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Sustainable Land Management - Climate Smart Agriculture
The document discusses sustainable land management (SLM) in Bhutan, emphasizing efficient agricultural land use to meet food needs while maintaining land productivity and ecosystem services. It outlines various techniques, such as terracing and hedgerows, which can enhance soil quality, increase crop yields, and reduce erosion. The document also provides technical specifications for implementing these practices and highlights their economic and environmental benefits.
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Sustainable Land Management - Climate Smart Agriculture
- 1. Sustainable Land Management ChoneyZangmo Department of Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Bhutan
- 2. What is SLM Theefficient utilization of agriculture land for the production of food, feed and fibre to meet the needs of the growing population, while simultaneously ensuring the long term productive potential of the land, and continuous ecosystem Services-NSSC
- 3. 1. Maintain andenhance production (productivity) 2. Reduce the level of production risk, and enhance soil capacity to buffer against degradation processes (stability/resilience) 3. Protect the potential of natural resources and prevent degradation of soil and water quality (protection) 4. Be economically viable (viability) 5. Be socially acceptable, and assure access to the benefits from improved land management (acceptability/equity) Basic Principles
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- 8. 8 Why invest inSLM?
- 9. Types of soilerosion Splash Sheet erosion (Uniform removal of top soil) Rill erosion (Channeling) Enlarged rill erosion Gully erosion Ravine/Canyon
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- 12. Benefits of terracing •The runoff is reduced by over 41.9% • Can increase soil moisture content by 4.24%–12.9% • Terraces with ridges, have shown to retain 18% more runoff than terraces without ridges • Erosion rates on terraced fields not more than 1 t ha−1 y−1, • Case study from Tanzania, the average yield of maize was 270% higher in fertile terraced fields than in bare slope fields • At the Longji terraces in China, for example, income from tourism accounts for 70.8% of the total income for local families ( aesthetic value and productive, pleasing, neat, and sustainable landscapes) • Well maintained terraces can increase soil moisture to 37.71%, and increase SOC sequestration by 32.4% compared to that of the sloping lands. • Improvement of grain yields by 44.8% https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095633921000228
- 13. Terracing errors Undulating terraceWastage of land Steep riser
- 14. Crop cut resultsof Paddy(kg/Ac) Nubi gewog 1814 0 1511 1660 1900 1971 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 2016 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Paddy yield (Kg/Ac) Paddy yield after terracing at Nubi (Kg/Ac) Year Baseline
- 15. Crop cut resultsof Potato (kg/Ac) before and after terracing 5700 4500 5217 5515 5757 7104 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 2016 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Yield in kgs Year Potato Baseline
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- 17. Wider terrace interval(12-15m) High riser (8-10m) More water requirement Irregular terraces & fallow Exposure of sub soils/parent materials on surface
- 19. Recommended practices Maintaining theterrace width & riser height Plantation of Napier slips along riser Improving soil fertility through tethering practices Cultivate legumes or dry land crops in first two years Encourage leaving crop residues/cover crops
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- 23. Hedgerow Establishment Punakha: Poormaintenance of hedge at Talo
- 24. Time series forNapier hedgerows 2014 ( without hedge) 2021
- 25. • Hedgerow: controlsoil erosion 25 SLM (hedgerows) reduces soil erosion by about 47% 2008 - 2010
- 26. Steps for stonebunds
- 28. Vegetative measures • Plantsperform two main functions • Hydrological functions • Mechanical functions • Because of these two functions the plants help to stabilise the slope
- 29. How to constructlog check dam? • Should be constructed from 15-20 cm in diameter logs • Dig 30-50 cm into each side slopes of the gully • Drive in two vertical posts on either side of the spillway • Allow 2-3 logs to sink into the trench • Then place the horizontal members starting from the bottom. • As placement progresses, prepare spill way • Plant cuttings on the downstream side of check dam • Apron should be provided at the base
- 30. How to constructstone check dam ? • Excavate the foundation across the gully (45cm width) • Stack the stones from the ground level to the required effective height is achieved • Provide adequate spill way • Provide apron • Dam should not be constructed at neck point
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- 32. Benefits of checkdam? • Prevents channel vertical and lateral erosion • Conveys the runoff safely • Decreases the velocity of water flow • Reduces the gradient of a gully • Traps the silt from going downstream • Promotes water percolation
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- 34. Other Bio-engineering techniques Brushlayering Palisade Contour trash line Basin making Watling Sub surface drainage
- 35. Suggestions on theSLM Manual What Avoid the word etc Saves time… Not just water but top soil is conserved Application Also include Mountainous regions Suitable crop Any crop that is suitable to the agro-climatic zone Suitable slope Terracing: above 30 degree is incorrect Best for slopes below 30 degree
- 36. Thank you forthe attention!!!