This presentation focuses on a short history of bioterrorism, description, its advantages and disadvantages and organisms incorporated into weapons are also shown here.
This presentation focuses on a short history of bioterrorism, description, its advantages and disadvantages and organisms incorporated into weapons are also shown here.
Introduction to bioterrorism , history of bioterrorism, key features of biological agents used as bioweapons, biological agents and effects, bioterrorism agents, effects of biological attacks, COVID-19 used as bioweapon , technology at work, preventive measures.
Its all about Bio terrorism. Here i am trying to involve all content(maximum) those are available on online like ready.gov; CDC. i think it will cover all information that are need to know.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Introduction to bioterrorism , history of bioterrorism, key features of biological agents used as bioweapons, biological agents and effects, bioterrorism agents, effects of biological attacks, COVID-19 used as bioweapon , technology at work, preventive measures.
Its all about Bio terrorism. Here i am trying to involve all content(maximum) those are available on online like ready.gov; CDC. i think it will cover all information that are need to know.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
biological weapons, an weapons which can kill many and that also by means of biology this may refer as silent killer as being describe in many science fiction movies like resident evil etc
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines bioterrorism as "the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, or other germs (agents) used to cause illness or death in people, animals, or plants” (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2007, p. 1).
This presentation will cover the initiation, process and roles of agencies in Multnomah County, Oregon and their relationships with international, national and state agencies. The role of the public health department in relation to bioterrorism will also be explored.
A biological attack, or bioterrorism, is the intentional release of viruses, bacteria, or other germs that can sicken or kill people, livestock, or crops. Bacillus anthracis, the bacteria that causes anthrax, is one of the most likely agents to be used in a biological attack.
Biological terrorism dates as far back as ancient Roman civilization. This early version of biological terrorism was used to destroy enemy forces. It continued on into the 14th century.
1. 1st GNM Community H Nsg - Unit 4 Epidemiology.pptxthiru murugan
Community Health Nursing IEpidemiology
By,
Thiru murugan
UNIT-IV: Principles of Epidemiology and Epidemiological methods:
Definition and aims of epidemiology, communicable and non-communicable diseases.
Basic tools of measurement in epidemiology
Uses of epidemiology
Disease cycle
Spectrum of disease
Levels of prevention of disease.
Disease transmission – direct and indirect.
Immunizing agents, immunization and national immunization schedule.
Control of infectious diseases.
Disinfection
Epidemiology:
Introduction: Epidemiology is derived from Greek word “epidemic”
EPI – up on,
DEMOS – people;
LOGOS – study.
Epidemiology means the study of disease in human population.
Definition: “epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases or health problems”.
Terminologies used in epidemiology:
Infection: the entry and multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of man or animal.
Endemic: the constant presence of a disease in particular area or population. Ex- malaria, dengue, chikungunya.
Epidemic: an out break of disease from one area to other area in a community. Ex - cholera, polio, small pox
Sporadic: refers to a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly. Ex - Tetanus, rabies, and plague.
Pandemic: a disease which spreads from country to country or over the whole world. Ex - swine flu, HIV, COVID – 19.
Zoonosis: diseases or infections transmitted from animals to men. Ex - rabies.
Incubation period: this is the time interval between the entry of the disease agent into the body and the appearance of first sign & symptom of the disease.
Carrier: a person who harbors or carry the disease agent with or without having any outward signs and symptoms.
Isolation: a separation of a person with infectious disease (communicable disease) from contact with other human beings to avoid spread of disease.
Quarantine: a quarantine is a restriction on the movement of people, animals and goods which is intended to prevent the spread of disease
Pathogenicity: ability to cause the disease.
Contagious: a disease that is transmitted through contact.
Reservoir: the habitat ( place for living) where an infectious agent living, grows and multiplies.
Virulence: measure the severity of disease.
Fomites: inanimate articles other than food or water contaminated by the infectious discharges.
Vector: usually an arthropod eg. Mosquito which transfers an infectious agent from an infected person to a healthy person.
Aims
To describe the distribution and size of disease problems in human
To identify the etiological factors.
To provide the data (information) essential to the preparation) implementation (providing) & evaluation (checking the outcome).
Communicable and non-communicable diseases:
Communicable diseases are diseases that spread from person to person. Ex - polio, typhoid, chickenpox, TB,AIDS
Non-communicable disease (NCD) are disease that is not spread from one person to another. Ex - most heart disease
this ppt is made by shrikrishna kesharwani , student of urban planning,4th year, Manit , Bhopal,
in this ppt, I have discussed how to do pandemic or epidemic management in detail.,
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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2. What is Bioterrorism?
• Terrorism: is the deliberate use of, or threatened use of,
violence to achieve political, religious or ideological
objectives.
• Bioterrorism: is the use of infective organisms to achieve
this goal.
3. History of Bioterrorism
• Bioterrorism is not new. Examples include:
• 6th century BC--Assyrians used rye ergot to poison the wells of its
enemies
• 400 BC--Scythian archers dipped arrows in decomposing bodies or
manure to cause wound infections
• 15th-18th centuries--smallpox-laden clothing and blankets were
given to enemies to induce outbreaks
4. Modern Day Bioterrorism 1st ½ of the
20th century
• Many industrialized nations, including the US, had
offensive biological weapons programs
• Biological Weapons Convention (1972)—treaty developed
by international community preventing stockpiling of
biological agents and research into offensive biological
weapons
• Despite being signatories of treaty, several countries, particularly
Iraq and the Soviet Union, continued active biological weapons
production
5. Modern Day Bioterrorism 90’s
• Concern for bioterrorism mounted in the 1990’s…
• 1991 dissolution of former USSR led to a mass exodus of
bioweapons scientists to other countries.
• 1995, Iraq revealed its extensive bioweapons research and
production capabilities during the Persian Gulf War.
• A Russian defector disclosed details of the former Soviet
Union’s bioweapons program, including extensive production
capabilities and genetic engineering of more virulent and
resistant biological organisms.
• After its successful 1995 attack on Tokyo with sarin
(chemical agent), an investigation into Japanese cult Aum
Shinrikyo revealed that the terrorist group had attempted to
obtain and deploy botulinum toxin and anthrax on several
occasions.
6. Bioterrorism Today
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) has identified 6 “Category A” biological
agents that pose a threat to national security,
considered high priority because of:
• Ease of dissemination or transmissibility from person-to•
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person;
High mortality rates;
Serious public health implications;
Ability to cause social disruption and public panic; and
Special preparedness requirements.
• 6 agents are smallpox, anthrax, plague,
tularemia, botulism, and viral hemorrhagic fevers.
7. Bioterrorism Case Study: Anthrax
On October 16, 2001, a 47 year old US Postal Service employee
at the Brentwood processing facility in Washington DC
developed fatigue, vomiting and diarrhea. He was initially
diagnosed with the flu. Progressive symptoms prompted a
second visit to the ER. By this time, concerns over an anthrax
attack were well-publicized, and the physician recognized
Joseph Curseen’s case as pulmonary anthrax. He was
admitted to ICU, but on October 22, Mr. Curseen became 3rd
person to die as a result of a biological attack on the US.
An extensive investigation revealed that B. anthracis spores had
been delivered through the mail to several media outlets and
Senator Daschle’s office.
Once it was over, 22 people had developed anthrax and 5 had
died. To date, the perpetrator remains at large, although a
suspect identified
8. Anthrax
• Caused by the organism Bacillus anthracis
• Transmitted as spores which can survive for long periods in the
environment
• Can occur naturally in the US (very uncommon)
• Clinical presentation: anthrax causes three different types of infection
• Cutaneous (skin form)—black lesion
• Intestinal (abdominal form)
• Inhalational (lung form)—presents with high fever, chest pain, cough and
severe shortness of breath; 89-96% fatal if untreated
• Treatable with antibiotics
• Not contagious (no person-to-person spread)
• Public health strategies
• Identification of source of release and population exposed
• Institution of treatment and prophylactic protocols
• Information management
• Coordination of the local, state and federal response
9. Smallpox
• Caused by a virus
• Naturally occurring smallpox eradicated in 1977 through a vigorous
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worldwide vaccination campaign
Clinical presentation—approximately 12 days after exposure, patient
develops flu-like symptoms then the characteristic rash: similar to
chickenpox, but all lesions are in the same stage of development and
tend to be more prominent on the face and extremities
Highly contagious
No proven treatment, just supportive therapy
Vaccination available for exposures
Key public health strategies
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Disease surveillance
Rapid laboratory confirmation
Isolation of contagious patients
Contact tracing
Institution of an aggressive vaccination program
10. Plague
• Caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria
• Naturally occurring outbreaks still occur worldwide
• Clinical presentation--plague can take on many forms
• Most notorious form is bubonic plague which is transmitted by fleas
and causes large, painful swollen lymph nodes (glands) termed
“buboes”
• An aerosol attack would result in pneumonic (lung) plague,
presenting as flu-like symptoms with watery then bloody
sputum leading to severe respiratory distress, shock and death
• Treatable with antibiotics if detected early
• Nearly 100% fatality rate when not treated
• Public health strategies
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Syndromic surveillance
Identification of the source of the outbreak and exposed population
Contact tracing
Distribution of prophylactic antibiotics
11. Botulism
• Caused by botulinum toxin, a nerve toxin produced by
bacteria Clostridium botulinum
• Clinical presentation—following a terrorist attack with
aerosolized botulinum toxin, patients would present with
paralysis in a descending fashion
• Weakness of the eye muscles causes double vision
• Weakness of the face and neck muscles causes difficulty speaking
and swallowing
• Ultimately, weakness of the respiratory muscles leads to
respiratory arrest
• Mental status is unaffected
12. Botulism
• Botulism is not contagious
• Recovery can take weeks to months
• Key public health strategies
• Surveillance—botulism is a reportable disease
• Development of surge capacity—ill patients require ventilators and
ICU care, both of which are limited in the US health system
13. Tularemia
• Caused by the bacteria Francisella tularensis
• If released into atmosphere, bacteria are highly virulent via
inhalational;
• as few as 10-50 organisms could infect and individual
• Clinical presentation—can occur in various forms, affecting
different parts of the body
• Aerosol dissemination would result in non-specific flu-like symptoms
including fever, cough, chest pain and pneumonia, potentially severe
• Not contagious
• Treatable with antibiotics--fatality rate drops from 35% to 1-3%
with treatment
• Public health measures
• Identification of the source of the outbreak to identify exposed
population
• Prophylactic antibiotic distribution
• Development of tularemia vaccine
14. Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHF’s)
• Comprised of 15 related viruses, 7 of which fall under CDC’s
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•
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category A status (e.g Ebola)
Each virus has specific s/s and predilection for certain organs,
but all result in uncontrollable bleeding
Sporadic outbreaks occur naturally
Clinical presentation—VHF should be suspected in any patient
presenting with severe flu-like illness, low blood pressure,
bruising of the skin and bleeding from the eyes, nose, mouth,
and/or intestines
No curative treatment; requires aggressive ICU supportive care
Moderately to highly contagious
Public health measures
• Isolation and possibly quarantine
• Contact tracing
• Development of healthcare system surge capacity
15. Bioterrorism poses challenges for
public health
• Attack is likely to be covert
• Delay in onset of illness (incubation period)--makes
identification of the release site and other exposed individuals
difficult
• Many biological agents cause non-specific, flu-like illnesses
initially, which can delay diagnosis of the disease
• Most clinicians are unfamiliar with diseases related to biological
terrorism due to the rarity of naturally occurring cases
• Very mobile society--contagious diseases have the potential to
spread rapidly across borders
•
16. Examples of public health strategies for
combating bioterrorism
• Epidemiologic investigation —the process of investigation that
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determines the presence of an outbreak or biological attack,
confirms the diagnosis, establishes the case definition, traces
exposures and contacts, and characterized the outbreak or
attack (where, when, etc.)
Isolation —separation of patients with a communicable disease
from non-infected individuals, preventing transmission of
infection to others and allowing focused care
Prophylaxis —medical intervention to prevent disease;
antibiotics and antivirals are chemoprophylactics (medications),
and vaccines are referred to as immunoprophylactics
Quarantine —enforced isolation of the sick or exposed from
healthy people to contain the spread of disease
Surge capacity —ability to expand healthcare during periods of
excessive and/or prolonged demand
17. Examples of public health strategies for
combating bioterrorism (con’t)
• Syndromic use of certain symptom complexes
and other health-related data to detect a potential
outbreak or biological attack in its early phases so
that public health measures may be rapidly
mobilized to decrease morbidity and mortality;
examples of surrogate data sources include
school absenteeism, sale of over-the-counter
medications, and ED presenting complaints
18. Conclusion
• Biological weapons pose a significant threat to our nation.
• Public health professionals play a vital role in preparing
for and responding to a biological attack.
• Preparation for biological terrorism improves the public
health infrastructure for other current and emerging
infectious diseases, such as pandemic influenza and
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).