The document discusses different types of waves including transverse waves, longitudinal waves, water waves, and Rayleigh surface waves. Transverse waves involve particles oscillating perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. Longitudinal waves involve particles oscillating parallel to the direction of propagation. Water waves and Rayleigh surface waves involve a combination of both transverse and longitudinal motion. Rayleigh surface waves cause the most damage in earthquakes and involve both up-down and side-to-side particle motion.

5. Transverse Waves
• In a transverse wave the particle
displacement is perpendicular to the
direction of wave propagation. The
animation below shows a one-dimensional
transverse plane wave propagating from
left to right. The particles do not move
along with the wave; they simply oscillate
up and down about their individual
equilibrium positions as the wave passes
by.

6. Transverse Wave Motion

7. Longitudinal Waves
• In a longitudinal wave the particle
displacement is parallel to the direction
of wave propagation. The animation at
right shows a one-dimensional
longitudinal plane wave propagating
down a tube. The particles do not move
down the tube with the wave; they
simply oscillate back and forth about
their individual equilibrium positions.

8. Longitudinal Wave Motion

9. •It is the combination
of Transverse and
Longitudinal Waves.

10. Water Waves
• Water waves are an example of waves that
involve a combination of both longitudinal
and transverse motions. As a wave travels
through the waver, the particles travel
in clockwise circles. The radius of the circles
decreases as the depth into the water
increases. The movie below shows a water
wave travelling from left to right in a region
where the depth of the water is greater than
the wavelength of the waves.

11. Water Waves Motion

12. Rayleigh surface waves
• Another example of waves with both
longitudinal and transverse motion may be
found in solids as Rayleigh surface
waves (named after John W. Strutt, 3rd Baron
Rayleigh). The particles in a solid, through
which a Rayleigh surface wave passes, move
in elliptical paths, with the major axis of the
ellipse perpendicular to the surface of the
solid. As the depth into the solid increases
the "width" of the elliptical path decreases.

13. • Rayleigh waves are different from water
waves in one important way. In a water wave
all particles travel in clockwise circles.
However, in a Rayleigh surface wave,
particles at the surface trace out a counter-clockwise
ellipse, while particles at a depth of
more than 1/5th of a wavelength trace
out clockwiseellispes. The movie below
shows a Rayleigh wave travelling from left to
right along the surface of a solid. I have
identified two particles in yellow to illustrate
the counterclockwise-clockwise motion as a
function of depth.

14. • The Rayleigh surface waves are the
waves that cause the most damage
during an earthquake. They travel
with velocities slower than S waves,
and arrive later, but with much
greater amplitudes. These are also
the waves that are most easily felt
during an earthquake and involve
both up-down and side-to-side
motion.

15. Sound Waves
• Three characteristics are used to describe a
sound wave. These are wavelength,
frequency, and amplitude.
• Wavelength; this is the distance from the
crest of one wave to the crest of the next.
• Frequency; this is the number of waves that
pass a point in each second.
• Amplitude; this is the measure of the amount
of energy in a sound wave.

16. Oscilloscope of the Sound Waves

17. Pitch
• This is how high or low a sound seems.
A birdmakes a high pitch. Alion makes a
low pitch.

18. • Sounds also are different in how loud and
how soft they are.
• The more energy the sound wave has the
louder the sound seems. The intensity of a
sound is the amount of energy it has. You
hear intensity as loudness.
• Remember the amplitude, or height of a
sound wave is a measure of the amount of
energy in the wave. so the greater the
intensity of a sound, the greater the
amplitude.

21. • Pitch and loudness are two ways that
sounds are different. Another way is in
quality.Some sounds are pleasant and
some are a noise.
• Compare the two waves on the right.
• A pleasant sound has a regular wave
pattern. The pattern is repeated over
and over. But the waves of noise are
irregular. They do not have a repeated
pattern.