This document provides an overview of the history and development of computer architecture. It begins with some of the earliest computing devices like the abacus and ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer. It then discusses the evolution of CPU and memory architecture from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits and microprocessors. The document outlines different bus architectures like ISA, EISA, MCA, PCI, and AGP that were used to connect components. It also reviews memory hierarchies and I/O interfaces like IDE, SCSI, serial ports, USB, and parallel ports. The presentation aims to trace the progression of computer hardware technology over time.

1. Welcome
in the World of
COMPUTER
ARCHITECTURE

2. Presentation
Topics
 Computer Architecture
History
 Single CPU Design
 GPU Design
 Memory Architecture
 Communications
Architecture

3. HISTORY!!!
One of the first computing devices to come about was . .
The ABACUS!

4. The ENIAC : 1946
• Completed:1946
• Programmed: plug board and switches
• Speed:5,000 operations per second
• Input/output: cards, lights, switches, plugs
• Floor space:1,000 square feet

5. The EDSAC(1949)
• EDSAC
• Technology: vacuum tubes

6. The UNIVAC I(1951)
• Speed:1,905 operations per second
• Input/output: magnetic tape, printer
• Memory size:1,000 12-digit words in delay
lines
• Memory type: delay Memory:1K words
First practical stored-program computer
• Technology: serial vacuum tubes, delay
lines, magnetic tape
• Floor space:943 cubic feet
• Cost: F.O.B. factory $750,000+

7. Progression of The Architecture
• Vacuum tubes -- 1940 – 1950
• Transistors -- 1950 – 1964
• Integrated circuits -- 1964 – 1971
• Microprocessor chips -- 1971 – present

8. Current CPU Architecture

9. •Basic CPU Overview

10. • Single Bus

11. • Example of Triple
• Bus Architecture

12. Intel Pentium 1 Chip with MMX

13. Motherboards / Chipsets / Sockets
•Chipset
In charge of:
•Memory Controller •IRDA Controller
•EIDE Controller •Keyboard
•PCI Bridge •Mouse
•Real Time Clock •Secondary Cache
•DMA Controller •Low-Power CMOS SRAM

14. Intel DX4 – 100 MHz processor &
Motherboard

15. Pentium 4 Architecture

16. Main Memory

17. Memory Hierarchy

18. Shared Memory
Network
Cache Cache Cache
Memory 1 Memory 2 Memory 3
processor processor processor
1 2 3

19. Read Operation
•On a read the CPU will first try to find the data in the
cache, if it is not there the cache will get updated
from the main memory and then return the data to
the CPU.

20. Write Operation
• On a write the CPU will write the information into
the cache and the main memory.

21. VESA - Video Electronics Standards Association
 32 bit bus
 Found mostly on 486 machines
 Relied on the 486 processor to function
 People started to switch to the PCI bus
because of this
 Otherwise known as VLB

22. ISA - Industry Standard Architecture
 Very old technology
 Bus speed 8mhz
 Speed of 42.4 Mb/s maximum
 Very few ISA ports are found in
modern machines.

23. MCA - Micro Channel Bus
 IBM’s attempt to compete with the ISA bus
 32 bit bus
 Automatically configured cards (Like Plug and
Play)
 Not compatible with ISA

24. PCI – Peripheral Component Interconnect
 Speeds up to 960 Mb/s
 Bus speed of 33mhz
 16-bit architecture
 Developed by Intel in 1993
 Synchronous or Asynchronous
 PCI popularized Plug and Play
 Runs at half of the system bus speed

25. PCI – X
 Up to 133 MHz bus speed
 64-bit bandwidth
 1GB/sec throughput
 Backwards compatible with all PCI
 Primarily developed for increased I/O
demands of technologies such as Fiber
Channel, Gigabit Ethernet and Ultra3
SCSI.

26. AGP – Accelerated Graphics Port
 Essentially a high speed PCI Port
 Capable of running at 4 times PCI
bus speed. (133mhz)
 Used for High speed 3D graphics
cards
 Considered a port not a bus
 Only two devices involved
 Is not expandable

27. IDE - Integrated Drive Electronics
 Tons of other names: ATA,
ATA/ATAPI, EIDE, ATA-2, Fast
ATA, ATA-3, Ultra ATA, Ultra
DMA
 Good performance at a cheap
cost
 Most widely used interface for
hard disks

28. SCSI - Small Computer System Interface “skuzzy”
 Capable of handling
internal/external peripherals
 Speed anywhere from 80 – 640
Mb/s
 Many types of SCSI

29. Serial Port
 Uses DB9 or DB25
connector
 Adheres to RS-232c
spec
 Capable of speeds up to
115kb/sec

30. USB
 1.0
 hot plug-and-play
 Full speed USB devices signal at 12Mb/s
 Low speed devices use a 1.5Mb/s sub
channel.
 Up to 127 devices chained together
 2.0
 data rate of 480 mega bits per second

31. USB On-The-Go
 For portable devices.
 Limited host capability to communicate with
selected other USB peripherals
 A small USB connector to fit the mobile form
factor

32. PS/2 Port
 Mini Din Plug with 6 pins
 Mouse port and keyboard port
 Developed by IBM

33. Parallel port i.e. “printer port”
 Old type
 Two “new” types
 ECP (extended capabilities port)
and EPP (enhanced parallel port)
 Ten times faster than old parallel
port
 Capable of bi-directional
communication.

34. Game Port
 Uses a db15 port
 Used for joystick connection to the
computer

35. THANKS

36. Any Question????