CISC & RISC Architecture with contents
History Of CISC & RISC
Need Of CISC
CISC
CISC Characteristics
CISC Architecture
The Search for RISC
RISC Characteristics
Bus Architecture
Pipeline Architecture
Compiler Structure
Commercial Application
Reference
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CPU-Central Processing Unit (With History and Complete Detail)Adeel Rasheed
CPU is the heart and brain of a computer. It receives data as input.The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is simply the central processor or the processor where most calculation takes places.
CISC & RISC Architecture with contents
History Of CISC & RISC
Need Of CISC
CISC
CISC Characteristics
CISC Architecture
The Search for RISC
RISC Characteristics
Bus Architecture
Pipeline Architecture
Compiler Structure
Commercial Application
Reference
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
CPU-Central Processing Unit (With History and Complete Detail)Adeel Rasheed
CPU is the heart and brain of a computer. It receives data as input.The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is simply the central processor or the processor where most calculation takes places.
Computer Architecture – An IntroductionDilum Bandara
Overview on high-level design of internal components of a computer. Cover step-by-step execution of a program through ALU while accessing & updating registers
The presentation given at MSBTE sponsored content updating program on 'PC Maintenance and Troubleshooting' for Diploma Engineering teachers of Maharashtra. Venue: Government Polytechnic, Nashik Date: 17/01/2011 Session-2: Computer Organization and Architecture.
CPU REGISTERS
what is cpu registers
types of cpu registers
function of cpu registers
explanation of cpu registers
categories of cpu registers
5 major categories of cpu registers
The Presentation introduces the basic concept of cache memory, its introduction , background and all necessary details are provided along with details of different mapping techniques that are used inside Cache Memory.
In computer engineering, computer architecture is a set of rules and methods that describe the functionality, organization, and implementation of computer systems. Some definitions of architecture define it as describing the capabilities and programming model of a computer but not a particular implementation.
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
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The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
4. Computer architecture??
Computer architecture is the conceptual
design and fundamental operational
structure of a computer system.
The design made a clear distinction
between architecture and implementation,
allowing IBM to release a suite of
compatible designs at different prices.
5. History of computer architecture:-
• The term architecture as applied to computer
design, was first used in 1964 by Gene Amdahl, G.
Anne Blaauw, and Frederick Brooks, Jr., the
designers of the IBM System/360.
• They joined the term to refer to those aspects of
the instruction set available to programmers,
independent of the hardware on which the
instruction set was implemented.
7. Role of Computer Architecture:-
The coordination of abstract levels of a
processor under changing forces, involving
design, measurement and evaluation.
It also includes the overall fundamental
working principle of the internal logical
structure of a computer system.
12. I/O Devices
Its stands for Input and Output devices.
Input devices:
These devices are used to communicate with the computer.
Output devices:
These devices are used to communicate with the user.
13. Input devices:
Following are the examples of some input
devices:
Keyboard
Mouse
Joystick
Microphone
Scanner
Bar code reader
17. CPU:
Central processing unit (CPU) is the portion of
a computer system that carries out
the instructions of a computer program, to
perform the basic arithmetical, logical,
and input/output operations of the system.
The CPU plays a role somewhat analogous to
the brain in the computer.
CPU is a small chip mounted on the circuit board
(mother board).
CPU also perform data processing.
19. CU:
It stands for “Control Unit”.
A control unit in general is a central part of
the machinery that controls its operation.
The CU reads the instruction from memory,
decodes and executes these instructions.
Its is also known as fetch-decode and execute
cycle.
21. ALU:
Its stands for “Arithmetic and Logical Unit”.
An arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) is the part of a
computer processor (CPU) that carries out
arithmetic and logic operations on the operands
in computer instruction words.
26. Memory:
It is the very important part of any system.
The term memory identifies data storage that
comes in the form of chips, and the
word storage is used for memory that exists
on tapes or disks.
Some computers also use virtual memory.
27. TYPES :-
Types of Memory
Primary /
Main memory
Secondary Memory
/ Storage devices
28. Main Memory:
It is called working area of computer.
Refers to physical memory that is
internal to the computer.
Another term for main memory is RAM.
Computer cannot work without it.
29. Types of Main Memory:
Types of Main
Memory
RAM
(Random Access Memory)
ROM
(Read Only Memory)
30. RAM:
Main memory is usually referred as RAM.
It is also called volatile, or user memory.
The contents are lost as the electric supply is
cut-off.
One of the first home computer used 64
kilobytes of RAM memory but today’s modren
computers need a minimum of 64 MB
(recommended 128 MB or more)to run a
Windows.
31.
32. Types of RAM:
Types
• SRAM
• Static Random Access Memory
• DRAM
• Dynamic random Access Memory
33. SRAM:
Its stands for static random access memory.
No refreshing of electric states is required in SRAM.
These chips are faster than DRAM.
• Static random-access memory (SRAM) is a type
of semiconductor memory.
34. DRAM(dynamic random access memory)
It must have an electric current to maintain its
electric states.
Its design is less complex than SRAM.
Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) is a
type of random-access memory that stores
each bit of data in a separate capacitor within
an integrated circuit.
36. ROM:
It is obvious from name that the
contents of ROM are read only.
New data can not be written on it.
Its contents are permanent.
It is referred to non-volatile or system
memory.
When the power is switched off the
contents of ROM is not lost.
39. PROM (programmable read only memory)
It is initially blank and the manufacture writes
instruction and data with some special
devices.
Once the information is stored onto PROM
,then it cannot be changed.
40. EPROM:
It stands for erasable programmable read only
memory.
It is another type of ROM chip and it is possible
to erase the stored information and the chip can
be reprogrammed using special devices.
Information can be erased using ultraviolet rays.
41. EEPROM:
It stands for electrically erasable
programmable read only memory.
It is a kind of ROM chip can be re-written
using electrical devices.
The stored information on EEPROM can be
erased, modified or reprogrammed easily
using special devices.
42. Secondary Memory
This is the memory which is used to store the
data permanently.
There are some example of secondary memory:
CD (Compact disk)
Hard disk
Floppy disk
Flash drive
43. What is virtual memory?
In computing, virtual memory is
a memory management technique
developed for multitasking kernels.
44. Registers:
These are the high speed memory locations built into
the microprocessor.
It increase the performance of system.
49. MAR (Memory Address Register)
It holds the address of active memory location.
50. MBR (Memory Buffer Register)
It holds the contents of the memory
location read from or written in the
memory.
51. SP (Stack Pointer Register)
Arrangement of data is called stack data is
stored in or retrieved from stack using LIFO
(Last in First Out).
LIFO is also known FILO (First in Last Out).
52. GPR (General Purpose Register)
These registers are used to perform arithmetic
and logical operations.
53. GENERAL PURPOSES
There are four general purpose register:
Accumulator
Base register
Counter register
Data register
55. Base register
Base register is used for:
Arithmetic
Data movement
Special addressing abilities.
56. Counter register
As the name show it is used for counting
purpose.
It acts as counter in loop.
57. Data register
It has special role in division and multiplication.
The size of these registers is from 1 to 4 bytes.
58. Address Register
It is a group of 4 registers:
CS (Code Segment)
DS (Data Segment)
ES (Extra Segment)
SS (Stack Segment)
59. Buses:
These are circuits provide a
communication path between two or
more devices of a digital computer.
60. All the components of a computer are
connected with a set of parallel lines.
These lines are called BUS.
There are two types of Buses:
System Bus
Expansion Bus
61. System Bus:
It is divided into three main
categories:
Control Bus
Address Bus
Data bus
63. Control Bus
These lines are used to transmits the
other control signals from one
component to another.
It also transmits the other control signals
like ACKS (acknowledgement signal).
65. Address Bus
It carries the address of various memory
locations to perform read and write
operations.
It uses a few system bus lines to specify
the address of destination; these lines are
called address bus.
69. Expansion Bus:
The major components are connected to
the system bus and the remaining
components are connected to another
bus called expansion bus and the
expansion bus is connected to the
system bus.