Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection after observing variations in finch beaks on the Galapagos Islands. He proposed that organisms vary individually, and traits better suited to the local environment help organisms survive and reproduce more successfully. Over generations, this leads to evolution of species as adaptations arise in response to environmental pressures like availability of food sources. Darwin's theory explained how evolution can occur through natural selection acting on inherited variation between organisms in every generation.
Hear Duke evolutionary biologist Mohamed Noor discuss the work that made him one of only a dozen scientists honored with the Darwin-Wallace Medal in 2008. This prize is given only once every fifty years to those twelve scientists who have done the most to advance Darwin's thinking.
Although Darwin's book title suggested that he provided us with insights on the origin of species, in fact, he only focused on the process of divergence within species and assumed the same process "eventually" led to something that could be called a new species.
This event was taped live as part of the Periodic Tables: Durham's Science Cafe series at the Broad Street Cafe. Periodic Tables is a Museum of Life and Science program. For more info please visit us at http://www.ncmls.org/periodictables
When I teach On the Origin of Species, I follow a trajectory that is indicated on the powerpoint. I also make sure that students get the background for evolutionary biology. In 2009 to 2010, I used the powerpoint to emphasize the Dialogues with Darwin project that I did along with some IH faculty with the American Philosophical Society. (See preceding powerpoint.)
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Hear Duke evolutionary biologist Mohamed Noor discuss the work that made him one of only a dozen scientists honored with the Darwin-Wallace Medal in 2008. This prize is given only once every fifty years to those twelve scientists who have done the most to advance Darwin's thinking.
Although Darwin's book title suggested that he provided us with insights on the origin of species, in fact, he only focused on the process of divergence within species and assumed the same process "eventually" led to something that could be called a new species.
This event was taped live as part of the Periodic Tables: Durham's Science Cafe series at the Broad Street Cafe. Periodic Tables is a Museum of Life and Science program. For more info please visit us at http://www.ncmls.org/periodictables
When I teach On the Origin of Species, I follow a trajectory that is indicated on the powerpoint. I also make sure that students get the background for evolutionary biology. In 2009 to 2010, I used the powerpoint to emphasize the Dialogues with Darwin project that I did along with some IH faculty with the American Philosophical Society. (See preceding powerpoint.)
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
2. First man to explain
o Charles DarwinCharles Darwin
o Took a five year voyageTook a five year voyage
around the world after hearound the world after he
got out of collegegot out of college
o Served as aServed as a naturalistnaturalist onon
the British shipthe British ship HMS BeagleHMS Beagle
o Formed a theory of howFormed a theory of how
evolutionevolution happenedhappened
o Collected plant andCollected plant and
animal samples on hisanimal samples on his
travelstravels
o Visited the GalapagosVisited the Galapagos
islands just west ofislands just west of
EcuadorEcuador (South America)(South America)
4. Galapagos Island Discoveries
o Found that the finches on theseFound that the finches on these
islands were similar to Ecuador’sislands were similar to Ecuador’s
o Each island was still a littleEach island was still a little
different from the nextdifferent from the next
o Found that theFound that the beaksbeaks of theof the
finches had adapted to theirfinches had adapted to their
foodfood source on the differentsource on the different
islands.islands.
6. Darwin starts to think..
o How did we get these similar species?How did we get these similar species?
o He had ideas about theHe had ideas about the EarthEarth
o He found that Earth has been formed byHe found that Earth has been formed by naturalnatural
processes over a long period of timeprocesses over a long period of time
o He had ideas aboutHe had ideas about breedingbreeding
o Selective breeding- breeding plants/Selective breeding- breeding plants/animalsanimals toto
have desired characteristicshave desired characteristics
o He had ideas aboutHe had ideas about populationspopulations
o Realized that any species can produce manyRealized that any species can produce many
offspringoffspring, but they are limited by several, but they are limited by several
factors.factors.
7. What limits offspring?
o StarvationStarvation
o DiseaseDisease
o CompetitionCompetition
o PredationPredation
o He found that really only a limitedHe found that really only a limited
amount of individuals will survive toamount of individuals will survive to
reproduce.reproduce.
o There is something unique about theThere is something unique about the
survivors. They must have strongersurvivors. They must have stronger
geneticgenetic traitstraits. Those are the traits that will. Those are the traits that will
pass down to their offspring.pass down to their offspring.
8. Darwin’s thinking lead to his theory of Natural
Selection
o Once he returned from his voyage, heOnce he returned from his voyage, he
thought forthought for 2020 yrs about the observationsyrs about the observations
he had taken from the world and wrote ahe had taken from the world and wrote a
bookbook calledcalled On the Origin of Species byOn the Origin of Species by
Means of Natural Selection.Means of Natural Selection.
o Darwin’s theory of natural selectionDarwin’s theory of natural selection is theis the
process by which individuals bestprocess by which individuals best
adapted to their environments surviveadapted to their environments survive
and reproduce more successfully thanand reproduce more successfully than
less well adapted individualsless well adapted individuals
o This theory of natural selection is brokenThis theory of natural selection is broken
intointo fourfour parts.parts.
9. Four Parts of Natural Selection
o 1)1) OverproductionOverproduction
oOrganisms will give birth toOrganisms will give birth to
thousands of offspring realizingthousands of offspring realizing
that some will become adults andthat some will become adults and
others will not.others will not.
o 2)2) Inherited VariationInherited Variation
oEvery individual has its ownEvery individual has its own
combo of traits. (similar tocombo of traits. (similar to parentsparents))
10. Continued
o 3)3) Struggle to SurviveStruggle to Survive
oPredators, starvation,Predators, starvation,
diseasesdiseases
o 4)4) Successful ReproductionSuccessful Reproduction
oThe organisms bestThe organisms best adaptedadapted
in their environment willin their environment will
produce the most survivingproduce the most surviving
offspring.offspring.
12. Darwin Lacked
o When Darwin was introducing hisWhen Darwin was introducing his
theorytheory of natural selection heof natural selection he
lacked two important things:lacked two important things:
o 1- He didn’t know how we inherit1- He didn’t know how we inherit
traitstraits
o 2- He didn’t know how the2- He didn’t know how the
variationsvariations occurredoccurred
o We have learned how both of theseWe have learned how both of these
occurrences happen, tell me how!occurrences happen, tell me how!
13. Yes??
o 1) We inherit traits from our parents1) We inherit traits from our parents
when they get passed down to thewhen they get passed down to the
offspring.offspring.
o 2) Variations occur because of the2) Variations occur because of the
differentdifferent genegene combinations that cancombinations that can
be made when the mother andbe made when the mother and
father come together to producefather come together to produce
offspring.offspring.
14. Natural Selection in Action
o A population changes inA population changes in
responseresponse to itsto its
environment.environment.
o Things that can affect anThings that can affect an
environmentsenvironments
population are:population are:
o HuntingHunting
o ResistanceResistance
o CompetitionCompetition
15. Hunting
o A new affect such as huntingA new affect such as hunting
can play a role in how acan play a role in how a
population levelpopulation level risesrises or falls.or falls.
o In 1930 Uganda’s maleIn 1930 Uganda’s male
elephant population thatelephant population that
contained tusks was 99% andcontained tusks was 99% and
only 1% of them were bornonly 1% of them were born
without them. Today 85% ofwithout them. Today 85% of
male elephant populationmale elephant population
contains tusks.contains tusks.
o Because of this, more of theBecause of this, more of the
tusk less elephants aretusk less elephants are
surviving and reproducing.surviving and reproducing.
This trait does getThis trait does get passedpassed
downdown..
16. Resistance
o Some organisms such asSome organisms such as insectsinsects cancan
build resistance to certain chemicals.build resistance to certain chemicals.
o This can send an increase in aThis can send an increase in a
particular insects population thatparticular insects population that
could be harmfulcould be harmful..
o It doesn’t take long for insects to buildIt doesn’t take long for insects to build
up this resistance and reproduce.up this resistance and reproduce.
o Generation timeGeneration time: the period between: the period between
thethe birthbirth of one generation and theof one generation and the
birth of the next generation.birth of the next generation.
17. Competition
o Many species willMany species will
have competitions forhave competitions for
theirtheir matesmates
o Some organisms maySome organisms may
over time have someover time have some
interestinginteresting
adaptations.adaptations.
o Feather colors, smells,Feather colors, smells,
dances, sounds, etc.dances, sounds, etc.
18.
19. Forming a New Species
o May form if the groups getMay form if the groups get separatedseparated
from the original population.from the original population.
o The two groups can adapt to theirThe two groups can adapt to their
environments and get to a pointenvironments and get to a point
where they are sowhere they are so differentdifferent theythey
can’t even mate anymore.can’t even mate anymore.
o A new species is a result ofA new species is a result of evolutionevolution..
We call thisWe call this speciationspeciation..
o Separation-Adaptation-DivisionSeparation-Adaptation-Division
