The document provides an overview of computer architecture and organization by: 1) Describing the basic structure of a computer system including the central processing unit, main memory, and input/output systems. 2) Explaining the four main functions of a computer as data processing, data storage, data movement, and control. 3) Discussing the different levels of abstraction in transforming a problem into a working computer system from the problem statement to electronics.

1. An Introduction to Computer Architecture and Organization Asmara Alias

4. Computer Architecture and Organization A Computer.... The word computer was taken from the Latin – Computare – which means ‘calculate’ Computer is a machine that only can execute instructions that given by the user and operate the data base on the related instruction. The computer will process the data to produce information .

5. Computer Architecture and Organization Types of Computer

7. Computer Architecture and Organization Structure Function Is the way how each component/unit of computer communicates to each other. Refers to the operation of each component which include in a structure.

8. Computer Structure Computer Architecture and Organization Communication Lines Peripherals The Computer COMPUTER - Storage - Processing

9. Computer Architecture and Organization The Main Structure Computer Main Memory Input Output Systems Interconnection Central Processing Unit

10. Computer Architecture and Organization Central Processing Unit To process data and control the computer operations. Main Memory To keep data during process The Main Structure Systems Interconnection The mechanism which is use to communicate between CPU, main memory and I/O. Input Output To move data and information between computer and external environment

11. Computer Architecture and Organization ca 2000 You can see why they called this CPU a microprocessor ! ca 1980 It took 10 of these boards to make a Central Processing Unit CPU : The Heart of Computing System

12. Computer Architecture and Organization Structural Component of CPU Registers : Provide storage internal to the CPU Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) : Performs the computer’s data processing functions Control Unit : Control the operations of the CPU CPU Interconnections : provide mechanism for communication among CU, ALU and registers Computer Main Memory CPU I/O System Intercon-nection The Central Processing Unit (CPU) Registers Control Unit ALU Internal CPU Interconn. CPU

14. Computer Architecture and Organization A Fundamental View of Computer Functions Data movement apparatus Control mechanism Data storage facility Data processing facility Source and destination of data

15. Computer Architecture and Organization Data Processing Example : Print bank statement Data Movement Apparatus Control Mechanism Data Storage Facility Data Processing Facility

16. Computer Architecture and Organization Data Storage Data Movement Apparatus Control Mechanism Data Storage Facility Data Processing Facility

17. Computer Architecture and Organization Data Movement Apparatus Control Mechanism Data Storage Facility Data Processing Facility Data Movement Example : Keyboard to Monitor

18. Computer Architecture and Organization COMPUTER SYSTEM?

20. Computer Architecture Computer Architecture and Organization The computer attribute which can be recognized by programmer . This attribute has a direct effect to the program execution such as instruction set, data representation, addressing and I/O. Example : Intel x86 share same architecture

27. The IBM 7094, a typical mainframe computer [photo courtesy of IBM] Computer Architecture and Organization

29. Computer Architecture and Organization

31. Computer Architecture and Organization Big Ideas #1 : Universal Computing Devices = = PDA Workstation Supercomputer

32. Turing Machine Computer Architecture and Organization is a theoretical device that manipulates symbols on a strip of tape according to a table of rules. Despite its simplicity, a Turing machine can be adapted to simulate the logic of any computer algorithm, and is particularly useful in explaining the functions of a CPU inside a computer. Read more : http://www.mapageweb.umontreal.ca/cousined/lego/5-machines/turing/turing.html

35. Computer Architecture and Organization Big Ideas #2 : Problem Transformation Problems Language Instruction Set Architecture Microarchitecture Circuits Devices Algorithms

36. Problem Transformation - levels of abstraction The desired behavior: the application The building blocks: electronic devices Computer Architecture and Organization Natural Language Algorithm Program Machine Architecture Devices Micro-architecture Logic Circuits

38. Deeper and Deeper… Computer Architecture and Organization Instr Set Architecture Microarch Circuits Processor Design: choose structures to implement ISA (Instruction Set Architecture) Logic/Circuit Design: gates and low-level circuits to implement components Devices Process Engineering & Fabrication: develop and manufacture lowest-level components

41. Many Choices at Each Level Computer Architecture and Organization Tradeoffs: cost performance power (etc.) Solve a system of equations Gaussian elimination Jacobi iteration Red-black SOR Multigrid FORTRAN C C++ Java Intel x86 PowerPC Atmel AVR Centrino Pentium 4 Xeon Ripple-carry adder Carry-lookahead adder CMOS Bipolar GaAs

43. Computer Architecture and Organization The History & Evolution Of Computer Basically, the history of computer development is divided into 2 parts : before 1940 & after 1940 .

45. Before Computer Architecture and Organization 1940

52. After Computer Architecture and Organization 1940

56. Computer Architecture and Organization ENIAC

58. Computer Architecture and Organization Structure of Von Nuemann machine

65. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tXLxcCTwr2E&feature=player_detailpage/ http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=PSFh-ME83Bk&feature=player_detailpage/ Computer Architecture and Organization http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SD0W0_J_28A&feature=player_detailpage/ Computer in Future....