The document discusses the evolution of computer systems from the first generation to the sixth generation. It describes the key technologies that defined each generation as well as representative computer systems. It also covers Moore's Law and defines it as the observation that the number of transistors on integrated circuits doubles every 18 months. The document then provides an overview of computer components including the CPU, memory, storage, input/output ports and devices. It discusses the internal components of the CPU like the ALU, registers, control unit and buses. Finally, it briefly introduces the Von Neumann architecture.
This is a brief introductory lecture I conducted on von Neumann Architecture. Von Neumann is a fundamental computer hardware architecture based on the store program concept, designed by John von Neumann.
Memory organization in computer architectureFaisal Hussain
Memory organization in computer architecture
Volatile Memory
Non-Volatile Memory
Memory Hierarchy
Memory Access Methods
Random Access
Sequential Access
Direct Access
Main Memory
DRAM
SRAM
NVRAM
RAM: Random Access Memory
ROM: Read Only Memory
Auxiliary Memory
Cache Memory
Hit Ratio
Associative Memory
This slide provide the introduction to the computer , instruction formats and their execution, Common Bus System , Instruction Cycle, Hardwired Control Unit and I/O operation and handling of interrupt
This is a brief introductory lecture I conducted on von Neumann Architecture. Von Neumann is a fundamental computer hardware architecture based on the store program concept, designed by John von Neumann.
Memory organization in computer architectureFaisal Hussain
Memory organization in computer architecture
Volatile Memory
Non-Volatile Memory
Memory Hierarchy
Memory Access Methods
Random Access
Sequential Access
Direct Access
Main Memory
DRAM
SRAM
NVRAM
RAM: Random Access Memory
ROM: Read Only Memory
Auxiliary Memory
Cache Memory
Hit Ratio
Associative Memory
This slide provide the introduction to the computer , instruction formats and their execution, Common Bus System , Instruction Cycle, Hardwired Control Unit and I/O operation and handling of interrupt
In the given presentation, process overview,process management scheduling typesand some more basic concepts were explained.
Kindly refere the presentation.
The presentation given at MSBTE sponsored content updating program on 'PC Maintenance and Troubleshooting' for Diploma Engineering teachers of Maharashtra. Venue: Government Polytechnic, Nashik Date: 17/01/2011 Session-2: Computer Organization and Architecture.
CISC & RISC Architecture with contents
History Of CISC & RISC
Need Of CISC
CISC
CISC Characteristics
CISC Architecture
The Search for RISC
RISC Characteristics
Bus Architecture
Pipeline Architecture
Compiler Structure
Commercial Application
Reference
In these slides the registration organization and stack organization have discussed in detail. Stack organization is discussed with the aid of animation to let the user understand it in a better and easy way.
Computer Architecture – An IntroductionDilum Bandara
Overview on high-level design of internal components of a computer. Cover step-by-step execution of a program through ALU while accessing & updating registers
In the given presentation, process overview,process management scheduling typesand some more basic concepts were explained.
Kindly refere the presentation.
The presentation given at MSBTE sponsored content updating program on 'PC Maintenance and Troubleshooting' for Diploma Engineering teachers of Maharashtra. Venue: Government Polytechnic, Nashik Date: 17/01/2011 Session-2: Computer Organization and Architecture.
CISC & RISC Architecture with contents
History Of CISC & RISC
Need Of CISC
CISC
CISC Characteristics
CISC Architecture
The Search for RISC
RISC Characteristics
Bus Architecture
Pipeline Architecture
Compiler Structure
Commercial Application
Reference
In these slides the registration organization and stack organization have discussed in detail. Stack organization is discussed with the aid of animation to let the user understand it in a better and easy way.
Computer Architecture – An IntroductionDilum Bandara
Overview on high-level design of internal components of a computer. Cover step-by-step execution of a program through ALU while accessing & updating registers
This is free presentation created by ITE Infotech Pvt Ltd for each and every student, those who are interested in field of Information & Technology. I think knowledge of computer hardware should be free for all. It is the basic of every human being in Digital world. Subscribe to your youtube channel @iteinfotech to get absolutely free knowledge of Hardware & Networking.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
2. Evolution of computers
» Pre- first generation (mechanical /non-electronic
computers)
» Electronic computers
3. Evolution of computers
Generation
Technology
Software apps/
Representing systems
First Generation
(1945-54)
Vacuum
tubes, relays, ALU
Machine/assembly languages
ENIAC, IBM701
Second Generation
(1955-64)
Transistors,
memories, IO
processors
HLL, Batch processing
IBM7090
Third Generation
(1965-74)
IC s SSI , MSI,
Micro programming
Multiprogramming/Time
sharing OS, Intel 8008
Fourth Generation
(1975-84)
LSI & VLSI
Multiprocessor OS
IBM PC
Fifth Generation
(1984-90)
VLSI, ULSI
multiprocessors
Parallel computing
IBM PC AT, Intel 486
Sixth Generation
(1990 onwards)
ULSI, VHSIC, high
density packing,
scalable architecture
Massively parallel processing/
Pentium, Sun Ultra Workstation
4. Moore’s Law
Moore's law is the
observation that “number of
transistors per square inch
on integrated circuits had
doubled every 18months
since the integrated circuit
was invented”.
The period often quoted as
"18 months" is due to Intel
executive David House, who
predicted that period for a
doubling in chip performance
(being a combination of the
effect of more transistors and
their being faster).
5. The ENIAC computer required more than
17,000 vacuum tubes to perform ballistic
calculations in decimal (base-10) notation.
Although vacuum tubes were better than
electromechanical relays, the tubes overheated and needed frequent replacements.
10. Super Computer
The Blue Gene/P supercomputer at Argonne National Lab runs over 250,000
processors using normal data center air conditioning, grouped in 72 racks/cabinets
connected by a high-speed optical network[1]
14. Communications and Ports
Computers are connected to external devices via I/O connectors at
the back of the computer. Depending on the device being
connected and the cable being used, the device may be connected
via a serial port (either 9 or 25 pin connector) or via a 25 pin parallel
port.
PS/2 Ports
Desktop computers often have two PS/2 connectors where the
keyboard and mouse are attached. The connectors are identical,
but often colour coded -- blue is keyboard and green is mouse. In
future, PS/2 ports are likely to be replaced by USB.
• VGA Port
A VGA port is used to connect a monitor to
a computer. On the back of the computer,
should be a female 15-pin connector.
15. • USB Ports
There are two Universal Serial Bus (USB) standards, USB 1.1
and USB 2.0. USB connectors and adapters allow the
connection of up to 127 peripheral devices. USB 1.1 can
transmit data at a rate of 12 Mbps. but USB 2.0 (sometimes
called High-speed USB) can transmit at 480 Mbps
Fire Wire Port
preferred standard for very high speed communications - the IEEE1394 standard. Data is transferred at speeds of
up to 400 Mbps (in IEEE 1394a standard) and 800 Mbps
(in IEEE 1394b standard). Fire wire allows up to 63
devices to be connected
Network Connection
A network jack is used to connect a computer's
network card to a cable modem or to the network.
16. Processor interaction with devices
• Device Addressing
Memory mapped IO
Port mapped IO
• Interrupts
• Device Drivers – OS
17. Storage= store data
Storage types based on Technology
I.
II.
III.
Semiconductor – (IC) – RAM, ROM, Flash
Magnetic – HD, Tape, Floppy
Optical - CD ROM, DVD ROM
Storage types based on Volatility
1. Volatile
2. Nonvolatile
Storage Types based on computer access
I.
II.
Primary – Main memory, RAM and ROM
Secondary – Hard disk, CD ROM
18. Primary Storage
– is also main memory or internal memory – is directly
accessible to CPU
– CPU stores instructions and executes in main memory
– Main memory is connected to CPU using memory bus.
Memory bus has 2 bus internally – address bus and
data bus
– RAM and ROM are main memories. RAM is temporary
or volatile data. ROM stores startup program (BIOS)
which is permanent and uses non-volatile technology.
19. Secondary Storage
– Also called as ‘auxiliary storage’ is memory that is
not directly accessible by CPU but a majority of
data and programs stored
– All storage that is not required in primary memory
is secondary storage
– Normally accessed by CPU using IO channels
– Eg. Hard disk, CD ROM
20. Volatility
• Non-volatile memory Will retain the stored information even if it is not
constantly supplied with electric power. It is suitable for long-term storage
of information.
• Volatile memory Requires constant power to maintain the stored
information. The fastest memory technologies of today are volatile ones
generally. Since primary storage is required to be very fast, it
predominantly uses volatile memory.
– Dynamic random-access memory: A form of volatile memory which also
requires the stored information to be periodically re-read and re-written, or
refreshed, otherwise it would vanish.
– Static random-access memory A form of volatile memory similar to DRAM
with the exception that it never needs to be refreshed as long as power is
applied. (It loses its content if power is removed).
Is BIOS volatile or nonvolatile ?
21. Storage Device characteristics
•
•
•
•
•
Volatility - Volatile or non-volatile
Accessibility – Sequential access or random access
Addressability – memory or file addressable
Capacity – size and density
Latency - Time taken to access data from particular location
24. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
• The central processing unit (CPU) is the portion of a
computer system that carries out the instructions of a
computer program, and is the primary element carrying
out the computer's functions.
• The form, design and implementation of CPUs have
changed dramatically since the earliest examples, but
their fundamental operation remains much the same.
25. Components of CPU
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ALU – Arithmetic Logic Unit
Registers
Control Unit
RAM
Buses
Instruction Register
Program Counter
Decoders
Multiplexor
RAM
ALU
Accumulator
26. Registers
Registers are memory
that are present within
CPU and can be
accessed very quickly
It’s content can be
easily and more
quickly accessed than
storage available
elsewhere.
Examples include the
instruction
register, flag
register, the program
counter and the
accumulator.
27. Control Unit
• A Control Unit is part
of the machinery
that controls its
operation.
• It Co-ordinates the
input and output
devices of a
computer system.
28. ALU
• ALU stands for
Arithmetic Logic
Unit.
• is a digital circuit that
performs arithmetic
and logical
operations.
29. Buses
• A bus is a subsystem that
transfers data between
computer components
• The buses are the
information highway for
the CPU.
• They are bundles of tiny
wires that carry data
between components.
• The three most important
buses are the
• address bus,
• data bus
• control buses.
30. Von Neumann architecture
Primary Memory
Input
Units
CPU
(Central Processing Unit)
Output
Units
– Programs and data are stored in the same
memory: primary memory.
– The computer can only perform one instruction
at a time.
– Most of modern and general purpose
computers/desktops follow this architecture