This document discusses orbital dynamics and satellite orbits. It covers Kepler's laws of planetary motion, orbital elements, different types of orbits including classifications by centricity, altitude, inclination, eccentricity, and synchrony. Reference coordinate systems used in orbital mechanics are also described, including the Earth-Centered Inertial Frame, Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed Frame, Orbital Coordinate System, and Body Coordinate System.

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OrbitDynamics
byEngA.FarragADCS Team Leader
By Ahmad farrag

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Overview
Kelper’slaws
Orbital elements
Orbit types
Reference co-ordinate system
Two body problem
By Ahmad farrag

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Solar System
Are the positions of the planets and other solar system objects random?
Do they obey certain laws?
What can these laws tell us about the history and evolution of the solar system?
By Ahmad farrag

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Kepler’s Laws "Theorbitofeveryplanetisanellipsewiththesunatafocus.“ "Alinejoiningaplanetandthesunsweepsoutequalareasduringequalintervalsoftime." "Thesquareoftheorbitalperiodofaplanetisdirectlyproportionaltothecubeofthesemi-majoraxisofitsorbit."
By Ahmad farrag

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Whatisasatelliteanyway?
Asatelliteisanyobjectthatorbitsorrevolvesaroundanotherobject.
Forexample,theMoonisasatelliteofEarth,andEarthisasatelliteoftheSun.
By Ahmad farrag

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Understanding Orbits
By Ahmad farrag

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Orbital “Keplerian” elements
The traditional orbital elements are the six Keplerian elements
By Ahmad

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By Ahmad farrag

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Orbit types Centricclassifications
–Galactocentricorbit:Anorbitaboutthecenterofagalaxy.Earth'ssunfollowsthistypeoforbit.
–Heliocentricorbit:AnorbitaroundtheSun.InourSolarSystem,allplanets,comets,andasteroidsareinsuchorbits.
–Geocentricorbit:AnorbitaroundtheplanetEarth,suchastheMoonorartificialsatellites.
By Ahmad farrag

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By Ahmad farragOrbit types Altitude classifications
–Low Earth Orbit (LEO):Geocentric orbits ranging in altitude from 100–1000 km
–Medium Earth Orbit (MEO):Geocentric orbits ranging in altitude from 1000 km to just below geosynchronous orbit at 35786 km .
–High Earth Orbit (HEO):Geocentric orbits above the altitude of geosynchronous orbit 35786 km.

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Orbit types Inclinationclassifications
–Inclinedorbit:Anorbitwhoseinclinationisnotzerodegrees.
–Polarorbit:Anorbitthatpassesaboveornearlyabovebothpolesoftheplanetoneachrevolution.Thereforeithasaninclinationof90degrees.
By Ahmad farrag

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Orbit types
Eccentricity classifications
–Circular orbit: An orbit that has an eccentricity of 0 and whose path traces a circle
–Elliptic orbit: An orbit with an eccentricity greater than 0 and less than 1 whose orbit traces the path of an ellipse.
•Molniya orbit: A highly elliptic orbit with inclination of 63.4°and orbital period of half of a sidereal day (roughly 12 hours). Such a satellite spends most of its time over a designated area of the planet
By Ahmad farrag

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By Ahmad farragOrbit types Synchronous classifications–Sun-synchronous orbit: An orbit which combines altitude and inclination in such a way that the satellite passes over any given point of the earth surface at the same local solar time. Such an orbit can place a satellite in constant sunlight and is useful for imaging, spy, and weather satellites–geosynchronousorbitis an orbit around the Earth with an orbital period matching the Earth's sidereal rotation period.

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Reference Co-ordinate System
Earth-Centered Inertial Frame (ECI) or Inertial Co-ordinate System (ICS)
By Ahmad farrag

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Reference Co-ordinate System
Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed Frame (ECEF) or
Greenwich Co-ordinates System (GCS)
By Ahmad farrag

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Reference Co-ordinate System Orbital Co-ordinate System OCS
By Ahmad farrag

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Reference Co-ordinate System Body Co-ordinate System BCS
By Ahmad farrag