Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. If left untreated, cancer can result in death. The document discusses several types of cancer including lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer death, and colon cancer, the second most common cancer. It also covers cancer statistics, risk factors, screening, treatment milestones, and specific cancers like lung and colon cancer. Preventable lifestyle factors contribute to nearly 1/3 of cancer deaths in the US. Early detection through screening improves diagnosis and survival rates.
Cancer and its types, all tumours are not cancer, cancer, diagnosis of cancer, how cancer differ, how cancer spread, how cancer start, how normal cells act
Estadísticas del Cáncer: Un análisis detallado sobre su incidencia y impacto ...FabrizzioJamancaAgue
Descubre estadísticas actualizadas sobre el cáncer: incidencia, prevalencia, mortalidad y factores de riesgo asociados. Gráficos impactantes, tablas informativas y recursos visuales te brindarán una visión general completa de la situación actual. Aprende sobre tasas de supervivencia, avances en la investigación y medidas de prevención. Únete a la lucha contra el cáncer y mejora la salud mundial.
Cancer and its types, all tumours are not cancer, cancer, diagnosis of cancer, how cancer differ, how cancer spread, how cancer start, how normal cells act
Estadísticas del Cáncer: Un análisis detallado sobre su incidencia y impacto ...FabrizzioJamancaAgue
Descubre estadísticas actualizadas sobre el cáncer: incidencia, prevalencia, mortalidad y factores de riesgo asociados. Gráficos impactantes, tablas informativas y recursos visuales te brindarán una visión general completa de la situación actual. Aprende sobre tasas de supervivencia, avances en la investigación y medidas de prevención. Únete a la lucha contra el cáncer y mejora la salud mundial.
US Ethnicity and Cancer, Learning from the World (B Blauvelt Innovara)Innovara, Inc.
A presentation on cancer and ethnicity in the United States, and how the US can learn from other countries in regards to cancer control. - by Barri Blauvelt, CEO, Innovara, Inc.
Cancer Awareness - Kaplan University Dept. of Public Healthsmtibor
Cancer awareness, including general definitions, detection, prevention, treatment, and risk factors. Emphasis on skin and prostate cancers and at-risk populations.
This is talk I gave to volunteers for Relay for Life at the American Cancer Society's Campus Leadership Conference in Oakdale, Minnesota on November 14, 2015.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
2. 2
Looking Back
Tumors are described as
early as 1600 BC in ancient
Egyptian writings such as
the Smith papyrus
Source: Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine
3. 3
Looking Back (Cont.)
• Hippocrates introduced the
term “carcinoma,” derived
from karkinos (crab)
• The ancients saw the
disease as clawing its way,
crab-like, through the body
• Hippocrates proposed that
cancer was a disease
caused by an excess of
black bile
Source: Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine
4. 4
Looking Back (Cont.)
• In 1800, Marie Francois Xavier Bichat proposed that
cancer was an overgrowth of cellular tissue
• Cells were identified as the fundamental unit in tumor
tissue in 1830, after the invention of the microscope
• Rudolph Virchow’s 1858 theory that every cell
originates from another cell became the foundation for
the present understanding of cancer
Pfizer Inc. (2006). Chapter 5: Cancer. In Milestones in public health :
Accomplishments in public health over the last 100 years (p. 83).
New York, NY: Pfizer Inc.
6. 6
What is Cancer?
• Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by
uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
• If the spread is not controlled, cancer can result in
death
• Cancer affects almost every part of the human body
• Cancer arises from the same material, cells, used
by the body to construct its own tissues
• Abnormal masses of tissue are called tumors.
Tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or
malignant (cancerous)
• Cancerous tumor cells differ from normal cells in
many respects
7. A killer T-cell (the smaller cell on the top)
has recognized a cancer cell and is
attacking it with toxic chemicals that punch
holes in the cancer cell’s surface.
p425
8. 8
What is Cancer?
• Cancer: An abnormal and uncontrolled multiplication of
cells , which, if left untreated can lead to death
• Cancerous tumor cells are abnormal and divide without
order or control
• Cancerous cells can damage nearby tissue, and
invade other areas of the body (metastasize)
• Every case of cancer begins as a change in a cell that
allows the cell to grow and divide when it should not
9. 9
What Causes Cancer?
• Cancer is caused by both external factors and internal
factors that occur from metabolism (chemical processes
occurring within a living cell or organism that are
necessary for the maintenance of life)
• These factors may act together or in sequence to initiate
the formation of cancer
• Examples of external factors include:
(tobacco, chemicals, radiation, and infectious organisms)
• Examples of internal factors include: (inherited
mutations, hormones, immune conditions, and other mutations)
10. Metastasis
• Metastasizing – The traveling
,spreading process of
cancerous cells
• Primary tumor is original
location of cancer
• New tumors are called
secondary tumors or
metastases
• Can invade nearby tissue or
spread to different parts of the
body
10
11. Types of Cancer
• The behavior of tumors arising in different body
organs is characteristic of the tissue of origin
• Classified according to types of cells that give rise to
them
• Carcinomas
• Sarcomas
• Lymphomas
• Leukemias
11
12. 12
Leading U.S. Causes of Death, 2006
Rank
Cause of Death
No. of
deaths
Percent of
all deaths
1.
Diseases of the heart
636,636
26.0
2.
Cancer
559,888
23.1
3.
Cerebrovascular
diseases
137,119
5.7
4.
Chronic lower
respiratory diseases
124,583
5.
Accidents (unintentional 121,599
injuries)
5.0
6.
Diabetes mellitus
72,449
3.0
7.
Alzheimer’s disease
71,432
3.0
Influenza & pneumonia
56,326
2.3
8.
5.1
Source: US Mortality Data 2005, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, LCWK 1. Deaths,
percent of total deaths, and death rate for the 15 leading causes of death in 5-year age groups, by race and sex, United States, 2006,
“Cause of death (Based on the Tenth Revision, International Classification of Diseases, Second Edition, 2004), race, sex, and age.” (All
races, both sexes, all ages). Retrieved May 29, 2010 from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/LCWK1_2006.pdf
Cancer accounts for nearly ¼ of deaths in US , exceeded only by heart
diseases.
13. 13
Cancer Statistics
• Some 1.3 million Americans are diagnosed with cancer
•
•
•
•
•
•
each year
Following heart disease, cancer is the second most
common cause of death in the U.S.
More than 550,000 Americans die from cancer annually
The median age for the diagnosis of cancer in adults is
age 67
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among
men and women
Cancer affects nearly one in every two men
Cancer affects nearly one in every three women
American Cancer Society (2008) Cancer Facts and Figures 2008.
Retrieved June 10, 2010 from
http://www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/2008CAFFfinalsecured.pdf
14. 14
Preventable Cancer Causes
• Cancers caused by cigarette smoking can be prevented.
In 2009, the American Cancer Society estimated that
169,000 cancer deaths would be caused by tobacco use
• In 2009 scientific evidence indicated that one third of US
cancer deaths of the estimated 562,340, would be related
to overweight, obesity, physical inactivity, and nutrition
American Cancer Society (2009), Cancer Facts and Figures 2009.
Retrieved May 28, 2010 from http://www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/500809web.pdf
15. 15
2009 Estimated U.S. Cancer Deaths
Lung & bronchus
30%
Men
292,540
Women Lung & bronchus
•26%
269,800 Breast
•15%
Prostate
9%
Colon & rectum
9%
• 9%
Colon & rectum
Pancreas
6%
• 6%
Pancreas
Leukemia
4%
• 5%
Ovary
Liver & intrahepatic
bile duct
4%
• 4%
Non-Hodgkin
lymphoma
Esophagus
4%
• 3%
Leukemia
Urinary bladder
3%
• 3%
Uterine corpus
Non-Hodgkin
lymphoma
3%
• 2%
Liver & intrahepatic
bile duct
Kidney & renal pelvis
3%
• 2%
Brain/ONS*
25%
•25%
All other sites
All other sites
ONS=Other nervous system.
Source: American Cancer Society, “Cancer Statistics 2009: A presentation from the American Cancer Society,” *
Retrieved May 29, 2010 from
http://www.cancer.org/downloads/PRO/Cancer_Statistic_2009_Slides_rev.ppt#397,2,2009 Estimated US Cancer Deaths
16. 16
Cancer Death Rates* Among
Men, U.S., 1930-2004
100
Rate Per 100,000
Lung & bronchus
80
60
Stomach
40
Colon & rectum
Prostate
20
Pancreas
2000
1995
1990
1985
1980
1975
1970
1965
Liver
1960
1955
1950
1945
1940
1935
Leukemia
1930
0
*Age-adjusted to the 2000 US standard population. From the Cancer Statistics 2008: A Presentation from the American Cancer
Society. Retrieved May 28, 2010 from http://www.acsevents.org/downloads/STT/Cancer_Statistics_2008.ppt#426,7,Cancer Death
Rates* Among Men, US,1930-2004 Source: US Mortality Data 1960-2004, US Mortality Volumes 1930-1959, National Center for
Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006.
17. 17
Cancer Death Rates* Among
Rate Per 100,000
Women, U.S.,1930-2004
100
80
60
40
Lung &
bronchus
Breast
Uterus
20
Colon & rectum
Stomach
*Age-adjusted to the 2000 US standard population. From the Cancer Statistics 2008: A Presentation from the
American Cancer Society. Retrieved May 28, 2010 from
http://www.acsevents.org/downloads/STT/Cancer_Statistics_2008.ppt#427,8,Cancer Death Rates Among
Women, US,1930-2004. Source: US Mortality Data 1960-2004, US Mortality Volumes 1930-1959, National
Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006.
2000
1995
1990
1985
1980
1975
1970
1965
1960
1955
Pancreas
1950
1945
1940
1935
1930
Ovary
0
18. 18
Health Disparities and Cancer
• “Differences in the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and
burden of diseases and other health conditions that exist
among specific population groups in the United States.”
• National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human
Services
• “Differences in the incidence or prevalence of disease
disability, or illness. These differences can be among
racial/ethnic groups, socioeconomictogroupings, gender
LaVeist, T. (2005). Minority populations and health: An introduction health disparities
in the
groups, united otherFrancisco : Jossey-Bass.
or states. San groupings.”
19. 19
Cancer Incidence Rates* by Race and
Ethnicity, 2000-2004
Men
Women
800
700
600
663.7
Rate Per 100,000
556.7
500
423.9
400
421.3
396.9
359.9
321.2
285.8
300
282.4
314.2
200
100
0
White
African American
Asian/Pacific Islander
American Indian/
Alaska Native
Hispanic†
*Age-adjusted to the 2000 US standard population. †Person of Hispanic origin may be of any race. From the Cancer Statistics 2008:
A Presentation from the American Cancer Society, Retrieved May 29, 2010
http://www.acsevents.org/downloads/STT/Cancer_Statistics_2008.ppt#412,17,Cancer Incidence Rates* by Race and Ethnicity, 2000-2004.
Source: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program, 1975-2004, Division of Cancer Control and
Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 2007.
20. 20
Cancer Death Rates* by Race and
Ethnicity, U.S., 2000-2004
400
Men
350
Women
321.8
300
250
234.7
189.3
200
187.9
162.2
161.4
150
100
141.7
141.2
96.7
106.7
50
0
*Per 100,000, age-adjusted to the 2000 US standard population. † Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. From the Cancer
White
African American Asian/Pacific American
Hispanic†
Statistics 2008: A Presentation from the American Cancer Society, Retrieved May 28, 2010 Indian/
http://www.acsevents.org/downloads/STT/Cancer_Statistics_2008.ppt#428,9,Cancer Death Rates* by Race and Ethnicity, US, 2000-2004
Islander
Alaskan Native
Source: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program, 1975-2004, Division of Cancer Control and
Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 2007.
21. 21
Cancer Screening
• Screening involves looking for early signs of a particular
disease in asymptomatic people
• Cancer screening seeks to find cancers as early as
possible, when the chance of cure is highest
22. 22
When is Screening Helpful?
• While there are several types of cancer, not all cancers
have screening tests. A screening test should:
• Detect the cancer early
• Not give false negatives
• Not give false positives
• Not be unpleasant or dangerous
• Be cost-effective
23. 23
Cancer Screening
• Screening is used in the detection of the following
cancers:
• Breast (Mammography)
• Cervix (Papanicolau smear)
• Colon (Colonoscopy, Sigmoidoscopy, Fecal Occult Blood)
• Prostate (Prostate Specific Antigen)
• Identifying the majority of cancers in their early stage
leads to improved diagnosis, less radical
treatment, decreased mortality, and lower health care
costs
24. 24
Milestones in Cancer Treatment
• Until the 20th century, few cancer patients had a chance
for long-term survival; however, two notable
interventions, radiation therapy and chemotherapy, have
improved survival rates:
• Professor Wilhelm C. Roentgen’s work provided the foundation for
radiation therapy for cancer
• Dr. Min Chiu Li demonstrated that systemic chemotherapy could
result in the cure of a widely metastatic disease
Pfizer Inc. (2006). Chapter 5: Cancer. In Milestones in public health : Accomplishments in
public health over the last 100 years (pp. 86-88). New York, NY: Pfizer Inc.
25. Lung Cancer
• Most common cause of
cancer death in the U.S.
• 157,000 deaths per year
• Risk factors
• Tobacco contributes to 30% of all
cancer deaths and 90% of lung
cancer deaths
• Detection
• Difficult to detect
• Symptoms do not usually appear
until cancer has reached the
invasive stage
• Persistent cough, chest pain, or
recurring bronchitis
• Diagnosis: CT scan, chest x-ray, or
sputum examination
25
26. Colon Cancer
• Colon cancer: neoplasm that starts in the large intestine
(colon) or the rectum (end of the colon).
• category of cancer is typically referred to as "colorectal cancer."
• 2nd most common cancer among both men and women in
the United States
• 3rd most common cause of cancer death among men and
women in the United States
• In 2007, approximately 153,760 adults (79,130 men and
74,630 women) in the United States will be diagnosed
with colorectal cancer
27. What causes colon cancer?
• No single cause
• Nearly all colon cancers begin as
benign polyps
• Certain genetic syndromes also
increase the risk of developing
colon cancer.
• Most colorectal cancers arise from
an adenomatous polyp
• Polyp: is defined as a tissue
protuberance from the colon mucosa
28. Colon and Rectal Cancer
• Risk factors
• Directly linked to age, genetic predisposition, lifestyle habits, diet
• 91% of cases occur after 50 years of age
• Excessive alcohol use and smoking may increase risk
• Obesity and diets rich in red and processed meats increases risk
• Regular physical exercise and diets rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole
grains may lower risk
• Research mixed on high-fiber diets
• Oral contraceptives and hormone replacement may increase risk in
women
28
29. Two main types of
Inherited Colon Cancers
• Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
(HNPCC) or Lynch syndrome
• accounts for 5% to 10% of cases
• The risk of colorectal cancer in families with HNPCC is
70% to 90%,
• Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
• approximately 1% of cases of colon cancer annually
• People with FAP typically develop hundreds to
thousands of colon polyps
• The polyps are initially benign (noncancerous), but
there is nearly a 100% chance that the polyps will
develop into cancer if left untreated.
30. Detection and treatment
• Since colorectal cancer is one of the most treatable forms
of cancer if identified early, people diagnosed with
HNPCC, or those considered at increased risk based on
their family history, often benefit from increased
screening.
• Survival 91% if detected early, 65% overall
31. Signs and Symptoms
• Signs and symptoms of colon cancer may
include:
• A change in bowel habits, including diarrhea or
•
•
•
•
•
•
constipation or a change in the consistency of stool for
more than a couple of weeks
Rectal bleeding or blood in stool (melena)
Persistent abdominal discomfort, such as cramps, gas
or pain
Abdominal pain with a bowel movement
A feeling that your bowel doesn't empty completely
Weakness or fatigue
Unexplained weight loss
32. Treatment
• Surgery
• most common treatment for colon cancer
• Chemotherapy
• reduces the chance of reoccurrence
• Radiotherapy
• Colon cancer is not typically treated with radiation therapy
• Follow-Up Testing
35. Prostate Cancer
• Most common cancer in men
• 2nd leading cause of cancer death
in men
• Nearly 218,000 new cases per year
• More than 32,000 deaths per year
• Risk factors
• Age
• Genetic predisposition/family history
• Diet
• Lifestyle
• History of STDs
• Type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance
• Detection
• Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test
• Digital rectal examination
• Yearly screening beginning between
ages 40-50
• Treatment
• Surgical removal of the prostate and
radiation
• Implantation of radioactive seeds
• 5-year survival rate is nearly 100%
35
36. Breast Cancer
• Most common cancer in women
• 1 in 8 American women will
develop it during her lifetime; 1 in
30 women will die from the disease
• About 200,000 American women are
diagnosed each year and 41,000
women die from it each year
• Risk factors
• rises quickly with age, about 50% occurring
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
in women ages 45-65
Genetic predisposition/family history
Early onset of menstruation
Late onset of menopause
Having first child after 30
Having no children
Hormone replacement therapy
Estrogen connection
Obesity, diet, and alcohol use
36
37. Breast Cancer
• Detection and Treatment
• Early detection – cure most likely when cancer is
detected early
• Monthly breast self-exam for all women over 20
• Clinical breast exam by a physician every 3 years
(every year for women over 40)
• Mammography- Every 1 year for women over 40
• MRIs
• Treatment
• Ultrasonography
• Biopsy
• Lump found to be harmless growth in 90% of
cases
• Surgery: lumpectomy, mastectomy
37
38. Breast Cancer
• Survival rate
• 98% if the cells haven’t metastasized
• 90% for all stages at 5 years
• New strategies for treatment and
prevention
• SERMs (tamoxifen, raloxifene)
• Monoclonal antibodies (trastuzumab):
Antibodies designed to bind to specific
cancer-related targets
A killer T-cell (the smaller cell on the top) has recognized a cancer cell and is attacking it with toxic chemicals that punch holes in the cancer cell’s surface.