This Unit is rely on introduction to Simple Harmonic Motion. the contents was prepared using the Curriculum of NTA level 4 at Mineral Resources Institute- Dodoma.
This Unit is rely on introduction to Simple Harmonic Motion. the contents was prepared using the Curriculum of NTA level 4 at Mineral Resources Institute- Dodoma.
A powerpoint explaining what sound waves are, the equation used to calculate displacement, the equation used to calculate pressure and the equation for intensity.
A powerpoint explaining what sound waves are, the equation used to calculate displacement, the equation used to calculate pressure and the equation for intensity.
Whole-Body Vibrations When Riding on Rough RoadsJohan Granlund
The overall aim of this study was to ascertain the seriousness of the problem of whole-body vibration when driving on roads; ”Is the road roughness such that it entails a health hazard and/or a road safety hazard through its impact on drivers?”. Other objectives were to estimate the scope of the problem during non-frozen ground conditions, to examine the problems and potential related to measurement techniques and to point out the necessity of further research in this field.
The measurement data was collected when driving on 37 kilometres of National Highway No. 90 (Hw 90) and 21 kilometres of County Road 950 (Lv 950) in Västernorrland County. The road condition on the test stretches covered the entire range from very smooth (IRI20 = 0.43 mm/m) to very rough (IRI20 = 22.78 mm/m). Whole-body vibration was measured in compliance with the ISO 2631-1 (1997) standard “Evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration”. This was done on stretchers with patients in different types of ambulance and at different speeds, and on the floor and driver and passenger seats for seated occupants in some different truck configurations.
There are three main sources of vibration: road roughness, vehicle properties and driver behaviour (including choice of speed). The interpretation of the results supports the opinion that within reasonable variations in these factors, road roughness plays a considerably greater part than the other two. High-energy, multi-directional vibrations at many natural body part frequencies were found at the seats in trucks. This is serious due to the risk of resonance, meaning a greater reproduction of vibration in the parts of the body afflicted than at the surface from which the vibrations are transferred. Further, the study substantiates findings from earlier studies; i.e., that the high frequency of occupational diseases among commercial drivers, especially in the locomotor systems, is related to rough roads. This relationship is probably strongest in geographic areas where the road roughness level is high on a large percentage of the roads. Where the roughness was greatest, peak values were registered on ambulance stretchers that considerably exceed the level that completely healthy people are assumed to experience as ”extremely uncomfortable” by international standards.
During a 15-minute ride on a stretch of National Highway 90, the vibration level in one type of ambulance was high enough to pose a potential health hazard had a healthy person been exposed to it for as little as 10 minutes a day. It was shown that the vibration on the ambulance stretchers was as great as at the drivers’ seat in wheel loaders loading blasted rock, bulldozers clearing way in forests for new road construction, etc. Vibration problems are even greater in the spring due to seasonal frost damage related additional roughness.
What is reflection and interference?
When a wave is reflected straight back from an obstacle, the reflected wave interferes with the original wave and creates a standing wave. This is a wave that appears to be standing still. A standing wave occurs because of a combination of constructive and destructive interference between a wave and its reflected wave.
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD
CLASS XI and XII
CHAPTER 6
SUPERPOSITION OF WAVES
CONTENT:
Introduction
Transverse and
longitudinal waves
Displacement relation in a
progressive wave
The speed of a travelling
wave
The principle of
superposition of waves
Reflection of waves
Beats
Doppler effect
Learn the basic introductory about Waves.
Key Slides & Points:
1. Intro
2. Definition
3. Appearance & Behaviour
4. Types of Waves
5. Parts of a Wave
6. Dimensional Waves
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. 1. Two ways to get in touch with a friend in a
distant city are to write a letter and to use
Telephone.
2. The first choice (the letter) involves a
concept of particle.
3. A material object moves from one point to
another, carrying with it information and
energy.
4. The second choice (the Telephone)
involves the concept of wave.
Wave motion
3. 5. In a wave, information and energy move from
one point to another but no material object makes
that journey.
6. In your Telephone call, a sound carries your
message from your vocal cords to the Telephone
although the message is passed nothing that you
have touched reaches your friend
7. In Telephone an electromagnetic wave takes
over, passing along a copper wire or an optical fiber
are through the atmosphere, possibly by way of a
communications satellite.
8. Particle and wave are two great concepts in
classical physics.
4. What is a wave?
A wave is a disturbance in a medium that travels
outward from its source.
It travels from one place to another by means of
a medium, but the medium itself is not
transported.
All material media- solids, liquids, and gases-
can carry energy and information by means of
waves.
There are many types of wave.
All types of waves use similar mathematical
descriptions.
5. 5
Waves are everywhere in
nature
Sound waves,
visible light
waves,
radio waves,
microwaves,
water waves,
sine waves,
telephone chord
waves,
stadium waves,
earthquake
waves,
waves on a
string,
slinky waves
6. 6
What is a wave?
a wave is a disturbance that travels
through a medium from one location to
another.
a wave is the motion of a disturbance
7. 7
Slinky Wave
Let’s use a slinky wave as an example.
When the slinky is stretched from end to
end and is held at rest, it assumes a
natural position known as the
equilibrium or rest position.
To introduce a wave here we must first
create a disturbance.
We must move a particle away from its
rest position.
8. 8
Slinky Wave
One way to do this is to jerk the slinky forward
the beginning of the slinky moves away from its
equilibrium position and then back.
the disturbance continues down the slinky.
this disturbance that moves down the slinky is
called a pulse.
if we keep “pulsing” the slinky back and forth,
we could get a repeating disturbance.
9. 9
Slinky Wave
This disturbance would look something like this
This type of wave is called a LONGITUDINAL wave.
The pulse is transferred through the medium of the
slinky, but the slinky itself does not actually move.
It just displaces from its rest position and then
returns to it.
So what really is being transferred?
10. 10
Slinky Wave
Energy is being transferred.
The metal of the slinky is the MEDIUM in that
transfers the energy pulse of the wave.
The medium ends up in the same place as it
started … it just gets disturbed and then returns
to it rest position.
The same can be seen with a stadium wave.
11. 11
Longitudinal Wave
The wave we see here is a longitudinal wave.
The medium particles vibrate parallel to the
motion of the pulse.
This is the same type of wave that we use to
transfer sound.
Can you figure out how??
12. 12
Transverse waves
A second type of wave is a transverse
wave.
We said in a longitudinal wave the pulse
travels in a direction parallel to the
disturbance.
In a transverse wave the pulse travels
perpendicular to the disturbance.
14. 14
Transverse Waves
Transverse waves occur when we wiggle
the slinky back and forth.
They also occur when the source
disturbance follows a periodic motion.
A spring or a pendulum can accomplish
this.
The wave formed here is a SINE wave.
15. 15
Anatomy of a Wave
Now we can begin to describe the
anatomy of our waves.
We will use a transverse wave to describe
this since it is easier to see the pieces.
16. 16
Anatomy of a Wave
In our wave here the dashed line represents the
equilibrium position.
Once the medium is disturbed, it moves away
from this position and then returns to it
17. 17
Anatomy of a Wave
The points A and F are called the CRESTS
of the wave.
This is the point where the wave exhibits
the maximum amount of positive or
upwards displacement
crest
18. 18
Anatomy of a Wave
The points D and I are called the
TROUGHS of the wave.
These are the points where the wave
exhibits its maximum negative or
downward displacement.
trough
19. 19
Anatomy of a Wave
The distance between the dashed line and
point A is called the Amplitude of the wave.
This is the maximum displacement that the
wave moves away from its equilibrium.
Amplitude
20. 20
Anatomy of a Wave
The distance between two consecutive similar
points (in this case two crests) is called the
wavelength.
This is the length of the wave pulse.
Between what other points is can a wavelength be
measured?
wavelength
21. 21
Anatomy of a Wave
What else can we determine?
We know that things that repeat have a
frequency and a period. How could we
find a frequency and a period of a
wave?
22. 22
Wave frequency
We know that frequency measure how
often something happens over a certain
amount of time.
We can measure how many times a pulse
passes a fixed point over a given amount
of time, and this will give us the
frequency.
23. 23
Wave frequency
Suppose I wiggle a slinky back and forth,
and count that 6 waves pass a point in 2
seconds. What would the frequency be?
3 cycles / second
3 Hz
we use the term Hertz (Hz) to stand for
cycles per second.
24. 24
Wave Period
The period describes the same thing as it
did with a pendulum.
It is the time it takes for one cycle to
complete.
It also is the reciprocal of the frequency.
T = 1 / f
f = 1 / T
25. 25
Wave Speed
We can use what we know to determine
how fast a wave is moving.
What is the formula for velocity?
velocity = distance / time
What distance do we know about a wave
wavelength
and what time do we know
period
26. 26
Wave Speed
so if we plug these in we get
velocity =
length of pulse /
time for pulse to move pass a fixed point
v = λ / T
we will use the symbol λ to represent
wavelength
27. 27
Wave Speed
v = λ / T
but what does T equal
T = 1 / f
so we can also write
v = f λ
velocity = frequency * wavelength
This is known as the wave equation.
28. 28
Wave Behavior
Now we know all about waves.
How to describe them, measure them and
analyze them.
But how do they interact?
29. 29
Wave Behavior
We know that waves travel through
mediums.
But what happens when that medium runs
out?
30. 30
Boundary Behavior
The behavior of a wave when it reaches
the end of its medium is called the wave’s
BOUNDARY BEHAVIOR.
When one medium ends and another
begins, that is called a boundary.
31. 31
Fixed End
One type of boundary that a wave may
encounter is that it may be attached to a
fixed end.
In this case, the end of the medium will
not be able to move.
What is going to happen if a wave pulse
goes down this string and encounters the
fixed end?
32. 32
Fixed End
Here the incident pulse is an upward
pulse.
The reflected pulse is upside-down. It is
inverted.
The reflected pulse has the same speed,
wavelength, and amplitude as the
incident pulse.
34. 34
Free End
Another boundary type is when a wave’s
medium is attached to a stationary object
as a free end.
In this situation, the end of the medium is
allowed to slide up and down.
What would happen in this case?
35. 35
Free End
Here the reflected pulse is not inverted.
It is identical to the incident pulse, except
it is moving in the opposite direction.
The speed, wavelength, and amplitude
are the same as the incident pulse.
37. 37
Change in Medium
Our third boundary condition is when the
medium of a wave changes.
Think of a thin rope attached to a thin
rope. The point where the two ropes are
attached is the boundary.
At this point, a wave pulse will transfer
from one medium to another.
What will happen here?
38. 38
Change in Medium
In this situation part of the wave is reflected,
and part of the wave is transmitted.
Part of the wave energy is transferred to the
more dense medium, and part is reflected.
The transmitted pulse is upright, while the
reflected pulse is inverted.
39. 39
Change in Medium
The speed and wavelength of the
reflected wave remain the same, but the
amplitude decreases.
The speed, wavelength, and amplitude of
the transmitted pulse are all smaller than
in the incident pulse.
41. 41
Wave Interaction
All we have left to discover is how waves
interact with each other.
When two waves meet while traveling
along the same medium it is called
INTERFERENCE.
44. 44
Destructive Interference
Now let’s consider the opposite, two
waves moving towards each other, one
having a positive (upward) and one a
negative (downward) amplitude.
What will happen when they meet?
46. 46
Check Your Understanding
Which points will produce constructive interference
and which will produce destructive interference?
Constructive
G, J, M, N
Destructive
H, I, K, L, O
