This document provides an overview of basic computer architecture and components. It discusses the history of computers and introduces Arduino. The main computer components are described as the input/output units, memory/storage units, and the CPU. The motherboard diagram shows the northbridge, southbridge, and bus. The von Neumann and Harvard CPU architectures are explained. The CPU has three major components: the ALU, CU, and registers. Memory types like RAM, ROM, cache memory and their functions are also summarized.

1. Basic Computer
Architecture

2. Submitted by-
Name ID
Asikul Islam 143-15-
Kanchon Kumar 143-15-
Saiful Islam 143-15-
Sonot Kumar 143-15-
Sohel Al Mamun143-15-
Tuhinur Rahman 143-15-
Submitted to-
Masud Rabbani
Dept. Of CSE

3. Basic Computer Design
1. History of Computers
2. Introduction to Arduino
3. Basic Computer Architecture
4. Combinational Logic Circuit

4. Computer Components
• Input/output units
• Memory/storage units
• CPU (Central Processing Unit)

5. Motherboard Diagram
• Northbridge
– Connected to CPU in high
speed
• Southbridge
– Connected in low speed
• Bus
– Related to “omnibus”
– Communication system
between components

6. Computer System

7. Connection of Components
Northbridge
South
bridge

8. CPU Architecture

9. von Neumann Architecture

10. Harvard Architecture

11. CPU: 3 Major Components
• ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
– Performs calculations and comparisons (data changed)
• CU (Control Unit): performs fetch/execute cycle
– Functions:
• Moves data to and from CPU registers and other hardware comp
onents (no change in data)
• Accesses program instructions and issues commands to the ALU
– Subparts:
• Memory management unit: supervises fetching instructions and d
ata
• I/O Interface: sometimes combined with memory management u
nit as Bust Interface Unit
• Registers
– Example: Program Counter (PC) or instruction pointer determi
nes next instruction for execution

12. Machine Cycle
• Fetch-decode-execute-store

13. Concept of Registers
• Small, permanent storage locations withi
n the CPU used for a particular purpose
• Manipulated directly by the CU
• Wired for specific function
• Size in bits or bytes (not MB like memor
y)
• Can hold data, an address or an instructi
on

14. Register Operations
• Stores values from other locations (regist
ers and memory)
• Addition and subtraction
• Shift or rotate data
• Test contents for conditions such as zero
or positive

15. Registers in CPU
• Program Counter
(PC) register
• Instruction Register
(IR)
• Status register:
status, flags

16. Cache Memory
• Cache level
– L1 cache: fastest and smallest
– L2 cache: next fastest and smallest

17. Operation of Memory
• Each memory location has a unique addr
ess
• Address from an instruction is copied to
the MAR (Memory Address Register) whi
ch finds the location in memory
• CPU determines if it is a store or retrieval
• Transfer takes place between the MDR (
Memory Data Register) and memory
• MDR is a two way register

18. Random Access Memory
• DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
– Most common, cheap
– Volatile: must be refreshed (recharged with pow
er) 1000’s of times each second
• SRAM (Static RAM)
– Faster than DRAM and more expensive than DR
AM
– Volatile
– Frequently small amount used in cache memory
for high-speed access used

19. Read Only Memory
• Non-volatile memory to hold software th
at is not expected to change over the life
of the system
• Magnetic core memory
• EEPROM
– Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM
– Slower and less flexible than Flash ROM
• Flash ROM
– Faster than disks but more expensive
– Uses
• BIOS: initial boot instructions and diagnostics
• Digital cameras

20. CMOS Memory
• CMOS (Complimentary Metal Oxide
Semiconductor) TR (Transistor)
– Low power consumption, cheap TR
• BIOS (Basic I/O System) and system settings that
users can change

21. Thank you 