchain techno...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes several research papers on using blockchain technology for vaccine distribution and health record systems. It discusses how blockchain can provide transparency, immutability and prevent data tampering for vaccination registration systems. Smart contracts are proposed to monitor vaccine handling rules and distribution conditions. The document also reviews literature on using blockchain to improve emergency medical data sharing, address health records interoperability issues, and optimize vaccine allocation to different age groups. Overall, the research proposes that blockchain technology can help make vaccination and health systems more secure, scalable and efficient.
BLOCKCHAIN HYPERLEDGER IN MEDICAL FIELD.pdfASHMILA K P
This document presents a seminar report on using Hyperledger Fabric blockchain technology to securely share health data. It begins with declarations and certificates, then provides an abstract, table of contents, acknowledgements, and introduction on e-health, blockchain, and Hyperledger Fabric. The literature review discusses existing approaches to storing e-health data such as electronic health records, cloud storage, and blockchain. It also summarizes papers on using private/public clouds and blockchain for e-health data. The methodology section outlines the basic algorithm for the proposed system and how Hyperledger would work, including transaction validation and ledger updating. In conclusion, Hyperledger Fabric provides a secure method for sharing health data between organizations on a permissioned blockchain network.
This document summarizes findings from interviews with grantees in the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's health IT portfolio that have implemented barcode medication administration technologies. Key findings include:
1) Grantees preferred integrated systems over stand-alone applications to reduce interface challenges. Pilot testing scanners and wristbands helped ensure compatibility and durability.
2) Phased rollouts by unit allowed for more support, though opinions varied on sequencing barcode and electronic medication administration record implementations.
3) Additional training, packaging, and labeling was sometimes needed. Training superusers and having on-site vendor support improved adoption.
4) Successful implementations required changing organizational culture and social systems to integrate data and technology into clinical workflows.
Vaccine Stock Management Tool - System documentationOtieno Julie
This is the system documentation for my final undergraduate year project. The system was a Vaccine Management System for the National Vaccine & Immunization Program - Kenya. We worked in partnership with the Clinton Health Access Initiative - Kenya to research, develop and deploy the system. The phase one deployment is currently ongoing.
PIC'S - GOOD PRACTICES FOR DATA MANAGEMENT AND INTEGRITY IN REGULATED GMP/G...Khaled Balaawy
PIC/S Participating Authorities regularly undertake inspections of manufacturers and distributors of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) and medicinal products in order to determine the level of compliance with Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) and Good Distribution Practice (GDP) principles
Defining Functional Requirements for Immunization Inform.docxsimonithomas47935
The Create Newborn Record business process has the objective of creating an initial immunization record in the IIS system following a newborn's birth. It is triggered by a baby's birth at a birthing facility. The process involves receiving and registering the birth, extracting data from the birth record, transmitting the data, checking if a record already exists, and if not, creating a new record and querying, adding, and/or updating patient information. The inputs are the birth record and associated data elements. The outputs are the registered birth in vital records and an electronic birth record added to the IIS. Measurable outcomes include recording vaccinations in the newborn record and timeliness of record creation.
A Literature Survey on Vaccine safe Health Tracker based on blockchain techno...IRJET Journal
This document contains a literature review of 17 sources related to using blockchain technology for vaccine distribution and health records. The sources discuss:
1. Using blockchain to provide transparency, immutability and data integrity for vaccination registration records by connecting healthcare provider records on a shared network.
2. Smart contracts being used to monitor vaccine handling rules and distribution conditions.
3. Transparent and tamper-proof solutions for reporting vaccine side effects by beneficiaries and administrators.
4. Most projects focus on financial services but blockchain has applications in healthcare like managing public health and medical research data.
A Literature Survey on Vaccine safe Health Tracker based on blockchain techno...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes several research papers on using blockchain technology for vaccine distribution and health record systems. It discusses how blockchain can provide transparency, immutability and prevent data tampering for vaccination registration systems. Smart contracts are proposed to monitor vaccine handling rules and distribution conditions. The document also reviews literature on using blockchain to improve emergency medical data sharing, address health records interoperability issues, and optimize vaccine allocation to different age groups. Overall, the research proposes that blockchain technology can help make vaccination and health systems more secure, scalable and efficient.
BLOCKCHAIN HYPERLEDGER IN MEDICAL FIELD.pdfASHMILA K P
This document presents a seminar report on using Hyperledger Fabric blockchain technology to securely share health data. It begins with declarations and certificates, then provides an abstract, table of contents, acknowledgements, and introduction on e-health, blockchain, and Hyperledger Fabric. The literature review discusses existing approaches to storing e-health data such as electronic health records, cloud storage, and blockchain. It also summarizes papers on using private/public clouds and blockchain for e-health data. The methodology section outlines the basic algorithm for the proposed system and how Hyperledger would work, including transaction validation and ledger updating. In conclusion, Hyperledger Fabric provides a secure method for sharing health data between organizations on a permissioned blockchain network.
This document summarizes findings from interviews with grantees in the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's health IT portfolio that have implemented barcode medication administration technologies. Key findings include:
1) Grantees preferred integrated systems over stand-alone applications to reduce interface challenges. Pilot testing scanners and wristbands helped ensure compatibility and durability.
2) Phased rollouts by unit allowed for more support, though opinions varied on sequencing barcode and electronic medication administration record implementations.
3) Additional training, packaging, and labeling was sometimes needed. Training superusers and having on-site vendor support improved adoption.
4) Successful implementations required changing organizational culture and social systems to integrate data and technology into clinical workflows.
The document provides an evaluation and proposed solution for Wellstar Health System's web application. It identifies several notable issues with the existing system such as lack of disability accessibility, poor performance on mobile devices, and security concerns with electronic health records. The proposed solution suggests implementing a blockchain-based platform to securely store and transmit patient health data in accordance with regulations while improving the front-end interface design. The team plans to further research the technical requirements and stakeholders that would be involved in such a blockchain network solution.
Vaccine development is just the first step in eradicating the pandemic, the real challenge lies in managing and handling its supply chain. An ERP built specifically for Vaccines can be the way out in efficiently fighting these challenges. Go through the presentation to know how exactly an ERP for vaccines helps.
This document provides interim guidance on supply and logistics for COVID-19 vaccination. It discusses coordinating mechanisms and core logistical functions for planning and operations. It covers vaccine profiles, cold chain strategies, infrastructure requirements, waste management, human resources, and country readiness tools. The guidance is intended to help countries effectively deploy COVID-19 vaccines and strengthen immunization systems and supply chains.
This document summarizes techniques for modeling supply chains in an extended enterprise environment. It describes supply chain concepts like collaboration and the extended/virtual enterprise. It reviews modeling methods, simulation best practices, and software tools. It also discusses supply chain performance measurement frameworks and proposes using simulation with metrics to evaluate logistics concepts and extended enterprises. The goal is to help the project rapidly evaluate collaborative partnerships through modeling and simulation.
The Immunization Technical Support Unit and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare are working to improve vaccination programs in India. A study identified issues with vaccine logistics and management. This led to the development of an electronic Vaccine Intelligence Network (eVIN) system to provide real-time vaccine stock visibility and ensure vaccines are stored at recommended temperatures. A pilot of the eVIN system in two districts of Uttar Pradesh resulted in 90% reporting rates and a reduction in vaccine stockouts from 70-80% to less than 10%. The system has helped shorten the duration of stockouts from 4 days to 1 day.
BT6002 - Research Dissertation - Patrick O'Flynn - 110329811Patrick O'Flynn
This document is a dissertation submitted by Patrick O'Flynn in partial fulfillment of a Masters degree in Biotechnology from University College Cork in 2015. The dissertation focuses on developing a Quality Management System for a GMP Bioprocessing facility and training platform. It provides background information on quality systems and regulations. It then describes the project scope and methodology for developing the QMS documentation system and key quality documents. The results section provides samples of documents generated for the QMS, including an overview of the documentation system. Discussion covers next steps such as finalizing procedures and hiring a quality consultant. The dissertation establishes a framework for the QMS and generates initial documentation to help prepare the facility for GMP operations.
This document discusses the challenges healthcare organizations face in securing protected health information and complying with regulations in light of increased automation and electronic records adoption. It outlines various security laws and regulations for healthcare including HITECH, which strengthens HIPAA and creates data breach notification requirements. The document provides an overview of best practices for healthcare organizations to assess security risks, prevent data loss, meet regulatory requirements, and secure systems while maintaining patient care.
In the new healthcare industry, providers and patients will thrive by deploying intelligent technology to deliver care sooner and more effectively. New solutions include Kofax Smart Process Applications and Smart Mobile Apps, which enable healthcare organizations to automatically and accurately capture, validate, extract and classify information form anywhere inside or outside the organization.
In the new healthcare industry, providers and
patients will thrive by deploying intelligent
technology to deliver care sooner and more
effectively. New solutions include Kofax Smart
Process Applications and Smart Mobile Apps, which
enable healthcare organizations to automatically
and accurately capture, validate, extract and classify
information from anywhere inside or outside the
organization — and then instantly drive business
processes and applications while saving critical
documentation in secure content repositories.
This document provides guidance on selecting the most appropriate cable diagnostic program for a medium voltage cable system. It discusses the evolution of cable diagnostics from 2006 to 2014 based on surveys of over 100 utilities. The use of some techniques, such as very low frequency withstand tests, has increased in that time period due to improvements in equipment and knowledge. The document provides a five-step process called SAGE for selecting diagnostic techniques in a transparent manner and offers information and considerations to help users choose techniques that best suit their needs and risk tolerance.
Unleashing effectiveness and Quality Care with CnaPointClickCare.pdfArticles Reader
CNAPointClickCare offers a great numerous functionalities, difficulties might crop during prosecution. Reconciliation with being fabrics and guaranteeing harmonious information relocation can be intricate errands. In any case, patient marches and updates to the stage mean to address these difficulties, making the change smoother for medical services associations.
S 4 - CVC-Self-Learning-Package-v9-June-2018-FINAL.pdfgurl7
A central venous catheter (CVC) is a flexible tube that is inserted into a large vein in the neck, chest, or groin to administer fluids, medications, nutrients or blood products and/or to measure central venous pressure. There are different types of CVCs that can be inserted short-term or long-term depending on the patient's needs. CVCs require specialized nursing care to minimize complications and maximize patient outcomes.
This document provides an overview of the Joint Commission's Ambulatory Care Accreditation Program. It aims to help ambulatory care organizations achieve high-quality operations through patient-centered standards and an on-site evaluation process focused on actual care delivery. The accreditation experience is intended to be educational and collaborative. The handbook provides resources for organizations seeking accreditation and outlines the accreditation process, including preparation, application, surveys and decisions.
Healthcare Management with QR Code using BlockChainIRJET Journal
The document discusses using blockchain technology and QR codes to improve healthcare management. It proposes a mobile application that allows users to create a healthcare card storing their full medical records. The application would generate a PDF after scanning a QR code linked to the user's medical data stored securely on the blockchain. This improves data sharing and security over the current paper-based healthcare systems by providing a decentralized and transparent way to store and access patient information.
Online Medical Prescription Management SystemIRJET Journal
The document proposes the development of an online medical prescription management system. It aims to address the limitations of traditional paper-based prescription systems by providing a secure web-based platform for healthcare providers to electronically manage and track patient prescriptions. The system would allow doctors to write and renew prescriptions digitally, reducing errors. Patients could access their prescription records online from any device. The document outlines the system architecture, modules including admin, doctor and patient modules, and implementation details using technologies like Angular, Spring Boot and SQLite database. The system aims to improve patient safety, accessibility and healthcare efficiency by streamlining the prescription process.
Project report for second year of study in bsc information technologyleoreen
This document outlines a project report for a health care organization database system. It includes an abstract describing the current manual paper-based system and how the new system will automate management of patient and hospital information. The report then covers chapters on requirements analysis, system design, implementation, testing and results. The proposed system aims to computerize patient and hospital details, schedule appointments and services, manage test reports and inventory, and keep accurate historical records. It will use .NET, ASP.NET and SQL Server to develop a more efficient paperless system.
Information technology helps healthcare organizations in providing better services to patients and making better decisions. Some of the technologies like e-prescriptions, electronic transactions, and electronic medical records help in increasing the business functionality, removes data ambiguities, reduces the time of staff and physicians and enhances the relationship between the organization and patients. IT provides the ability to measure and monitor patients’ health and provides better analytics to physicians.
This document provides guidance on establishing antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs in health care facilities in low- and middle-income countries. It outlines the core elements needed for national and facility-level AMS programs, including structures, planning, interventions, assessment, and education/training. The document emphasizes that AMS is an integral part of health systems and aims to optimize antibiotic use and slow the emergence of antibiotic resistance through multidisciplinary collaboration at all levels.
Contoh Protokol Validasi Metode Analisis Mikrobiologi #3Guide_Consulting
Validation of Analytical Methods for the Detection of Microbial pathogens in Foods
Untuk mendapat file nya silahkan kirimkan email beserta data (nama, perusahaan, alamat email, no telp) ke Guide Consulting | info@traininglaboratorium.com
This document discusses clinical research and clinical trials conducted by clinical research organizations (CROs). It provides an executive summary of CRO activities, including that CROs conduct over 9,000 clinical trials annually in 142 countries involving 1.4 million patients. The purpose is to bring new medicines to market efficiently and safely. CROs pursue innovation to meet industry demands and help patients access new treatments. The document outlines CRO contributions to clinical research and innovations that help make trials more efficient, such as using data analytics and adaptive trial designs. It recommends policies to further support clinical research innovations.
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
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The document provides an evaluation and proposed solution for Wellstar Health System's web application. It identifies several notable issues with the existing system such as lack of disability accessibility, poor performance on mobile devices, and security concerns with electronic health records. The proposed solution suggests implementing a blockchain-based platform to securely store and transmit patient health data in accordance with regulations while improving the front-end interface design. The team plans to further research the technical requirements and stakeholders that would be involved in such a blockchain network solution.
Vaccine development is just the first step in eradicating the pandemic, the real challenge lies in managing and handling its supply chain. An ERP built specifically for Vaccines can be the way out in efficiently fighting these challenges. Go through the presentation to know how exactly an ERP for vaccines helps.
This document provides interim guidance on supply and logistics for COVID-19 vaccination. It discusses coordinating mechanisms and core logistical functions for planning and operations. It covers vaccine profiles, cold chain strategies, infrastructure requirements, waste management, human resources, and country readiness tools. The guidance is intended to help countries effectively deploy COVID-19 vaccines and strengthen immunization systems and supply chains.
This document summarizes techniques for modeling supply chains in an extended enterprise environment. It describes supply chain concepts like collaboration and the extended/virtual enterprise. It reviews modeling methods, simulation best practices, and software tools. It also discusses supply chain performance measurement frameworks and proposes using simulation with metrics to evaluate logistics concepts and extended enterprises. The goal is to help the project rapidly evaluate collaborative partnerships through modeling and simulation.
The Immunization Technical Support Unit and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare are working to improve vaccination programs in India. A study identified issues with vaccine logistics and management. This led to the development of an electronic Vaccine Intelligence Network (eVIN) system to provide real-time vaccine stock visibility and ensure vaccines are stored at recommended temperatures. A pilot of the eVIN system in two districts of Uttar Pradesh resulted in 90% reporting rates and a reduction in vaccine stockouts from 70-80% to less than 10%. The system has helped shorten the duration of stockouts from 4 days to 1 day.
BT6002 - Research Dissertation - Patrick O'Flynn - 110329811Patrick O'Flynn
This document is a dissertation submitted by Patrick O'Flynn in partial fulfillment of a Masters degree in Biotechnology from University College Cork in 2015. The dissertation focuses on developing a Quality Management System for a GMP Bioprocessing facility and training platform. It provides background information on quality systems and regulations. It then describes the project scope and methodology for developing the QMS documentation system and key quality documents. The results section provides samples of documents generated for the QMS, including an overview of the documentation system. Discussion covers next steps such as finalizing procedures and hiring a quality consultant. The dissertation establishes a framework for the QMS and generates initial documentation to help prepare the facility for GMP operations.
This document discusses the challenges healthcare organizations face in securing protected health information and complying with regulations in light of increased automation and electronic records adoption. It outlines various security laws and regulations for healthcare including HITECH, which strengthens HIPAA and creates data breach notification requirements. The document provides an overview of best practices for healthcare organizations to assess security risks, prevent data loss, meet regulatory requirements, and secure systems while maintaining patient care.
In the new healthcare industry, providers and patients will thrive by deploying intelligent technology to deliver care sooner and more effectively. New solutions include Kofax Smart Process Applications and Smart Mobile Apps, which enable healthcare organizations to automatically and accurately capture, validate, extract and classify information form anywhere inside or outside the organization.
In the new healthcare industry, providers and
patients will thrive by deploying intelligent
technology to deliver care sooner and more
effectively. New solutions include Kofax Smart
Process Applications and Smart Mobile Apps, which
enable healthcare organizations to automatically
and accurately capture, validate, extract and classify
information from anywhere inside or outside the
organization — and then instantly drive business
processes and applications while saving critical
documentation in secure content repositories.
This document provides guidance on selecting the most appropriate cable diagnostic program for a medium voltage cable system. It discusses the evolution of cable diagnostics from 2006 to 2014 based on surveys of over 100 utilities. The use of some techniques, such as very low frequency withstand tests, has increased in that time period due to improvements in equipment and knowledge. The document provides a five-step process called SAGE for selecting diagnostic techniques in a transparent manner and offers information and considerations to help users choose techniques that best suit their needs and risk tolerance.
Unleashing effectiveness and Quality Care with CnaPointClickCare.pdfArticles Reader
CNAPointClickCare offers a great numerous functionalities, difficulties might crop during prosecution. Reconciliation with being fabrics and guaranteeing harmonious information relocation can be intricate errands. In any case, patient marches and updates to the stage mean to address these difficulties, making the change smoother for medical services associations.
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A central venous catheter (CVC) is a flexible tube that is inserted into a large vein in the neck, chest, or groin to administer fluids, medications, nutrients or blood products and/or to measure central venous pressure. There are different types of CVCs that can be inserted short-term or long-term depending on the patient's needs. CVCs require specialized nursing care to minimize complications and maximize patient outcomes.
This document provides an overview of the Joint Commission's Ambulatory Care Accreditation Program. It aims to help ambulatory care organizations achieve high-quality operations through patient-centered standards and an on-site evaluation process focused on actual care delivery. The accreditation experience is intended to be educational and collaborative. The handbook provides resources for organizations seeking accreditation and outlines the accreditation process, including preparation, application, surveys and decisions.
Healthcare Management with QR Code using BlockChainIRJET Journal
The document discusses using blockchain technology and QR codes to improve healthcare management. It proposes a mobile application that allows users to create a healthcare card storing their full medical records. The application would generate a PDF after scanning a QR code linked to the user's medical data stored securely on the blockchain. This improves data sharing and security over the current paper-based healthcare systems by providing a decentralized and transparent way to store and access patient information.
Online Medical Prescription Management SystemIRJET Journal
The document proposes the development of an online medical prescription management system. It aims to address the limitations of traditional paper-based prescription systems by providing a secure web-based platform for healthcare providers to electronically manage and track patient prescriptions. The system would allow doctors to write and renew prescriptions digitally, reducing errors. Patients could access their prescription records online from any device. The document outlines the system architecture, modules including admin, doctor and patient modules, and implementation details using technologies like Angular, Spring Boot and SQLite database. The system aims to improve patient safety, accessibility and healthcare efficiency by streamlining the prescription process.
Project report for second year of study in bsc information technologyleoreen
This document outlines a project report for a health care organization database system. It includes an abstract describing the current manual paper-based system and how the new system will automate management of patient and hospital information. The report then covers chapters on requirements analysis, system design, implementation, testing and results. The proposed system aims to computerize patient and hospital details, schedule appointments and services, manage test reports and inventory, and keep accurate historical records. It will use .NET, ASP.NET and SQL Server to develop a more efficient paperless system.
Information technology helps healthcare organizations in providing better services to patients and making better decisions. Some of the technologies like e-prescriptions, electronic transactions, and electronic medical records help in increasing the business functionality, removes data ambiguities, reduces the time of staff and physicians and enhances the relationship between the organization and patients. IT provides the ability to measure and monitor patients’ health and provides better analytics to physicians.
This document provides guidance on establishing antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs in health care facilities in low- and middle-income countries. It outlines the core elements needed for national and facility-level AMS programs, including structures, planning, interventions, assessment, and education/training. The document emphasizes that AMS is an integral part of health systems and aims to optimize antibiotic use and slow the emergence of antibiotic resistance through multidisciplinary collaboration at all levels.
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Untuk mendapat file nya silahkan kirimkan email beserta data (nama, perusahaan, alamat email, no telp) ke Guide Consulting | info@traininglaboratorium.com
This document discusses clinical research and clinical trials conducted by clinical research organizations (CROs). It provides an executive summary of CRO activities, including that CROs conduct over 9,000 clinical trials annually in 142 countries involving 1.4 million patients. The purpose is to bring new medicines to market efficiently and safely. CROs pursue innovation to meet industry demands and help patients access new treatments. The document outlines CRO contributions to clinical research and innovations that help make trials more efficient, such as using data analytics and adaptive trial designs. It recommends policies to further support clinical research innovations.
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Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Retail store management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Development of large software system is extremely complex activity full of various opportunities to introduction errors. Software Engineering is the discipline that attempts to provide method to handle this complexity, enabling us to produce reliable system software with maximum productivity. It was felt that it is important and very instructive, not only to learn the principles of software engineering but also apply them to a software development project so that all aspects of development and be clearly seen on project. Software engineering is activity starts from requirements analysis and ends with testing and implementation. This project is designed to manage a Retail Store System. In This project VB 6.0 is use as front-end and Oracle use as backend.
Gas agency management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The project entitled "Gas Agency" is done to make the manual process easier by making it a computerized system for billing and maintaining stock. The Gas Agencies get the order request through phone calls or by personal from their customers and deliver the gas cylinders to their address based on their demand and previous delivery date. This process is made computerized and the customer's name, address and stock details are stored in a database. Based on this the billing for a customer is made simple and easier, since a customer order for gas can be accepted only after completing a certain period from the previous delivery. This can be calculated and billed easily through this. There are two types of delivery like domestic purpose use delivery and commercial purpose use delivery. The bill rate and capacity differs for both. This can be easily maintained and charged accordingly.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
Youtube video download using python project report.pdfKamal Acharya
In order to form a clear sketch of this project, here's a brief introduction of the features and scope of YouTube Video Downloader. This project consists of three modules which are inter-linked to each other. Each of the above modules has certain specific task to perform. Tkinter is the standard GUI library for Python. Python when combined with Tkinter provides a fast and easy way to create GUI applications. Tkinter provides a powerful object- oriented interface to the Tk GUI toolkit. Tkinter provides various controls, such as buttons, labels and text boxes used in a GUI application. These controls are commonly called widgets.Pytube library makes the video downloading very easy. Create the object of the YouTube module by passing the link as the parameter. Then, get the appropriate extension and resolution of the video. You can set the name of the file as your convenience, in another case original name will be kept. After that, download the file using the download function which has one parameter which is the location where to download the file. Python, this task is very easy. Few lines of code will download the video from YouTube for you.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Library management system project report II..pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of Library Management Pro system is to provide a medium for the public libraries to computerize their entire functioning and would contribute as a first step in digitalizing their libraries!
As till now in India, public libraries (medium and small scale) had their entire records on paper which again required maintenance and the problem of finding relevant information proved to be a herculean task. Even if the required information was found it was usually at cost of much valuable time.
Library Management Pro would not only simplify this process but also speedup the entire functioning of the library. It will also contribute towards increasing the efficiency of the library as a whole, right from the data entry to maintaining the historical records.
One major purpose is to provide user or the library members the opportunity to not only search through the books but to reserve books that are issued by other users and also request newer books.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Web chatting application project report management system.pdfKamal Acharya
One year ago we was reading an article about Teleconferencing / chatting, which as we said it is a method of using technology to bring people and ideas “together” despite of the geographic barriers. From that time and on we started wondering if we can participate in that technology and how?
The idea of creating a chat server was initiated and it has two dimensions, one to have an experience in network programming and the other is to let people conduct meetings with others in different locations. Such that it crosses time zones, can reach many people, and reduce the paper flood.
Chat application through client server management system project.pdfKamal Acharya
This project focused on creating a chatting application with communication environment. The objective of our project is to build a chatting system to facilitate the communication between two or more clients to obtain an effective channel among the clients themselves. For the application itself, this system can serve as a link to reach out for all clients. The design of the system depends on socket concept where is a software endpoint that establishes bidirectional communication between a server program and one or more client programs. Languages that will be used for the development of this system: Java Development Kit (JDK): is a development environment for building applications and components using the Java programming language.
Toll tax management system project report..pdfKamal Acharya
Toll Tax Management System is a web based application that can provide all the information related to toll plazas and the passenger checks in and pays the amount, then he/she will be provided by a receipt. With this receipt he/she can leave the toll booth without waiting for any verification call.
The information would also cover registration of staff, toll plaza collection, toll plaza collection entry for vehicles, date wise report entry, Vehicle passes and passes reports b/w dates.
Online resume builder management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
This project aims at the Introduction to app Service Management.
This software is designed keeping in mind the user’s efficiency & ease of handling and maintenance , as and secured system over centralized data handling and providing with the features to get the complete study and control over the business.
The report depicts the basics logic used for software development long with the Activity diagrams so that logics may be apprehended without difficulty.
For detailed information, screen layouts, provided along with this report can be viewed.
Although this report is prepared with considering the results required these may be across since the project is subjected to future enhancements as per the need of organizations.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
2. ii
Abstract
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines
and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores.
With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this
additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in
Kenya. Access to these vaccines will have surpassed the current ability of the existing supply
and logistic system to distribute, track and store the vaccines at proper temperatures, condition
and quality and ensure they reach their destinations in a timely manner.
This paper is a system documentation for the development of Vaccine Stock Management Tool
for the Division of Vaccine and Immunization of Kenya. The study was conducted to research,
study and review existing literature and systems architecture for vaccine stock supply
management and studied the existing vaccine supply management system in use in Kenya. This
revealed the current inefficiencies in vaccine supply and stock management within the Division
of Vaccine and Immunization department in the Ministry of Health. The result of the study
were the design and implementation of a vaccine stock management tool that would address
the frequent levels of stock outs in the country by introducing a system based on a “push” or
requisition model rather than the “push” or allocation approach currently been used.
To achieve this, a web-based vaccine stock management tool was developed following the agile
methodology. The developed solution is an implementation of a vaccine supply chain and cold
chain management system that ensures efficient and effective vaccine delivery and that enable
better and timely decision-making. Availability of quality, real time data on vaccine supply and
demand at the national, regional, and lower levels would be critical to supporting improved
efficiencies in how vaccines are managed in Kenya.
3. iii
Declaration
I hereby affirm that this system documentation document is duly my original work and
therefore has not been submitted in any institution for the satisfaction of any academic award.
Student Signature: Date:
Supervisor Signature: Date:
4. iv
Table of Contents
Abstract................................................................................................................................. ii
Declaration........................................................................................................................... iii
Table of Contents................................................................................................................. iv
List of Figures.................................................................................................................. vii
List of Tables..................................................................................................................viii
Abbreviations.................................................................................................................... ix
1 Chapter One: Introduction ............................................................................................ 10
1.1 Background of the Study....................................................................................... 10
1.2 Problem Statement ................................................................................................ 12
1.3 General Objective.................................................................................................. 12
1.4 Specific Objectives................................................................................................ 13
1.5 Justification........................................................................................................... 13
1.6 Scope .................................................................................................................... 14
2 Chapter Two: Literature Review.................................................................................. 15
2.1 Introduction........................................................................................................... 15
2.2 Vaccines and Vaccine Supply Systems.................................................................. 15
2.3 Vaccine Situational Analysis in Kenya .................................................................. 16
2.4 The current Kenya Vaccine Supply Chain Structure .............................................. 17
2.5 General Supply-Chain Management ...................................................................... 19
2.6 Review of existing models and systems in vaccine management............................ 20
2.6.1 Online drug inventory & supply chain management system of Haryana.......... 20
2.7 Components of a Vaccine Stock Management Tool............................................... 21
2.8 Cold Chain Systems .............................................................................................. 21
2.9 Functionality Testing for the Vaccine Stock Management Tool............................. 22
2.10 Characteristics of Ideal Health Information Systems.............................................. 22
3 Chapter Three: Research Methodology and Design....................................................... 24
3.1 Introduction........................................................................................................... 24
3.2 Research Design.................................................................................................... 24
3.3 Data Collection ..................................................................................................... 25
3.3.1 Observation.................................................................................................... 25
3.3.2 Interview........................................................................................................ 25
3.3.3 Secondary Data .............................................................................................. 25
3.4 Software Development Methodology..................................................................... 25
3.5 Deliverables .......................................................................................................... 27
5. v
3.5.1 System Modules............................................................................................. 27
3.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 27
4 Chapter Four: System Analysis and Design .................................................................. 28
4.1 Introduction........................................................................................................... 28
4.2 System Requirements ............................................................................................ 28
4.2.1 Functional Requirements................................................................................ 28
4.2.2 Non-functional requirements .......................................................................... 28
4.3 System Analysis.................................................................................................... 29
4.3.1 Entity Relation Diagram................................................................................. 30
4.3.2 Use Case Modelling ....................................................................................... 31
4.3.3 Class Diagram................................................................................................ 36
4.3.4 Database Schema ........................................................................................... 37
4.4 System Design ...................................................................................................... 38
4.4.1 High Level Architecture for the Vaccine Stock Management Tool.................. 38
5 Chapter Five: System Implementation and Testing ....................................................... 39
5.1 Introduction........................................................................................................... 39
5.2 System Development Tools................................................................................... 39
5.3 Implementation methodology................................................................................ 40
5.3.1 Tasks ............................................................................................................. 40
5.3.2 A web-based application ................................................................................ 42
5.3.3 End of Phase One and Piloting ....................................................................... 43
5.3.4 Features not Implemented............................................................................... 43
5.4 Testing.................................................................................................................. 43
5.4.1 Test Basis....................................................................................................... 43
5.4.2 Test Approach................................................................................................ 43
5.4.3 Testing Conclusion......................................................................................... 44
5.5 System Deployment .............................................................................................. 44
6 Chapter Six: Conclusions and Recommendations.......................................................... 46
6.1 Conclusions........................................................................................................... 46
6.2 Recommendations ................................................................................................. 47
6.3 Future Work.......................................................................................................... 47
7 References.................................................................................................................... 48
8 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................. 50
8.1 Appendix A: Cold Chain Room............................................................................. 50
8.2 Appendix B: System Screen Shots......................................................................... 51
6. vi
8.3 Appendix C: Sample System Code........................................................................ 56
7. vii
List of Figures
Figure 2-1: The current vaccine supply chain structure........................................................ 18
Figure 2-2: Procurement model for the system (Verma, 2014)............................................. 20
Figure 3-1: Conceptual Research Design ............................................................................. 24
Figure 3-2: Agile system development methodology (Elezovic, E., 2012)............................ 26
Figure 4-1: Entity relationship diagram ............................................................................... 30
Figure 4-2: Managing the Sub-County Module.................................................................... 31
Figure 4-3: Managing the National Module ......................................................................... 32
Figure 4-4: Class Diagram................................................................................................... 36
Figure 4-5: Database Schema .............................................................................................. 37
Figure 4-6: Technology Stack.............................................................................................. 38
Figure 5-1: Manage stock Module ....................................................................................... 41
Figure 5-2: Cold Chain Module........................................................................................... 42
Figure 8-1: Cold Chain room............................................................................................... 50
Figure 8-2: Login Page........................................................................................................ 51
Figure 8-3: Sample Admin Dashboard................................................................................. 51
Figure 8-4: Manage Stock Module....................................................................................... 52
Figure 8-5: Document Manager Module.............................................................................. 52
Figure 8-6: Cold Chain Management Module...................................................................... 53
Figure 8-7: Reports Module................................................................................................. 53
Figure 8-8: Admin System Configuration Module ............................................................... 54
Figure 8-9: Failed Login...................................................................................................... 54
Figure 8-10: Unauthorized Access Error.............................................................................. 55
Figure 8-11: Part of the research team during the Central Vaccine Store site visit ................ 57
8. viii
List of Tables
Table 4-1: Use Cases List .................................................................................................... 32
Table 4-2: Sub county Use Case .......................................................................................... 33
Table 4-3: Managing the National Module........................................................................... 34
Table 5-1: Browser Compatibility tests................................................................................ 44
9. ix
Abbreviations
CHAI – Clinton Health Access Initiative
DVI – Division of Vaccine and Immunization
EPI – Expanded Programme on Immunization
GAVI – Global Vaccine Alliance
GUI – Graphical User Interface
IPV – Inactivated polio vaccine
MDG – Millennium Development Goals
MoH – Ministry of Health
RFID – Radio Frequency Identification
ROTA – Rotavirus vaccine
UI – User Interface
WHO – World Health Organization
10. 10 | P a g e
1 Chapter One: Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
According to the Kenyan constitution, every person has the right to the highest attainable
standard of health. It states that it is the right of every child to basic nutrition, shelter and
healthcare. The Government of Kenya, following its mandate stipulated in the Constitution to
provide healthcare to its citizens, has among one of its key ministries, the Ministry of Health.
The Ministry of Health, keen to ensure that children at a young age are saved and protected
from killer diseases such as Measles, Pneumonia, initiated a program, The Division of Vaccines
and Immunization.
The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) established by the World Health Organization
(WHO) in 1974 to provide six vaccine-preventable diseases (tuberculosis, poliomyelitis,
diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and measles) through routine infant immunization (T. Hyde et al,
2012). Since 2000, national-level Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) have seen their
vaccine portfolio grow from 6 basic antigens to the 12 now recommended by the World Health
Organization (WHO) for all countries (Hyde et al., 2012). The new vaccine introductions have
put strains on vaccine supply chains around the world. Many low and middle income countries
have been forced to restructure their entire vaccine supply, logistic and reporting systems
components in order to get all the vaccines to their populations in a timely manner.
The diseases that children are immunised against are Measles, Tuberculosis, Pneumonia,
Diarrhoea, various respiratory infections and others. It is the duty of the Division of Vaccine
and Immunisation to ensure that all children in Kenya are fully vaccinated. It also checks and
ensures that vaccines are well maintained and monitors any responsive effects from the
immunizations. It dispenses vaccines to various health center and also introducing new
vaccines.
In the last decade, we have seen a surge in interest and funding for new vaccine development
and introduction to many developing countries (Kaufmann, Miller & Cheyne, 2011). This
developments have become increasingly clear impacting the immunization and public health
in those countries, both in a positive and negative way. Third world countries are now
beginning add new vaccines and antigens to their standard immunization programs. M. Zaffran
et al. (2013) says the introduction of a new vaccine has the potential to reduce morbidity and
mortality associated with pneumonia, cancer and other diseases at the same time, access to all
11. 11 | P a g e
vaccines hinges on the ability of the already strained vaccine supply and logistic systems in
this countries.
In Kenya, the new vaccine landscape has been increasing with the Rotavirus vaccine introduced
in July 2014 and there are plans to introduce Inactivated Polio Vaccine, Human papilloma
Virus, Measles Rubella and switch to Bivalent oral polio vaccine (Chopra & Meindle, 2009).
The Rotavirus vaccine uptake was variable with slow uptake in some counties and rapid uptake
in other counties in terms of time and uptake. This was due to the existing inefficiencies in the
current supply system threatening the vaccine accessibility, quality and availability. With the
higher cost of these new vaccines, such programs are under considerable pressure to increase
performance through improved forecasting, wastage minimization and implementing efficient
vaccine management systems. Supply and logistic innovations are urgently needed to address
the current supply system bottlenecks.
The main challenge is difficulty in monitoring vaccines from the moment they leave the
national and regional stores. In the current system, this is almost impossible as keeping track
of how the vaccines are being used is a Herculean task. Kenya’s spending on vaccines is set to
grow from $14 million annually to $53 million due to the introduction of the diarrhoea vaccine
and a medically beneficial polio vaccine (Mvundura et al, 2015). This calls for an automated
and more sensitive system that provides increased visibility and analysis of vaccine stock data,
consumption data, and interventions that are possible with current resources at levels. Currently
this is done in excel based tools, already shared with national.
Another challenge faced is the concern about the security and potency of these vaccines. It is
difficult to uniquely identify vaccines. There is also lack of visibility on the working conditions
of cold chain equipment. This is at the sub-county and the health facility levels. There is need
to design a system that assures users of the originality and potency of vaccines through the use
of batch numbers. Also, decisions made by users in different levels of the system need to be
tracked.
It is against this background that the problem statement addressed in the current study was
formulated.
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1.2 Problem Statement
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines
and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores.
The existing vaccine supply chain structure operates primarily as a “push system” where the
DVI calculates required vaccine quantities for each region and allocates stock to the region
stores. The system in place is only usable to users at the national level and the regional levels
and deals with the issuance and reception of vaccines and tracking of cold-chain equipment.
Some of the capabilities missing are the ability for users to track vaccine stocks, vaccine
utilization and monitoring cold chain system.
With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this
additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in
Kenya. Access to all this vaccines will have surpassed the current ability of the existing supply
and logistic system to distribute, track and store the vaccines at proper temperatures, condition
and quality and ensure they reach their destinations in a timely manner.
Thus, it was essential that an improved and efficient vaccine stock management tool to be
developed to reduce wastage, stock outs, overstocking and expired stock. The developed
solution was available to users at all levels thus it facilitated vaccine stock tracking throughout
the vaccine supply chain. The developed solution was expected to collect information from the
various stores, transfer it to the national level, and notify the regional stores on stock availability
at the national level. The system would provide analytic information with the data gathered.
There are various problems that have been brought by using the current system. It was hard to
make any forecast on future stock needs, resulting in the Division of Vaccines and
Immunization being unable to make proper planning. Lack of keeping track of the vaccine
stock created a loophole for malicious people to take advantage and probably misuse these
vaccines. The system could not monitor Cold Chain equipment and temperature at the sub-
county and health facility levels.
1.3 General Objective
The general objectives of the project was to develop a vaccine management tool that helped
the Division of Vaccine and Immunization stakeholders from the national level down to the
regional, to the county level and the sub county level to efficiently and effectively manage
vaccine stocks, monitor the cold chain systems and run quality reports for decision making and
vaccine forecasting.
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1.4 Specific Objectives
The objectives of the project were:
a) To visit the central vaccines store to understand the vaccine stock management
techniques
b) To identify the current challenges faced in the vaccine supply chain in Kenya.
c) To design a system architecture that tracks vaccine utilization all the way from the sub-
county level to the national level.
d) To develop a system that manages and monitors the vaccine supply chain and cold chain
systems with the capacity to make forecasts on future needs.
e) To test the system.
1.5 Justification
With the current system, there are great challenges faced by its users, and with the government
set to introduce more vaccines, tracking vaccine stocks will be a Herculean task. However, with
the new developed system, this is made much easier. The major beneficiaries is the government
under the Ministry of Health. The government has time and time again had to go through
financial strain in order to buy vaccines which are left unaccounted for. With the new system,
the government is able to have an updated and accurate inventory.
Other beneficiaries of this system are the various users at the county and sub-county levels,
who make orders and have to wait; not knowing what time the stock will be brought to their
depots. This created lots of uncertainties, resulting in cases of inadequate stock in the depots,
in case the stocks fail to arrive in time. With the new system, they are able to get prompt
messages once their orders are approved, and in the case of rejection be provided with an
opportunity to reorder.
Also, administrators at different levels are able to keep count of their cold chain systems in a
much efficient way, and also keep track of the system’s users. Currently, this is quite difficult
with some of the users having provided details in the wrong format e.g. a user putting a random
word in place of his/ her phone number.
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1.6 Scope
The developed system is a web-based application going to be used by the Division of Vaccines
and Immunization Kenya. This system covers national, regional, county and sub-county levels
of the country. However, the system at the moment is not able to cover the health facilities at
the grass-root level. This means that the user at the sub-county level have to go to the health
facilities and get information of the vaccines needed and the quantity required. The user at the
sub-county level then place an order to the county depot on the vaccines needed.
The user at the county level then assess the order placed, and either approves or rejects. After
approval, the user at the sub-county level receives a prompt message to inform him of that.
However, if the order gets rejected, the user is prompted with a message giving the reasons the
order was rejected, and be able to reorder. Reports are generated to act as proof of any
transaction that goes through the system. Currently, these functionalities are not in existing
system.
With the information collected by the system on matters such as dates in which vaccines are
ordered and the quantity ordered, the system provides crucial information to be used for
analysis purposes. Therefore, forecasts are easily made so as to make early arrangements to
avoid any future crisis.
On managing cold chain systems, the system has an inventory detailing all the systems
uniquely. This provides an opportunity to easily track any missing systems, and easily detect
malfunctions. At the moment, the system only has records of the cold chain systems but has
not uniquely identified them.
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2 Chapter Two: Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
This chapter reviews published information, trends and guidelines in vaccine supply chain and
cold chain systems.
2.2 Vaccines and Vaccine Supply Systems
Over the years, mankind has dedicated himself in finding better solutions to various health
issues. According to a book written by the World Health Organization (W.H.O), immunization
is one of the most cost-effective of all health interventions and also crucial in the road to attain
the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Research carried out by the WHO also made an
estimate that if vaccination operations were to be widely and efficiently carried out, two million
more deaths among children under the age of five years can be averted (WHO Publications,
1985).
Immunization programs have severally added new vaccines to the original six vaccines. These
original vaccines are:
a) Measles
b) Polio
c) Tuberculosis
d) Diphtheria
e) Tetanus
f) Pertussis
New vaccines added include hepatitis B, mumps, pneumococcal disease, rotavirus, yellow
fever etc. (CHAI Documents, 2015).
Globally, governments use different ways to manage and disseminate vaccines to their people.
In the United States of America, the US Department of Health and Human Services implements
a well efficient system which deals with Vaccine Inventory Management, Storage Unit
Temperature Monitoring, Cold Chain Management as well as Staff Organization. . When it
comes to, Vaccine Inventory Accounting, the system is able to keep track of received vaccine
stocks, amount of current stock, amount already administered to children; amount wasted or
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expired and is also able to forecast which vaccines need to be reordered. An inspection and
update on vaccine stocks is done on a weekly basis.
In Cold Chain Management, vaccines are kept in a temperature-controlled environment so as
to be distributed in optimal conditions. The temperature of the storage units is also monitored
regularly to ensure that the appropriate conditions are maintained. This is because extreme
temperature conditions affect the vaccines thus reducing their potency.
In Africa, various countries, including Kenya have embraced similar systems to manage their
vaccines. According to a research carried out by the World Health Organization in Kenya,
Moldova, North Korea and other countries showed that approximately 50% of all vaccine doses
are wasted either before or after leaving the stores (Zaffran, 2013). This can be attributed to
supply chain management issues such as accidental freezing, expiry, breakage and even theft.
This poses a major challenge in economical circles since a lot of money is used to compensate
for these loses. In Kenya, the Division of Vaccines and Immunization has a system put in place
whose functions are to ensure vaccine stocks are well managed and monitored. (Ministry of
Public Health and Sanitation, 2013) This system however has a few challenges that need to be
rectified.
First, the system is only usable at the regional level. With the introduction of the new
constitution, a total of 47 counties were made. The system should be able to provide users as
far as the sub-county levels place their orders. This is done after the users at the sub-county
levels have received estimates on the number of vaccine stocks needed at the health facilities
in their respective counties. A situation analysis done by the Division of Vaccines and
Immunization identified that its programme was facing several setbacks.
One of these challenges is inadequacy or late disbursement of finances for procurement of
vaccines. This can be hugely attributed to the current system's inability to perform forecasts
and predict what vaccine stock will be required where and when. Another problem encountered
is vaccine stock outs at the depots. This can be attributed to late distribution from the national
depot. (Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, 2013) Keenly monitoring the flow of vaccine
stocks right from the national depot, referred to as the central vaccine depot, will greatly boost
transparency and accountability.
2.3 Vaccine Situational Analysis in Kenya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization has difficulty monitoring vaccine and other
commodity distribution once the vaccine have been distributed from the national stores. The
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division has a series of stores which vaccines are stored in refrigerators and have a distribution
network which utilizes cold boxes.
With the introduction of new beneficial vaccines (ROTA and IPV), the country is bound to
experience significant strain on an already overloaded vaccine supply and logistics systems. It
follows that we can easily resolve part of the challenge by; implementing supply systems that
support efficient and effective vaccine delivery and that enable better and timely decision-
making. This means there is more need than ever to have a robust system than while ensuring
effectiveness provides increased accountability and traceability.
The current stock outs about 56% in all facilities affect over 200,000 children monthly, with
immunization drop out as large as 25%, we are risking loss of lives for over 50,000 children
(CHAI Documents, 2015). We can save lives all these children by streamlining vaccine
delivery, through technology as part of other interventions.
There has been increased concerns about security and potency of vaccines, in Kenya. There
currently exists little information on the working status of the cold chain at sub-county stores
and health facilities, and their capacity to store vaccines. There is need to build a system that
ensure verifiability of vaccines against batch numbers, to allow retrieving vaccines, so as not
to harm our children.
With the decentralization health there is need for relegation of decision making from National
to County Level, this decision making needs to be evidence based. A vaccine information
system will provide the necessary information for these actions.
Availability of quality, real time data on vaccine supply and demand at the national, regional,
and lower levels would be critical to supporting improved efficiencies in how vaccines are
managed.
2.4 The current Kenya Vaccine Supply Chain Structure
The Kenya Expanded Program on Immunization, is called the Division of Vaccines and
Immunization (DVI) under the Ministry of Health in Kenya. DVI, with support from Clinton
Health Access Initiative (CHAI), developed a Supply Management Tool (SMT) currently being
used by the central vaccine store and 6 of the 7 regional vaccine stores in Kenya. The SMT
allows users to input a variety of information, including dates of arrival of antigen shipments
at central and regional vaccine stores, quantities procured, expiry dates and weekly stock status.
The existing vaccine supply chain structure operates primarily as a “push system” where the
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DVI calculates required vaccine quantities for each region and distributes to the region stores
(Figure 1). The counties and sub counties levels the submit stock order to their respective
regional stores
Figure 2-1: The current vaccine supply chain structure
The current bottlenecks posed by the supply chain structure were:
a) Frequent vaccine stock outs affecting the whole country
b) Mix-ups of vaccines with diluents from different manufacturers
c) Stock records are not up to date especially at central and sub-national levels and regular
physical counts are not conducted and recorded in stock ledgers
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d) Use of the push system as opposed to the recommended pull system is causing over or
under stocking of vaccines in some facilities as it is not based on individual performance
e) Unreliable minimum and maximum stock levels as they were not related to facility
coverage data
f) Vaccine wastage not included and factored in vaccine forecasts
2.5 General Supply-Chain Management
A supply chain management system includes all personnel, systems, equipment, and activities
involved in ensuring that the commodities involved are effectively delivered from the point of
production to the person who needs the commodity (Chopra & Meindle, 2009).
The most effective supply chain system should include financial planning, forecasting,
distribution and procurement processes to create a seamless end-to-end system. Modern
inventory systems and supply chains can provide precision and transparency.
General concepts of supply-chain management are changing, increasingly emphasis is placed
more on moving products and less on storing them. Excessive inventory is now seen by supply-
chain experts to be inefficient because it ties up resources that could be better used elsewhere.
When supply-chain managers have access to reliable information about customers’ needs,
production information and delivery schedules, there is less need for large inventories.
There are two different well known types of stock management systems. These are:
a) “Push” or Allocation systems
b) “Pull” or Requisition systems
In the push or allocation systems, distribution decisions are made by higher-level facilities. The
quantities distributed are usually based on usage and stock reports without receiving
requisitions.
In the pull systems, the lower level facilities are responsible for ordering supplies. Decisions
on quantities distributed are made by lower level managers in charge of supply.
Minimum/maximum (min/max) inventory control system is recommended in stock
management systems. Using a min/max inventory control system help managers to prevent
both over-stocking and stock outs.
Minimum stock level is the level below which stocks should never drop without having placed
an order.
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Maximum stock level is set to guard against oversupply, it consists of the minimum stock plus
that amount of stock which is normally used between orders
2.6 Review of existing models and systems in vaccine management
2.6.1 Online drug inventory & supply chain management system of Haryana
In 2014, the Government of Haryana launched an online drug inventory and supply chain
management system (SCMIS), the system had been developed to integrate various inter-related
activities of the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) Haryana (Verma., 2014). The
application has been operational since March 2013 and in accordance to the New Drug Policy
of Government of Haryana. Prior to the initiative, there were literally no tools to monitor and
evaluate demand, consumption, inspection budget and other documentary evidences.
The new system was designed and developed with the following objectives in mind:
a) To improve efficiency and effectiveness of procurement and distribution systems
through robust quality controls
b) To provide dashboard based online monitoring of all activities at each level
c) Tracking of vendor activities like preparation of Supply Order and Shipment
d) Monitoring of Drug consumption pattern
Figure 2-2: Procurement model for the system (Verma, 2014)
The system prevalent challenges at that time was fraught with errors and there was no control
on critical issues like alerts on expiry medicine, supply of medicine by vendors, whether drugs
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have reached the reordering level etc. The system led to lots of time wastage and requires
continuous monitoring to ensure that each transaction is accounted for and makes inventory
record keeping a more cumbersome process for the operator. Not more than one person was
able to access data at the same time unless they keep multiple copies of reports and the resultant
paper work takes lot of space and often searching the relevant information becomes a tedious
exercise.
2.7 Components of a Vaccine Stock Management Tool
Computerized stock controls systems run on similar principles to paper based ones, but are
more flexible and information is easier to retrieve. You can quickly get a stock valuation or
find out how well a particular item of stock is moving.
A computerized system is a good option for businesses dealing with many different types of
stock. Other useful features include:
Stock and pricing data integrating with accounting and invoicing systems. All the systems draw
on the same set of data, so you only have to input the data once. Sales Order Processing and
Purchase Order Processing can be integrated in the system so that stock balances and statistics
are automatically updated as orders are processed.
a) Automatic stock monitoring, triggering orders when the re-order level is reached.
b) Automatic batch control if you produce goods in batches.
c) Identifying the cheapest and fastest suppliers.
d) Bar coding systems which speed up processing and recording. The software will print
and read bar codes from your computer.
e) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) which enables individual products or
components to be tracked throughout the supply chain. See the page in this guide on
using RFID for inventory control, stock security and quality management (Info
Entrepreneurs, 2010).
2.8 Cold Chain Systems
Cold chain management includes all of the means used to ensure a constant temperature
(between +2°C and +8°C) for a product that is not heat stable (such as vaccines, serums, tests,
etc.), from the time it is manufactured until the time it is used.
It involves the equipment and people needed to keep vaccines at the correct temperature
(between +2°C to +8°C) during transport and storage from the time they are manufactured up
until they are administered.
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The cold chain must never be broken. Vaccines are sensitive to heat and extreme cold and must
be kept at the correct temperature at all times.
Health workers at all levels are often responsible for maintaining the cold chain while vaccines
are stored in the vaccine stores at the province and county levels, or while they are being
transported to township and villages, and while they are being used during immunization
sessions or rounds. More and more often it is becoming the logistician’s responsibility to
manage the cold chain as a part of the supply chain (Logcluster, 2004).
The need to monitor cold chain systems arises because they suffer weaknesses which include:
a) Loss of vaccines from accidental freezing
b) Inaccuracy in that for most cold chain applications, a sensor accuracy of ±0.5 °C or
better is expected.
2.9 Functionality Testing for the Vaccine Stock Management Tool
Functionality testing is performed to verify that a system software application performs and
functions properly according to design specifications. The role of functional testing is to
validate the behaviour of an application. The functional tests define your system in a useful
manner. Functional testing is not always concentrating on customer requirements and whereas
Non-functional testing is always concentrating on customer expectations.
There are two types of Functional testing, Positive and negative functional testing. In positive
functional testing applications functions are tested with valid input and also verifying that the
outputs are correct. In negative functional testing the testing involves exercising application
functionality suing a combination of invalid inputs.
2.10 Characteristics of Ideal Health Information Systems
With the recent automation of many systems in the country, there is need to prioritize the
adoption of health information systems with ideal characteristics to ensure improved decision-
making, faster processing speeds and facilitate information sharing.
An information system can be said to be ideal if it meets this characteristics (Zaffran etal,
2013):
• Integrated and interoperable with other health information systems.
• Built on reliable data collected at the place where the events occur and aggregated or
disaggregated as needed.
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• Flexible, adaptable, and compatible with different contexts, programs, and changes over time
as needs evolve.
• Driven by the needs of end-users, managers, planners, recipients of health services, and other
stakeholders.
• Affordable and sustainable so decision-makers can evaluate the wider cost implications of
adopting an information system across the health system.
• Reliable and secure from unauthorized use.
• Built upon a consistent design framework with standards, common data, common software
applications, and technologies that are properly supported by clear design and user
documentation.
• Designed and used for evidence-based decision-making.
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3 Chapter Three: Research Methodology and Design
3.1 Introduction
The main objective of this research was to develop a vaccine management tool for the Division
of Vaccine and Immunization Kenya. This chapter outlines the methodology, data collection
and analysis techniques that were used in carrying out the research to get information prior to
the design and development of the system. A research method is the arrangement of conditions
for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research
purpose with economy in procedures (Selltiz., Wrightsman & Cook, 1976).
3.2 Research Design
The design describes the purpose of the study and kinds of questions being addressed, the
techniques to be used for collecting data, approaches to selecting samples and how the data are
going to be analysed (Gray, 2009).
Due to the nature of this study, a qualitative approach was therefore used. [Figure number]
presents a conceptual research design of this study.
Figure 3-1: Conceptual Research Design
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3.3 Data Collection
Both Primary and Secondary Data were collected and analysed during the study. The primary
data were gathered through face to face and guided interviews and participatory observation at
the national central vaccine store in Kitengela and the secondary data gathered from different
books, journals and related publications.
3.3.1 Observation
Observation involves the systematic viewing of people's actions and the recording, analysis
and interpretation of their behaviour. We visited the national central vaccine store in Kitengela
where we involved ourselves in having formal and informal discussions with the users and
system administrators to obtain useful inputs while developing the system. This was considered
to be the best way of obtaining information that could not be captured in the interviews.
3.3.2 Interview
An interview is a structure conversation between people in which one person has the role of
researcher and aims to discover the truth or the unknowns. Interviews are preferable to
questionnaire where questions are either open-ended or complex, or where the logical order of
questions is difficulty to predetermine and it is the favoured approach where better reliability
of data is desired (Gray, 2009).
We researcher used this tool purposely to get information that could not be obtained through
participatory observations. Through interviews, it was possible to ask interviewees (system
users and program administrators) supplementary questions on the research problem.
3.3.3 Secondary Data
Secondary data were collected through various published books, some reports with similar
interest (Vaccines inventory and logistic systems).
The system development thus borrowed much from the existing literature on similar interests.
3.4 Software Development Methodology
Methodology is a set of standards to initiate and manage individual projects. It provides tools to
make the project manager’s job a little easier. A system development methodology is referred
to as a standard process used to conduct all the steps necessary to analyse, design, implement
and maintain information systems (Benzzine, 2002).
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The system development methodology aims to produce a high quality software that meets
customer expectations, reaches completion within times and cost estimates. It contains
definitions, guidelines, and templates for the various project management activities needed to
deliver successful projects.
The vaccine stock management tool was developed following the agile methodology approach
to achieve its intended objectives. This helped the development team keep focus on process
adaptability and customer satisfaction by rapid delivery of working software product in
iterative builds.
The agile methodology was used because:
a) Functionality could be developed rapidly and demonstrated.
b) Suitable for fixed or changing system requirements
c) Enabled concurrent development and delivery within an overall planned context.
d) Promoted teamwork and cross training.
e) Resource requirements were minimum.
f) Delivered early partial working solutions.
Figure 3-2: Agile system development methodology (Elezovic, E., 2012)
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Client interaction is the backbone of Agile methodology, and open communication with
minimum documentation are the typical features of Agile development environment. This
worked well for us as we were having regular meetings with the project co-ordinators from the
Clinton Health Access Initiative offices.
3.5 Deliverables
The following are the expected deliverables of the system:
a) Fully functioning stock management system
b) System documentation
c) System user manual
3.5.1 System Modules
The tool was design in a modular approach with different users been assigned different roles
and permission to different modules. The vaccine stock management tools modules to be
delivered in this project include but not limited to:
a) Manage stock
b) Cold Chain
c) Reports
d) Documents
e) Configurations
3.6 Conclusion
In this chapter, the research methods selected for the research were discussed. This research
primarily uses document analysis, interview and observation for facts finding purposes. The
systems development methodology selected is agile methodology as it offers numerous benefits
which are well suited for rapid development web-based applications. There was also a review
of the deliverables that were aimed at in the conducting of this research.
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4 Chapter Four: System Analysis and Design
4.1 Introduction
In order to carry out an extensive system design, use case diagrams, data flow diagrams and
system sequence diagrams were used. We also did an analysis of the system development
requirements is carried out in this chapter. The main challenge was to develop a system that
will enable the access to all vaccines and the new ones in development without posing great
challenges on the system’s ability to distribute, track and keep accurate inventory of the
vaccines at proper temperatures, conditions and quality in a timely manner.
4.2 System Requirements
System requirement are all the capabilities that the news system must have. The purpose is to
provide information for the next steps in the analysis phase to define the scope of the system.
An analysis strategy consists of require analysis techniques and information gathering
techniques. We take a look at the requirements for the system, the descriptions of what the
system does and the constraints on its operation (Somerville, 2011). It gives an insight as to the
basic requirements to facilitate efficient use of the system by a user.
4.2.1 Functional Requirements
Functional requirements refer to what the system should do. Below are the functional
requirements of the vaccine stock management tool:
a) System generates reports that show details of any transaction that occurs in the system.
b) EPI Logisticians can make vaccine orders via the system at all levels.
c) National MET users can manage cold chain spare parts inventory at national levels.
d) The system should be able to register new users at all levels and assign them specific
roles and permissions.
e) The system should allow system user to generate reports as when required.
4.2.2 Non-functional requirements
Non-functional system requirements describe how the system should work. Below are the non-
functional requirements:
a) The system increased reliability because reports will be generated to keep track of the
vaccine stocks. Vaccine quality can only be assured if the product is correctly stored
and handled from the point of manufacture to the point of use. The system can only
establish with certainty that quality has been maintained when detailed records are kept
and these records are reliable.
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b) Users with basic computer skills should be able to use the new system and the system
should be robust.
c) The system should be mobile responsive and run well on any screen size. The rollout
plan targets to issue out tablets to all system users.
d) Non authorised users should be denied access to the system. All system data should be
secured at all times (See Appendix B).
4.3 System Analysis
The requirements for a system refer to the descriptions of what the system should do—the
services that it provides and the constraints on its operation. These requirements reflect the
needs of customers for a system that serves a certain purpose. Software Requirements Analysis
is the process of finding out, analysing, documenting and checking these services and
constraints. There are two system requirements appreciated during the development i.e.
functional system requirements and non-functional system requirements (Extensively covered
in the previous section). System analysis is a problem solving technique that decomposes a
system into its component pieces for the purpose of studying how well those component parts
work and interact with each other to accomplish their purpose (Hyde et al, 2012).
So as to fully understand the various functions the program should perform the following tools
were used:
a) Feasibility Studies – determining whether the product or project is worth the time
and effort. It describes features and benefits of the product, itemizes costs, resources
and staffing then describes the projects potential profits or value to the organization.
b) Flowcharts – this is the diagrammatic representation of a process. It describes a
series of steps or decisions in visual form in a manner that facilitates
communication.
c) Requirements Lists - should be organized by categories. As the list grows, this list
helps the analyst understand the customer's needs and helps limit what features are
necessary and which are not.
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4.3.1 Entity Relation Diagram
An Entity Relationship Model is a detailed logical representation of data in an organization. It
is expressed in terms of the relationships among entities and the attributes of entities and their
relationships. Figure 4 show the entity relationships in our system.
Figure 4-1: Entity relationship diagram
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4.3.2 Use Case Modelling
Uses cases are text based methods of describing and documenting complex processes. Use case
is a set of activities that produce some output result. They describe how the system reacts to an
event that triggers the system. Figure 5.1 and Table 5.1 show the Use Case Diagram of Vaccine
Stock Management Tool.
Figure 4-2: Managing the Sub-County Module
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Figure 4-3: Managing the National Module
4.3.2.1 Use Case List
Table 4-1: Use Cases List
Use Case ID Primary Actor
UC 1 Sub County EPI Logistician
UC 2 National EPI Logistician
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4.3.2.2 Sub County EPI Logistician Use Case
Table 4-2: Sub county Use Case
Use Case ID: UC 1
Use Case
Name:
Managing the Sub-County Module
Created By: Julie Otieno Egesa Last Updated By: Julie Otieno Egesa
Date Created: 28th
October 2015 Last Revision Date: 29th
December 2015
Actors: 1. Sub County Manager
2. Regional Manager
3. Health Facility
4. DHIS (Kenya Health Information System)
Description: This Use Case describes the process by which vaccines stocks are supplied and
distributed at the Sub County level. It also sets up a stock ledger platform for
inventory management at the Sub County level
Trigger: Sub County Manager login to the system
Preconditions: 1. Sub County Depot has a working stock balance
2. Stock levels at the Sub Countyare near or below minimum stock requirement.
Postconditions: 1. Sub County meets the vaccines demand from the Heath facilities
2. Sub County managers maintain accurate vaccine stocks records for planning
and forecasting.
Normal Flow: 1. Sub County manager login system
2. Sub County manager places an order to the Regional depot manager
3. Regional managers issues vaccines against the order
4. Sub County manager receives stock from Region depot
5. Sub County manager checks on the consignment condition
6. Sub County manager adds stock and update batch information in their
inventories
7. Sub County manager receives vaccines order from the Health Facility
8. Sub County manager issues vaccines to the Health Facilities
9. Sub County manager manages the Health Facilities in its area
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10. Sub County manager pulls vaccine immunization reports and information
from the DHIS
Alternative
Flows:
[Alternative
Flow 1 –
County has
own depot]
2a. In step 2 of the normal flow, if the Sub County is in a County that has a depot
1. System will prompt Sub County manager to place the order to the County
depot manager
2. Sub County manager accepts
3. Use Case resumes on step 5
4b. In step 2 of the normal flow, if the Sub County is in a County that has a depot
1. System will prompt Sub County manager to place the order to the County
depot manager
2. Sub County manager declines
3. Order is placed to the Region Depot manager
4. Use Case resumes on step 3 of normal flow
Exceptions: 2a. In step 5 of the normal flow, if the consignment are discover to have quality
and/or quantity discrepancies
1. Sub County manager reports the issue
2. Order is rejected and returned to the Regional Depot
3. Regional Depot updates his/her stock information
4. Use Case resumes on step 7 of normal flow]
4.3.2.3 National EPI Logistician Use Case
Table 4-3: Managing the National Module
Use Case ID: UC 2
Use Case
Name:
Managing the National Module
Created By: Julie Otieno Egesa Last Updated By: Julie Otieno Egesa
Date Created: 28th
October 2015 Last Revision Date: 25th
February 2016
Actors: 1. National Manager
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2. Regional Manager
Description: This Use Case describes the process by which vaccines are purchased from world
vaccines distributors and donors to serve the country demands. It also sets up a
stock ledger platform for inventory management at the National level
Trigger: National Depot Manager login to the system
Preconditions: 1. National Depot has a working stock balance
Postconditions: 1. National Manager purchases vaccines and cold chain equipment.
2. Sub County managers maintain accurate vaccine stocks records for planning
and forecasting.
Normal Flow: 1. National Manager login system
2. Purchase Vaccines
3. National Manager adds stock and update batch information in their
inventories
4. National Manager receives vaccines order from the Regions
5. National Manager issues vaccines against the order from Regions
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4.3.3 Class Diagram
The system was developed following an object-oriented analysis and design approach. The
class diagram show some of the classes of the system, their interrelationships (including
inheritance, aggregation, and association), and the operations and attributes of the classes.
Figure 4-4: Class Diagram
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4.3.4 Database Schema
A database schema is the skeleton structure that represents the logical view of the entire
database. It defines how the data is organized and how the relations among them are associated.
Figure 4-5: Database Schema
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4.4 System Design
4.4.1 High Level Architecture for the Vaccine Stock Management Tool
This architectural design is an overview of the technological architecture stack on which the
Vaccine Stock Management Tool was built on. It shows a high level view of the main
components of the tool, services and how they interact and communicate with each other.
The system is based on a client – server architecture, with both the client and server providing
their respective interfaces for interaction/communication. The system is web-based and can be
accessed through a website address (see Appendix) from any device connected to the internet
(Client). The system will include a robust relational database on a secure webserver that
running Apache 2.5 (Server).
Figure 4-6: Technology Stack
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5 Chapter Five: System Implementation and Testing
5.1 Introduction
This chapter discusses the technology tools used in developing the system, explains how the
system implementation and its core functions. It also takes a look at the system testing
techniques that were carried out on the system.
5.2 System Development Tools
The programming language used was PHP v5.6, a web server scripting language for the
backend. We used code igniter, an application development framework that is used to build
websites using PHP. In the frontend, we used twitter bootstrap a frontend web framework for
building mobile friendly websites using HTML5, CSS3 and JavaScript. We store all the
application data and data object on MySQL, a relational database management system.
Other tools used during system development include:
a) AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML): AJAX is a technique for creating
fast and dynamic web pages. AJAX allows web pages to be updated
asynchronously by exchanging small amounts of data with the server behind the
scenes, making it possible to update parts of a webpage, without having to
reload the whole page. AJAX applications are browser and platform
independent.
b) JavaScript: JavaScript is a scripting language developed by Netscape to help in
designing interactive sites. It blends well with other web technologies such as
HTML and CSS. JavaScript allows us to build highly responsive user interfaces
and mostly came in handy during form validations.
c) Code Igniter: It is an application development framework for people who are
building web applications using PHP and are looking for a lightweight
framework with a small footprint.
d) Ms Office Visio 2013: An Office suite software used to create professional-
looking diagrams for designing, understanding, documenting and analysing
information, data, systems and process.
e) Sublime Text: A cross platform text editor used for code, markup and prose for
coding. This was the actual tool on which the system code was edited and
debugged during the system development.
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5.3 Implementation methodology
5.3.1 Tasks
Based on the magnitude and timelines applicable to the undertaking of the project, we were
inclined towards an agile methodology approach. This was beneficial to both the clients’
coordinators (Clinton Health Access Initiative Team) and the final system users. We had the
initial meeting were the tasks and requirements were handed over to the team tasked with the
development of the task. The successive meeting were all about refining the problem statement
and reviewing the system requirements. A technology stack was chosen based on the
requirements we had already been brief on. The technology stack decisions were informed
based on security, scalability and robustness of the system during the roll out.
With an always growing list of user requirements as is case with most large projects, agile
methodology helped us maintain a list of product backlogs. The list was managed on a feature
priority basis that saw the first prototype shipped with the most basic and essential features.
There was always a review and testing done upon each release. We could build on the feedback
and keep updating the product backlogs. Then we could work on the next build, this incremental
approach saw the product get better and better with each release and a reducing item list on the
project backlog list
A basic stock management system was first implemented and after being tested and debugged
the other features and functionalities were added to the system. Every feature was individually
tested and in conjunction with the rest of the system. We followed a more pragmatic
programming techniques where all system component were highly modularised and tightly
coupled, thus they could be removed from the system and test ran on them extensively.
The components were built on each other as subsystems until a vaccine stock management tool
was produced, which matched the specification. The subsystem were divided as per modules.
The main modules in this project included:
a) Stock management module
b) Cold chain management module
c) User management and authentication module
d) Document management module
e) Database and data objects management module
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5.3.1.1 Manage Stock
This is the module involved in the stock management and supply of the vaccines in the system.
The main users who mostly interact with this modules are the EPI Logisticians who are in
charge of ordering, issuing and managing vaccine stock at the various vaccine stores and the
public health nurse who are responsive if the vaccine stock at facility levels. Other system users
can only view vaccine ledgers at their respective stations.
Figure 5-1: Manage stock Module
5.3.1.2 Cold Chain
This module provides interfaces for managing the cold chain part of the vaccine supply chain.
It consist of the cold chain equipment spare part inventory, temperature monitoring, job card
management for fixing the cold chain equipment and managing field engineers. The main users
interacting with this module are the medical equipment technicians (MET users).
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Figure 5-2: Cold Chain Module
5.3.1.3 Reports
This interface displays the various reports that can be generated from the system based on the
users’ designations. (See Appendix B)
5.3.1.4 Documents
This interface displays the various documents, newsletters and communications that can be
downloaded from the system based on the users’ designations. (See Appendix B)
5.3.1.5 Configurations
This can only be accessed by the administrators at the national level currently. This modules is
responsible in major system customization settings and user management functions. (See
Appendix B)
5.3.2 A web-based application
A fully operation web-based vaccine stock management system was produced. The web-based
vaccine stock management system was produced with PHP code igniter framework backend.
The implementation of the GUI subsystem was done using twitter bootstrap framework.
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Certain basic features re-used as there were many available open source PHP vaccine inventory
management systems.
5.3.3 End of Phase One and Piloting
The completion of phase one was announced on 18th
February 2016, with plans to roll out the
first phase of the system in the national central vaccines store and regional vaccine stores set
out for discussions with the people in the Ministry of Health. This stage is to serve as a further
testing and review on a wider scale function. We plan to continue building up the system till
the problem statement is well addressed.
5.3.4 Features not Implemented
A number of features of the vaccine stock management tool were not implemented as on the
submission of this document because of time constraints. Most of the reporting module is yet
to be built as we are still in discussions on the types of report to be generated by the system
with a keen concern of the system latency and utilization.
The remote temperature monitoring was also not implemented because of lack of time and
limited documentation on using a machine sensors data logs with the procured thermometers.
I will however be implementing this in the next build that will be released with the current
feedback and product backlogs.
5.4 Testing
The vaccine stock management tool was tested throughout its development lifecycle by fellow
developers attached to the Strathmore HP lab, project supervisor from Strathmore University,
program coordinators from the Clinton Health Access Initiative – Kenya and selected
individuals from the Ministry of Health.
5.4.1 Test Basis
The testing of the vaccine stock management tool was done as it was been implemented, that
was the basis of incremental development. Every component of the tool was individually tested
for statement coverage and its functionality verified. Features and components were only
integrated to the system after they passed the test criteria.
When a feature failed the test criteria, the implementation was debugged and in some occasions
the design revised, until the cause of the error is found and resolved.
5.4.2 Test Approach
There were three approaches used to test the system:
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a) Functional testing
b) Usability testing
c) Compatibility testing
5.4.2.1 Functional Testing
Functional testing was done to determine if the various functionalities of the system were
working as they were expected to work. All the modules were individually tested before and
after integration. Before integration, each module was tested with sample data.
5.4.2.2 Usability Testing
Usability testing was done to determine the ease of use of the system and whether the users
would struggle to learn and use the system. This was done prior to the announcement of the
end of phase one of the project with the eventual system users, selected individuals from the
Ministry of Health.
5.4.2.3 Compatibility Testing
Compatibility testing was done to determine whether the system developed would work on
different web browsers. The vaccine stock management tool is compatible with all the major
modern web browsers in the market. The system works when java script is enabled in the
browser.
Table 5-1: Browser Compatibility tests
Chrome Firefox Opera Edge Safari
System renders well YES YES YES YES YES
The system is also compatible with the personal computers, laptops and mobile platforms. It
runs all the major operation system distributions i.e. Windows, Mac and Linux.
5.4.3 Testing Conclusion
The test results from all the types of testing conducted, we confirmed that the tool met the
qualities of a robust, highly available and user friendly.
5.5 System Deployment
The vaccine stock management tool would be hosted on a web server with a public IP address
in order to be accessible to all the system users at their different stations. There should be a
MySQL server install in the same server or hosted on a server that the web server has access
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to. For robustness and quick recovery there would different environment set up i.e. (Production
and Development) and a MySQL replication should be setup for the database.
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6 Chapter Six: Conclusions and Recommendations
6.1 Conclusions
This research study was conducted in order to provide a solution to address the vaccine supply
and stock management inefficiencies within the Division of Vaccine and Immunization
department in the Ministry of Health. The aim was to propose and develop a new vaccine stock
management tool that would replace the existing system. The current system faced/is facing
major bottleneck which include; frequent vaccine stock outs affecting the whole country, mix-
up of vaccines with diluents from different manufacturers, inaccurate stock inventories and
unreliable minimum and maximum stock levels.
The challenges were set to get even bigger with the addition of basic vaccine and antigen
recommendations by WHO from 6 to 12 for all countries. This would pose a serious threat to
an already over strained vaccine supply system in the country. Access to all this vaccines will
have surpassed the current ability of the existing supply and logistic system to distribute, track
and store the vaccines at proper temperatures, condition and quality and ensure they reach their
destinations in a timely manner. It follows that we can easily resolve part of the challenge by;
implementing supply systems that support efficient and effective vaccine delivery and that
enable better and timely decision-making
There have been many discussions and reports about this subject matter, and a number of
recommendations have been put across to the team at the Division of Vaccine and
Immunization (DVI) from the donors and GAVI alliance on solving this problem. Among them
is the adoption of a “pull” vaccine supply chain system rather than the “push” vaccine supply
chain system that is currently been used. Such a switch will not only help minimize the frequent
stock outs, but also increase transparency and accountability within the entire system.
This research therefore proposed an implementation of the “pull” vaccine supply chain system
in Kenya. The developed solution was therefore developed with such requirements in mind and
seek integrate well with the existing health systems in the sector. The developed solution is a
web based system that collates information from the various stores to the national level and
also informs the regional stores on stock availability at the national level. The system does
analysis using the stock ledger to act as an early warning system and other derivatives.
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The adoption of the developed solution would see the following benefits; increased visibility,
accountability and traceability of stocks at all levels, packaged immunization data in ways that
ease/prompt decision making, planning /and taking real time actions and developed and
sustained use of Cold Chain Equipment and Temperature Monitoring information for planning
and actions
6.2 Recommendations
The following recommendations are offered for related research in the field of technology and
vaccines.
a) All targeted users with no computer skills should be given basic training on computer
system to ensure that they are able to work with technologies introduce to them in future
and have positive attitude towards technology.
b) There should be a series of conferences and workshops organised throughout the
country to ensure all stakeholders are aware of the current implementation and
transitions taking shape in this sector.
c) Ensure availability of internet accessibility at the facilities where the tool will used, this
will ensure the availability of the tool 24/7.
6.3 Future Work
Further research can be conducted to find out what other techniques can be used to enable
seamless interoperability of the tool with other health systems. Further improvements can also
be made on the algorithms used in the system to increase the speed and efficiency of the tool.
Use of a thin server application tier to increase scalability of the tool through use of APIs can
also be considered.
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7 References
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8 APPENDICES
8.1 Appendix A: Cold Chain Room
Figure 8-1: Cold Chain room
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8.2 Appendix B: System Screen Shots
Figure 8-2: Login Page
Figure 8-3: Sample Admin Dashboard
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Figure 8-4: Manage Stock Module
Figure 8-5: Document Manager Module
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Figure 8-6: Cold Chain Management Module
Figure 8-7: Reports Module
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Figure 8-8: Admin System Configuration Module
Figure 8-9: Failed Login
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Figure 8-10: Unauthorized Access Error