Overview on high-level design of internal components of a computer. Cover step-by-step execution of a program through ALU while accessing & updating registers
CISC & RISC Architecture with contents
History Of CISC & RISC
Need Of CISC
CISC
CISC Characteristics
CISC Architecture
The Search for RISC
RISC Characteristics
Bus Architecture
Pipeline Architecture
Compiler Structure
Commercial Application
Reference
CISC & RISC Architecture with contents
History Of CISC & RISC
Need Of CISC
CISC
CISC Characteristics
CISC Architecture
The Search for RISC
RISC Characteristics
Bus Architecture
Pipeline Architecture
Compiler Structure
Commercial Application
Reference
RISC - Reduced Instruction Set ComputingTushar Swami
A detailed presentation about what is RISC and some of the basic differences between RISC and CISC Computers.
Also enlisting some of the major applications of RISC in the field of Technology.
In the given presentation, process overview,process management scheduling typesand some more basic concepts were explained.
Kindly refere the presentation.
The topic focuses on different aspects of processor organization and architecture such as architecture models, register organization, instruction formats, addressing modes etc.
This slide provide the introduction to the computer , instruction formats and their execution, Common Bus System , Instruction Cycle, Hardwired Control Unit and I/O operation and handling of interrupt
Full information of about CPU register and type of CPU registers,
Use of registers in computer and their basic operation, category of registers and how to use them, flag register.
RISC - Reduced Instruction Set ComputingTushar Swami
A detailed presentation about what is RISC and some of the basic differences between RISC and CISC Computers.
Also enlisting some of the major applications of RISC in the field of Technology.
In the given presentation, process overview,process management scheduling typesand some more basic concepts were explained.
Kindly refere the presentation.
The topic focuses on different aspects of processor organization and architecture such as architecture models, register organization, instruction formats, addressing modes etc.
This slide provide the introduction to the computer , instruction formats and their execution, Common Bus System , Instruction Cycle, Hardwired Control Unit and I/O operation and handling of interrupt
Full information of about CPU register and type of CPU registers,
Use of registers in computer and their basic operation, category of registers and how to use them, flag register.
8 Bit ALU design is a combinational circuit which adds two binary numbers of 8 bit lenth.Which is more useful for both bachelor as well as masters students.
Designing of 8 BIT Arithmetic and Logical Unit and implementing on Xilinx Ver...Rahul Borthakur
The main objective of this project was to design and verify different operations of Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU). To implement ALU, the coding was written in VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language) and verified in ModelSim. The device was configured and using FPGA (Field-programmable gate array) verification, debugging was done.
The presentation given at MSBTE sponsored content updating program on 'PC Maintenance and Troubleshooting' for Diploma Engineering teachers of Maharashtra. Venue: Government Polytechnic, Nashik Date: 17/01/2011 Session-2: Computer Organization and Architecture.
4bit pc report[cse 08-section-b2_group-02]shibbirtanvin
Report on Very Simple Computer Design & Implementation_
4bit PC_DSD_report[CSE-08_Section-B2_Group-02]
Courtesy:
Tanvir Al Amin Popel
Tanvir Ahmed Khan
Imtiaz Ahmad
A Computer Based Artificial Neural Network Controller with Interactive Audito...theijes
The proposed design offers a complete online and offline solution to manage the industrial systems. The designed hardware able to, read analog signals, digital signals, and controls many devices in real time. The heart of the hardware part is microcontroller PIC18F4550 which communicate with a computer via USB. The software part is programmed using Visual C# software to control managed system requires. The system operator can monitor system and diagnostic faults manually or automatically based on artificial neural network. Finally, the system has been simulated and implemented successfully.
Digital Electronics & Computer Oraganisation
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Verilog Implementation of 32-Bit CISC ProcessorIJERA Editor
The Project deals with the design of the 32-Bit CISC Processor and modeling of its components using Verilog
language. The Entire Processor uses 32-Bit bus to deal with all the registers and the memories. This Processor
implements various arithmetic, logical, Data Transfer operations etc., using variable length instructions, which
is the core property of the CISC Architecture. The Processor also supports various addressing modes to perform
a 32-Bit instruction. Our Processor uses Harvard Architecture (i.e., to have a separate program and data
memory) and hence has different buses to negotiate with the Program Memory and Data Memory individually.
This feature enhances the speed of our processor. Hence it has two different Program Counters to point to the
memory locations of the Program Memory and Data Memory.Our processor has ‘Instruction Queuing’ which
enables it to save the time needed to fetch the instruction and hence increases the speed of operation. ‘Interrupt
Service Routine’ is provided in our Processor to make it address the Interrupts.
IMPLEMENTATION OF USER INTERFACE FOR MICROPROCESSOR TRAINER cscpconf
This paper aims to design and construct the microcontroller - based userinterface system and to
study input, computation and output for microprocessor trainer.The other two activities beyond
computation :input and output or I/O.This paper also aims to do high quality research in the
area of filesystems, as well as develop a good implementation on atleast one computersystem. A
computersystem's I/O performance must be commensurate (equal) with its CPU performance if
the I/O system is not to limit the system's total throughput.When hundreds to thousands of such
highperformance micro-processors are closely connected inscalablearray architecture, the
enormous CPU performance of the multi-computer requires an I/O system with correspondingly
high performance.A wellbalanced computer requires I/O performance commensurate with its
CPU performance. High performance computers, access large numbers of disks in parallel to
achieve the very appreciable I/O performance.
Introduction to Machine Learning
Association Analysis
Supervised (inductive) learning
Training data includes desired outputs
Classification
Regression/Prediction
Unsupervised learning
Training data does not include desired outputs
Semi-supervised learning
Training data includes a few desired outputs
Reinforcement learning
Rewards from sequence of actions
Instruction Level Parallelism – Hardware Techniques such as Branch prediction (Static and Dynamic Branch Prediction).
Tomasulo Algorithm and Multithreading.
Advanced Computer Architecture – An IntroductionDilum Bandara
Introduction to advanced computer architecture, including classes of computers,
Instruction set architecture, Trends, Technology, Power and energy
Cost
Principles of computer design
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
7. What We Are Going To Study?
How these internal components look like?
Top-down approach with schematics
How do they fit together?
How to program them?
How to improve their performance?
7
8. Very High-Level View of a Computer
CPU – execute instructions
Memory – store program & data
System Bus
IO devices – receive inputs & produce outputs
Bus – interconnects everything by transferring data
8
Central
Processing
Unit (CPU)
Main
Memory
Input/output
(IO) Devices
9. Blocks of a Microprocessor
9
Program
Memory
Instruction
Register
STACK Program Counter
Instruction
Decoder
Timing, Control, & Register selection
Accumulator
RAM &
Data
Registers
ALU
IO
IO
FLAG &
Special
Purpose
Registers
Source: Makis Malliris & Sabir Ghauri, UWE
10. Blocks of a Microprocessor (Cont.)
10
Literal
Address
Operation
Program
Memory
Instruction
Register
Address
STACK Program Counter
Instruction
Decoder
Timing, Control and Register selection
Accumulator
RAM &
Data
Registers
ALU
IO
IO
FLAG &
Special
Function
Registers
Clock
Reset
Interrupts
Program Execution Section Register Processing Section
Set up
Set up
Modify
Internal data bus
Source: Makis Malliris & Sabir Ghauri, UWE
11. Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU)
Data processing
unit
Arithmetic unit
Performs
arithmetic
operations
Logic unit
Performs logical
operations
11
Accumulator
Source: Introduction to PIC Microcontroller – Part 1 by Khan Wahid
12. Registers
Type of memory located inside CPU
Can hold a single piece of data
This data is useful in both data processing & control
functionalities
Several types of CPU registers
Program Counter (PC)
Instruction Register (IR)
Accumulator or working register
Special purpose registers
Flag register
General purpose registers
12
13. Program Counter (PC)
Used to keep track of memory address of next
instruction to be executed
When instructions are fetched, always
instruction pointed by PC is fetched into CPU
Once the instruction is fetched, PC is updated to
point to next instruction
PC = PC + d
13
14. Instruction Register (IR)
Once fetched, instructions are stored in IR for
execution
Located closely to control unit which decodes
the instruction
14
15. Accumulator (A) / Working Register (W)
Results of arithmetic & logical operations always
go to accumulator
Connected directly to output of ALU
15
Source: Introduction to PIC Microcontroller – Part 1 by Khan Wahid
16. FLAG/STATUS Register
Individual bits Indicate status of ALU operations
Source: www.plantation-productions.com/Webster/www.artofasm.com/Linux/HTML/RealArithmetic.html
16
17. 17
Internal Structure
B
C
D
E
ALU
A
Address Bus
PC
IR
ALU
Control Unit
FLAG
+1
CTRL Bus Data Bus
Source : Dr. Chathura de Silva, CSE, UoM
18. 18
Sample Program
100: Load A,10
101: Load B,15
102: Add A,B
103: STORE A,[20]
Load A,10
Load B,15
ADD A,B
STORE A,[20]
100
101
102
103
104
105
Program memory
18
19
20
21
00
00
00
00
Data memory
19. 19
Instruction Execution Sequence
1. Fetch next instruction from memory to IR
2. Change PC to point to next instruction
3. Determine type of instruction just fetched
4. If instruction needs data from memory,
determine where it is
5. Fetch data if needed into register
6. Execute instruction
7. Go to step 1 & continue with next instruction
20. 20
Before execution of 1st fetch cycle
B
C
D
E
ALU
A
Address Bus
100
IR
ALU
Control Unit
FLAG
+1
CTRL Bus Data Bus
Source: Dr. Chathura de Silva, CSE, UoM
21. 21
After 1st fetch cycle …
B
C
D
E
ALU
A
Address Bus
101
ALU
Load A,10
Control Unit
FLAG
+1
CTRL Bus Data Bus
22. 22
After 1st instruction cycle …
B
C
D
E
ALU
10
Address Bus
101
ALU
Load A,10
Control Unit
FLAG
+1
CTRL Bus Data Bus
27. 27
After 3rd fetch cycle …
15
C
D
E
ALU
10
Address Bus
103
ALU
ADD A,B
Control Unit
FLAG
+1
CTRL Bus Data Bus
28. 28
After 3rd instruction cycle …
15
C
D
E
ALU
25
Address Bus
103
ALU
ADD A,B
Control Unit
FLAG
+1
CTRL Bus Data Bus
29. Architectural Differences
Length of microprocessors’ data word
4, 8, 16, 32, 64, & 128 bit
Speed of instruction execution
Clock rate & processor speed
Size of direct addressable memory
CPU architecture
Instruction set
Number & types of registers
Support circuits
Compatibility with existing software & hardware
development systems 29
30. Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller
Microprocessor – CPU & various IO functions are packed
as separate ICs
Microcontroller – Most IO functions are integrated into
same package with CPU
30
Program
Memory
Microprocessor
Clock
Data
Storage
I/O
I/O
I/O
Program
Memory
Microprocessor
Core
Real-time
Clock
I/O
I/O
I/O
Data
Storage
33. Programming Language Levels (Cont.)
Assembler
Machine code (60s-70s)
.define const = 6
num1: .byte [1]
num2: .byte [2]
move.b num1,d0
addq.b #const,d0
move.b d0,num2
High-level languages
C code fragment (70s-80s)
#define const 6
int num1, num2;
num2 = num1 + const; 33
34. When is Assembler Appropriate?
Parts of a program where absolute speed is
critical
More effective use of CPU registers & instruction set
Can produce code that runs faster than that produced
by a compiler
There may be no other way to access a particular
feature of hardware
Compiler might not provide library functions to access
IO ports or to disable/enable interrupts
Compiler might not take advantage of CPU special
instructions
BCD arithmetic, binary-ASCII conversion, table lookups, high
speed copying of entire blocks of data 34
35. Building Digital Solutions to
Computational Problems
35
Labs & design project
Product specs
Algorithms, RTL, etc.
Flowcharts
State transition diagrams
Logic equations
Circuit schematics
Verilog or VHDL code
Assembler
C, C++
TTL Gates (AND, OR, XOR ... )
Programmable Logic
Custom ASICs
FPGAs
MCs, DSPs
36. Real-World Performance Metrics
Commercial digital designs seek the most
appropriate trade-offs for the target application
Time-to-market is also very important
36
Cost
Commodity Products
Speed
Scientific Computing,
Simulation
Energy
Portable Devices
Capacity
Multimedia,
Scientific Computing,
Simulation