Waves and light without star stuff
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This document discusses different types of waves including mechanical waves that require a medium and electromagnetic waves that can travel through empty space. It describes properties of waves like amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and speed. Key behaviors of waves are also outlined such as reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, and absorption. The document also provides information about electromagnetic waves, sound waves, lenses, mirrors, and the electromagnetic spectrum.
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Electricity is the movement of electric charge. Objects become charged through friction, conduction, or induction which moves electrons on or off objects. The electric force between charged objects depends on the amount of charge and distance between them and exists within an electric field. Electricity can take the form of static electricity at rest or a dynamic electric current. Current, voltage, resistance, circuits, and electromagnetism are key concepts in how electricity behaves and is used.
Electricity
Electricity is the movement of electric charge. Electric charge can be positive or negative, and like charges repel while opposite charges attract. The amount of charge and distance between charges determine the electric force. An electric field exists around charged objects, and objects become charged through friction, conduction, or induction. Electricity can be used to power circuits consisting of a source, wires, and a load to convert the energy into other forms. Circuit failures are prevented by fuses and circuit breakers.
Waves and light without star stuff
This document discusses different types of waves including mechanical waves that require a medium and electromagnetic waves that can travel through empty space. It describes properties of waves like amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and speed. Key behaviors of waves are also outlined such as reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, and absorption. The document provides details about electromagnetic waves, sound waves, and how lenses and mirrors interact with light waves.
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Electricity is the movement of electric charge. Electric charge can be positive or negative, and like charges repel while opposite charges attract. The amount of charge and distance between charges determine the electric force. An electric field exists around charged objects, and objects become charged through friction, conduction, or induction. Electricity can be used to power circuits, where current is the flow of electric charge. Circuits have an energy source, wires to conduct current, and a load to use the energy. Circuits can be connected in series or parallel configurations.
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This document defines key terms related to electricity and electrical circuits. It explains that atoms are the smallest unit of matter and comprise all substances. Electricity is a form of energy involving the movement of charged particles like electrons and protons. An electric current is the flow of electrons along a wire, which can be part of an open circuit where current does not flow, or a closed circuit where it does. Circuits can be connected in series or parallel configurations. Other terms defined include voltage, conductors, insulators, loads and devices like switches, bulbs and batteries that are integral parts of electrical systems.
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Magnets have two poles and a magnetic field that allows them to attract or repel other objects. A magnetic field is the magnetized region surrounding a magnet that it uses to pick up metal objects. Motors use energy to move and in doing so generate electrical energy, while generators produce energy that can then power other devices.
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This document discusses different types of waves including mechanical waves that require a medium and electromagnetic waves that can travel through empty space. It describes properties of waves like amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and speed. Key behaviors of waves are also outlined such as reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, and absorption. The document provides details about electromagnetic waves, sound waves, and how lenses and mirrors interact with light waves.
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Electricity is the movement of electric charge. Electric charge can be positive or negative, and like charges repel while opposite charges attract. The amount of charge and distance between charges determine the electric force. An electric field exists around charged objects, and objects become charged through friction, conduction, or induction. Electricity can be used to power circuits, where current is the flow of electric charge. Circuits have an energy source, wires to conduct current, and a load to use the energy. Circuits can be connected in series or parallel configurations.
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This document defines key terms related to electricity and electrical circuits. It explains that atoms are the smallest unit of matter and comprise all substances. Electricity is a form of energy involving the movement of charged particles like electrons and protons. An electric current is the flow of electrons along a wire, which can be part of an open circuit where current does not flow, or a closed circuit where it does. Circuits can be connected in series or parallel configurations. Other terms defined include voltage, conductors, insulators, loads and devices like switches, bulbs and batteries that are integral parts of electrical systems.
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Magnets have been known for centuries and have magical properties. Magnetism is the force of attraction or repulsion between magnetic materials due to the arrangement and spin of electrons in atoms. Magnets always have two poles - a north and a south pole - and like poles repel while opposite poles attract. The Earth itself acts as a large magnet with a magnetic field that is strongest at the North and South magnetic poles.
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The document discusses magnetism and electricity concepts including:
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Magnetism is caused by the alignment of atoms' spins and orbits within materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt. Magnetic fields are produced by moving electric charges. In magnetic materials, the atomic spins and orbits align into regions called domains that can be oriented by an external magnetic field. Electric currents produce magnetic fields, and changing magnetic fields induce electric currents based on Faraday's law of induction. This principle is exploited in devices like generators, transformers, and motors.
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This document provides information about magnetism and magnetic fields. It defines key terms like magnetic poles, magnetic force, magnetic field, and different types of magnets. It explains that every magnet has two poles, and that a compass points north because the Earth acts as a giant magnet with its own north and south poles. Cutting a magnet in half will result in two smaller magnets, each with their own north and south poles.
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Both bar magnets and electromagnets have magnetic fields and attract iron materials. However, electromagnets can be turned on and off by controlling the electric current, while bar magnets maintain their magnetism permanently. Additionally, electromagnets can be made stronger by increasing the number of wire coils or electric current, whereas the strength of bar magnets cannot be controlled.
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Magnets have been known and studied for centuries. The ancient Greeks were familiar with magnetite, a magnetic stone, and discovered that magnetite stones always pointed in the same direction, which later helped with navigation. William Gilbert proposed in 1600 that the Earth itself acts as a large magnet, predicting it would have magnetic poles. Magnetism results from the arrangement of electrons within atoms. Magnets have distinct north and south poles, and like poles repel while opposite poles attract.
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Magnetism and Electromagnetism discusses the relationship between magnetism and electricity. It describes how magnets have north and south poles that attract or repel, and how the Earth itself acts as a large magnet. It then explains how an electric current produces magnetism through electromagnets, and how changing magnetic fields induce electric currents, the basis of electric generators. Transformers are also summarized, which use this principle to increase or decrease voltage for power transmission.
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This document discusses magnetism and magnetic fields. It begins by defining a magnet and different types of magnets. It then explains magnetic materials, domains, and magnetic field lines. The document discusses how cutting a magnet in half would affect its poles. It also covers permanent and temporary magnets, as well as how magnetism can be induced using electricity or electromagnets. The final section provides a sample lab experiment to test magnetic fields and determine which magnet has the strongest field.
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Magnets have been known for centuries and have magical properties. Magnetism is the force of attraction or repulsion between magnetic materials due to the arrangement and spin of electrons in atoms. Magnets always have two poles - a north and a south pole - and like poles repel while opposite poles attract. The Earth itself acts as a large magnet with a magnetic field that is strongest at the North and South magnetic poles.
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The document discusses magnetism and electricity concepts including:
- Iron, nickel, and cobalt have the greatest magnetic permeability.
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Magnetism is caused by the alignment of atoms' spins and orbits within materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt. Magnetic fields are produced by moving electric charges. In magnetic materials, the atomic spins and orbits align into regions called domains that can be oriented by an external magnetic field. Electric currents produce magnetic fields, and changing magnetic fields induce electric currents based on Faraday's law of induction. This principle is exploited in devices like generators, transformers, and motors.
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This document provides information about magnetism and magnetic fields. It defines key terms like magnetic poles, magnetic force, magnetic field, and different types of magnets. It explains that every magnet has two poles, and that a compass points north because the Earth acts as a giant magnet with its own north and south poles. Cutting a magnet in half will result in two smaller magnets, each with their own north and south poles.
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Both bar magnets and electromagnets have magnetic fields and attract iron materials. However, electromagnets can be turned on and off by controlling the electric current, while bar magnets maintain their magnetism permanently. Additionally, electromagnets can be made stronger by increasing the number of wire coils or electric current, whereas the strength of bar magnets cannot be controlled.
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Magnets have been known and studied for centuries. The ancient Greeks were familiar with magnetite, a magnetic stone, and discovered that magnetite stones always pointed in the same direction, which later helped with navigation. William Gilbert proposed in 1600 that the Earth itself acts as a large magnet, predicting it would have magnetic poles. Magnetism results from the arrangement of electrons within atoms. Magnets have distinct north and south poles, and like poles repel while opposite poles attract.
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Magnets have north and south poles and magnetic fields created by electron arrangement. Molecular theory explains magnetism at the atomic level, with molecular magnets aligning in materials. Electric currents create magnetic fields, demonstrated by patterns with iron filings. Electromagnets are coils that can be magnetized and demagnetized by switching current on and off. Moving coil meters like the milliammeter measure current through magnetic interactions between the coil and a permanent magnet.
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Magnetism and Electromagnetism discusses the relationship between magnetism and electricity. It describes how magnets have north and south poles that attract or repel, and how the Earth itself acts as a large magnet. It then explains how an electric current produces magnetism through electromagnets, and how changing magnetic fields induce electric currents, the basis of electric generators. Transformers are also summarized, which use this principle to increase or decrease voltage for power transmission.
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Force fields are regions of space where forces act, even when nothing is present. Gravity creates a force field that allows us to walk on Earth and see effects by stepping on a scale. Electrical fields are produced by electric charges and their force moves from the center of the charge. Magnetic materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt have electron pairs in their outer shells that create miniature magnetic fields called magnetic moments, and clusters of these aligned moments form magnetic domains that can be detected as poles of a magnet.
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The Earth acts as a giant magnet with a north and south magnetic pole. Magnets can be natural or man-made using materials like iron oxide or an electric current in a coil of wire. There are different theories about magnetism on a molecular and electron level. Magnets have magnetic fields represented by flux lines that emerge from the north pole and enter the south pole. Unlike magnetic poles attract while like poles repel according to the laws of magnetism.
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power point presentation on Magnetism for ICSE class IX students
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This document discusses different types of waves including mechanical waves, which require a medium, and electromagnetic waves, which can travel through empty space. It describes key wave properties such as amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and speed. It also covers how waves interact through reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference. The document then focuses on electromagnetic waves, their ability to travel without a medium, and their composition of electric and magnetic fields. It provides examples of different types of electromagnetic waves and discusses theories about the nature of light.
Electromagnetic radiation
Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is a form of energy that can transfer through empty space and consists of oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each other and the direction of propagation. EMR travels at the speed of light and can be described using both wave and particle models. The wave model conceives EMR as waves characterized by amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and speed of light. Shorter wavelengths correspond to higher frequencies and more energy. EMR interacts with matter by reflecting, absorbing, or transmitting depending on the material. The particle model views EMR as discrete packets of energy called photons whose energy is determined by the photon's frequency and Planck's constant.
Waves
Waves transfer energy through matter or space without transferring matter. There are two main types of waves: longitudinal waves where the disturbance is parallel to the direction of motion, and transverse waves where the disturbance is perpendicular. Wave characteristics include amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and speed. Mechanical waves require a medium to travel through while electromagnetic waves can travel through empty space. The electromagnetic spectrum includes radio waves, microwaves, visible light, x-rays, and more.
Ultrasound physics 1
Ultrasound physics involves the generation and propagation of sound waves. Sound is a mechanical wave that requires a medium and causes the vibration of molecules. Key acoustic variables that describe sound waves include pressure, density, and distance, which change as waves cause molecular compression and rarefaction. Essential parameters used to characterize ultrasound waves are period, frequency, amplitude, wavelength, and propagation speed. Understanding ultrasound physics is necessary for proper use of diagnostic ultrasound.
the Characteristics of waves according to medium
Waves transfer energy from one place to another without transferring matter. They are classified by the medium they move through and how the particles in the medium move. There are two main types of waves: transverse waves, where particles move perpendicular to the wave motion, and longitudinal waves, where particles move parallel to the wave motion. Key wave characteristics include wavelength, frequency, period, amplitude, and velocity. Waves can also be classified as electromagnetic waves, which can travel through empty space, and mechanical waves, which require a medium and involve particle vibration.
Waves_PP.pdf
This document defines and describes different types of waves. It discusses the medium that waves transfer energy through, and defines transverse and longitudinal waves. It describes properties of waves like wavelength, frequency, and amplitude. It also discusses various wave interactions such as reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference. Finally, it covers specific types of waves including sound waves and electromagnetic waves.
Preliminary Physics - World communicates 1
This document discusses waves and their properties. It defines different types of waves including mechanical waves, which require a medium, and electromagnetic waves, which do not. Key wave properties discussed include frequency, wavelength, amplitude, speed, and the wave equation relating these properties. Examples are provided of how different types of waves transfer energy.
Forms of Radiant Energy.pptx
Radiant energy is a form of energy that can travel through space in the form of electromagnetic waves. It is transmitted from the sun to the Earth through a vacuum via electromagnetic waves like visible light. Electromagnetic waves are induced when electric and magnetic forces interact, and they can travel through space, air, or solids at the speed of light. When electromagnetic waves come into contact with objects, they cause the particles in those objects to move, transferring their energy and doing work.
Physical Science Waves and Wave Interactions flip fall 2013.ppt
Waves transfer energy through a medium. The speed of a wave depends on the medium, with waves traveling slower in gases and faster in solids. Light waves occur across the electromagnetic spectrum and exhibit properties of both particles and waves. Wave interactions include reflection at boundaries, diffraction around obstacles, and refraction when changing mediums.
Chapter 11 Vocab 9th Grade--Waves and Their Parts
This powerpoint presentation is for 9th grade honors Physical Science students. It covers vocabulary words from chapter 11 in the textbook.
Waves
Waves carry energy through matter or space in different forms. There are two main types of waves - mechanical waves which require a medium and electromagnetic waves which do not. Mechanical waves include waves on strings, springs, water surfaces and sound waves. Electromagnetic waves include visible light, infrared, radio waves, x-rays and gamma rays. A medium is the material that mechanical waves travel through such as solids, liquids, gases or combinations. Waves can be periodic, meaning the medium particles oscillate repeatedly.
WAVES
The document defines key terms related to waves, including:
1. A wave is defined as a disturbance that travels through space and time, usually accompanied by the transfer of energy.
2. Waves have characteristics such as crest, trough, amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and period.
3. There are two main types of waves - longitudinal waves where the disturbance is parallel to the direction of travel, and transverse waves where the disturbance is perpendicular.
Waves classic to quantum
- Quantum theory proposes that atoms and molecules emit and absorb energy in discrete quantities called quanta, challenging the classical view that they behave like balls.
- There are two types of waves: longitudinal waves where particle displacement is parallel to propagation, and transverse waves where displacement is perpendicular.
- The electromagnetic spectrum shows the difference in wavelength and frequency for different types of electromagnetic radiation, from radio waves to gamma rays. Microwaves use electromagnetic radiation at a frequency of 2.5 GHz to heat food by being readily absorbed by water.
Visual waves
There are two main categories of waves: mechanical waves and electromagnetic waves. Mechanical waves require a medium to transmit energy and cannot travel through a vacuum, while electromagnetic waves can transmit energy through a vacuum at the speed of light. Waves have specific anatomical features including the crest, trough, wavelength, and frequency.
Electromagnetic waves
This document discusses electromagnetic waves (EM waves), which are composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that propagate through space as a wave. It describes the main types of EM waves, including radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible light, ultraviolet waves, X-rays, and gamma rays. Each type is distinguished by its wavelength and frequency range. The document provides examples of common sources of each type of EM wave and some of their uses and properties.
wavesppt-140413221820-phpapp01.pdf
This document defines waves and classifies them according to the medium they travel through and the particle motion within the medium. Waves are vibrations that transfer energy through a medium without transferring matter. They are classified as electromagnetic waves, which can travel through empty space, and mechanical waves, which require a medium. Mechanical waves are further divided into transverse waves, where particles move perpendicular to the wave, and longitudinal waves, where particles move parallel. The document also discusses key wave properties and behaviors such as reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, polarization, and resonance.
Wave classification powerpoint2
There are two main ways that waves can be classified: by what they move through (the medium) and by how the energy moves through the medium. Waves that require a medium are mechanical waves like sound, water, and seismic waves. Electromagnetic waves can travel through matter or empty space. Mechanical waves are further divided into compressional/longitudinal waves where the medium vibrates parallel to the wave direction, and transverse waves where the medium vibrates perpendicular to the wave direction. Examples of each type of wave and their characteristics are provided.
Introduction to Waves
Waves transfer energy from one place to another without transferring matter. There are two main types of waves: transverse waves, where the disturbance is perpendicular to the direction of travel, like water waves, and longitudinal waves, where the disturbance is parallel to travel, like sound waves. A wave requires a medium to travel through and consists of repeating patterns of high and low points called crests and troughs. The speed, wavelength, frequency, period, and amplitude are key properties used to describe waves.
W.1 l.1 introduction to waves
A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy through a medium or space. There are two main types of waves: mechanical waves, which require a medium such as air, water or solid material to travel; and electromagnetic waves, which can travel through empty space. Mechanical waves can be transverse, with the disturbance moving perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer, or longitudinal, with the disturbance moving parallel. Examples of transverse mechanical waves include water waves and seismic S-waves, while longitudinal mechanical waves include sound waves and seismic P-waves. Electromagnetic waves include visible light, radio waves, microwaves and more.
Waves
Okay, let's break this down step-by-step:
* Mr. H vibrates the snakey 32 times in 10 seconds
* So the frequency is 32/10 = 3.2 Hz
* There are 4 sections each occupied by an antinode
* Since there are nodes between each antinode, there must be 5 nodes total
* With 5 nodes, this is the 5th harmonic standing wave pattern
* The 5th harmonic has 6 nodes
* So the wavelength is the total length (6.2 m) divided by 6 nodes
* Wavelength = 6.2 m / 6 = 1.033 m
* Using the wave equation: Speed = Frequency x Wavelength
* Speed = 3
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Physical Science Waves and Wave Interactions flip fall 2013.ppt
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Classification prt1
This document discusses biological classification and taxonomy. It begins by explaining why biologists classify organisms and provides a brief history of classification from Aristotle to Linnaeus establishing the modern 7-level system. The 7 levels are kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. An example classification of a housecat is given from kingdom to species. Scientific names are introduced as the standardized naming system. The document concludes by mentioning dichotomous keys which help identify organisms based on distinguishing characteristics.
How does evolution happen
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection after observing variations in finch beaks on the Galapagos Islands. He proposed that organisms vary individually, and traits better suited to the local environment help organisms survive and reproduce more successfully. Over generations, this leads to evolution of species as adaptations arise in response to environmental pressures like availability of food sources. Darwin's theory explained how evolution can occur through natural selection acting on inherited variation between organisms in every generation.
The evolution of living things
This document discusses evidence for evolution and adaptation. It describes how adaptations like a giraffe's long neck helped it survive. Fossils provide evidence that species change over time as the needs of populations change. Comparing anatomical structures and DNA between living things like whales and camels shows they share common ancestors from millions of years ago. The fossil record and similarities between organisms support the theory that all life on Earth descended from common ancestors through gradual change over generations.
What does dna look like
DNA contains the genetic code for building and maintaining organisms. It is made up of nucleotides that pair together in a double helix structure. Rosalind Franklin discovered through X-ray diffraction that DNA has a spiral shape, which Watson and Crick used to build a double helix model showing that DNA is made of two strands of alternating sugar-phosphate units connected by complementary nucleotide base pairs. DNA replicates through splitting and using each strand as a template to form two new double helices.
How dna works
DNA contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. DNA is found within the cells of organisms and takes on different structures like being wound around proteins in the nucleus or forming loose loops in cells lacking a nucleus. A gene is a string of DNA nucleotides that provides instructions to the cell, and changes to genes through mutations in the DNA sequence can result in new traits or cause harm.
The cell cycle
The document summarizes the cell cycle and cell division in eukaryotic cells. It discusses that (1) the cell cycle involves copying DNA and organelles before the cell divides, (2) mitosis is the process where the cell separates its chromosomes and splits into two identical daughter cells, and (3) the stages of mitosis are interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis where the cell membrane pinches the cell into two daughter cells each with their own nucleus.
Cell energy
Cells get energy from food through cellular respiration or fermentation. Photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight and converts carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose, which plants use for energy and animals obtain by eating plants. Cellular respiration breaks down glucose to release energy, using oxygen and producing carbon dioxide. When oxygen is scarce, cells use fermentation to break down glucose without oxygen.
Cell organelles
This document summarizes the key components of plant and animal cells. It describes the cell membrane as the outer boundary that protects the cell and controls what enters and leaves. It notes that plant cells also contain a cell wall made of cellulose that provides protection and support. The nucleus controls most cell activities and contains DNA. The cytoplasm and organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, mitochondria, vacuoles, lysosomes, and chloroplasts carry out specialized functions like protein production, packaging and transport of materials, energy production, storage, and waste digestion.
History of cells
Robert Hooke was the first to describe cells in 1655 after observing cork through a microscope. He described them as "little boxes" or "little rooms". Rudolf Virchow and Matthias Schleidan/Theodor Swann collaborated to establish the Cell Theory, which states that (1) all organisms are made of one or more cells (2) cells are the basic unit of living things and (3) cells only come from preexisting cells. Cells remain small because surface area to volume ratios limit their growth to efficiently exchange materials.
Char of lv things & necess of life
This document discusses the characteristics of living things and the necessities of life. It outlines 6 key characteristics that define living things: 1) cells, 2) sensing and responding to stimuli, 3) reproduction, 4) DNA, 5) using energy, and 6) growth and development. It also identifies 4 necessities required for life: water, air, food, and shelter. The document then provides further details on homeostasis, types of reproduction, DNA's role in heredity and cell function, and the 5 basic building blocks of cells: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, ATP, and nucleic acids.
Scientific method & variables
The document discusses the scientific method, which is a process used to answer questions about the world through experiments and observations. It involves identifying a problem, developing a hypothesis, designing and conducting an experiment, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. Key parts of the scientific method include formulating hypotheses, identifying independent, dependent, and controlled variables, developing procedures, and organizing and presenting results. The document provides examples of experiments and identifies the variables involved.
Measurements and metrics notes 10 11
The document discusses measurements and metrics. It provides background on ancient measurement systems based on body parts and food grains. It then introduces the modern Metric System devised in the late 18th century to have a single, unified, decimal-based system used worldwide. Key advantages of the metric system are its use of powers of 10 for easy conversions, standardized prefixes, and widespread international use compared to other systems like English units.
Speed, time, distance
This document defines key concepts related to motion, including speed, velocity, acceleration, force, friction, gravity, and mass. It explains that speed is distance divided by time, velocity includes both speed and direction, and acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. Forces such as gravity and friction can cause objects to accelerate if the net force is unbalanced. The document also provides formulas for calculating speed, distance, and time and notes the units used to measure and relate these physical quantities.
Force, mass, acceleration
This document discusses key concepts and discoveries in gravity and motion. It explains that Galileo showed that the rate at which objects fall is independent of their mass, as the force of gravity and inertia balance out such that acceleration due to gravity is the same for all objects. It then discusses concepts such as air resistance, terminal velocity, free fall, orbits, projectile motion, inertia, and Newton's three laws of motion, including how force equals mass times acceleration according to the second law.
Energy updated
Energy can exist in many forms including kinetic, potential, mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, sound, light, and nuclear. Energy is the ability to do work and can be quantified in joules. It can be transferred from one object or system to another, or converted from one form to another. Common examples of energy conversions include food being broken down into chemical and thermal energy during digestion, light energy being converted to chemical energy during photosynthesis, and electrical energy being transformed into light and sound energy by devices like alarm clocks.
Heat
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in an object, with higher temperatures indicating faster particle movement. Thermal expansion occurs as temperature increases, as faster particles spread out and increase the object's size. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between objects due to differences in temperature, occurring primarily through conduction, convection, or radiation. Conductors readily transfer heat through direct contact, while insulators inhibit heat transfer.
Chemical reactions
This document discusses key concepts in chemical reactions and equations. It defines different types of chemical reactions like single displacement, synthesis, and decomposition reactions. It also explains important laws like the law of conservation of energy and mass. It defines exothermic and endothermic reactions as well as concepts like activation energy, catalysts, and inhibitors. Finally, it provides steps for balancing chemical equations.
Mixtures, solutions, elements, compounds
This document defines and provides examples of mixtures, solutions, suspensions, colloids, and gas mixtures. It explains that mixtures can be separated physically but their compositions are not fixed, while solutions appear homogeneous but are mixtures that dissolve. Suspensions and colloids are mixtures where particles settle or scatter light differently. The document also defines elements as pure substances that cannot be broken down, and compounds as pure substances formed by chemical combination of elements in specific ratios producing new properties.
States of matter
This document discusses the different states of matter - solids, liquids, gases, and plasma. It explains that in solids, particles are close together and vibrate in place. In liquids, particles can slide past each other but the substance takes the shape of its container. Gases have particles that are far apart and expand to fill their container. Changes between these states require the addition or removal of energy. The document provides examples like melting, freezing, evaporation, and condensation to illustrate changes between solid, liquid, and gas states.
Chap 2 chem & phy properties
Physical properties can be observed and measured without changing a substance's identity, and are used to identify substances. Examples of physical properties include boiling point, freezing point, melting point, conductivity, flexibility, color, and odor. Physical changes alter a substance's form but not its chemical properties, such as boiling, freezing, melting, bending, and dissolving. Chemical properties describe a substance's ability to undergo chemical reactions, like flammability and reactivity. Chemical changes produce new substances with different properties.
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MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
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Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
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Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
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In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
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Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
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The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Sustainable Land Management - Climate Smart Agriculture
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•Totalfoodgrainproductioninindiais311milliontonnesandstorageis145mt.InIndia,annualstoragelosseshavebeenestimated14mtworthofRs.7,000croreinwhichinsectsaloneaccountfornearlyRs.1,300crores.
•InIndiaoutofthetotalproduction,about30%ismarketablesurplus
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SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
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Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
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The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
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Waves and light without star stuff
- 1. Waves • Wave-any disturbance that transmits energy through matter or empty space • Medium – substance through which a wave can travel (solid, liquid, gas) • Wave particles vibrate and pass the energy to a particle next to it • Mechanical waves must use a medium to travel (sound, ocean waves)
- 2. • Electromagnetic waves travel without a medium or in a vacuum (light waves from the sun) • Transverse wave-particles vibrate up and down (wave travels forward while moving perpendicular to the forward motion) - all electromagnetic wave • Longitudinal wave – moves back and forth parallel with the direction of the motion
- 3. • Compression – crowded • Rarefaction-spread apart • Properties of Waves : • Amplitude-related to height, large wave height, more energy • Wavelength- distance between two crests or compressions, shorter the wave length the greater the energy
- 4. Frequency – number of waves in a given amount of time, higher the frequency the greater the energy Wave speed-the speed at which a wave travels through a medium
- 5. Wave Behaviors • Reflection – wave bounces back after hitting a barrier (sound, light, heat), at same angle • Refraction – bending of light due to a change in medium and a change in wave speed • Diffraction-bending of waves around a barrier or through an opening • Interference – the combination of two or more waves that results in a single wave (Ex: resonance – when two object vibrate at the same frequency) • Absorption: energy transferred to particles of matter
- 6. Electromagnetic waves • Electric fields surround all electrically charged objects which causes the magnetic field to be created. • Light travels in a straight line until it hits an object where it can be reflected, absorbed or transmitted • The speed of light can change depending on the type of media (matter traveling through)
- 7. • Light is a form of radiant energy (radiation) that moves in transverse waves • EM energy from the sun is major source of energy on earth • EM spectrum consists of: left to right • Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-ray, and gamma rays, all move at the speed of light • Energy is transferred as radiation
- 8. • Light travels at 300,000,000 m/s through a vacuum and slightly less through air and other materials • 1 light year=9,500,000,000,000 km (distance that light can travel in one year)
- 9. Sound • Sound – energy transmitted through matter (medium), no matter, no sound – type: mechanical (must have matter) – structure: longitudinal wave • Composed of compression and rarefaction waves (the slinky) • Travel in all directions away from the source • Caused by the vibration of an object
- 10. EM spectrum is arranged from long wavelength to short or from low frequency to high
- 11. Lenses and Mirrors • Concave and convex lenses refract (bend) light • Concave – converge light (come together) • Convex – diverge light (spread out) • Convex mirrors - diverge light (small upright image) • Concave mirrors – converge light, upright magnified image if close, inverted and smaller if far away