Influenza is comonly referred to as flu is an infectious viral disease caused by RNA Virus of the family Ortho-Myxoviridae (the Influenza Virus), that affect bird and mammals.
Common symptoms are Chills, fever, sorethroat, muscle pain, severe headache, coughing, fatigue and general discomfort.
Although confused with other influenza like illnesses, especially the common cold, influenza is a more severe disease.
Kathleen Harriman, PhD, MPH, RN
Kathy has worked in the healthcare and public health fields for the past 35 years as a pediatric emergency room nurse, a hospital infection control practitioner, and as an infectious disease epidemiologist. For the last two years, Kathy has been Chief of the Vaccine Preventable Disease Epidemiology Section in the Immunization Branch of the California Department of Public Health. Prior to joining CDPH, she worked for 15 years at the Minnesota Department of Health in a number of public health areas, including HIV/AIDS and the Emerging Infections Program. During her last five years there she supervised the Infection Control Unit where she worked on community-associated MRSA and a variety of infectious disease issues, including many community and healthcare-associated outbreaks. Kathy has an MPH from the University of Sydney (Australia) and a PhD from the University of Minnesota.
this ppt is made by shrikrishna kesharwani , student of urban planning,4th year, Manit , Bhopal,
in this ppt, I have discussed how to do pandemic or epidemic management in detail.,
Influenza is comonly referred to as flu is an infectious viral disease caused by RNA Virus of the family Ortho-Myxoviridae (the Influenza Virus), that affect bird and mammals.
Common symptoms are Chills, fever, sorethroat, muscle pain, severe headache, coughing, fatigue and general discomfort.
Although confused with other influenza like illnesses, especially the common cold, influenza is a more severe disease.
Kathleen Harriman, PhD, MPH, RN
Kathy has worked in the healthcare and public health fields for the past 35 years as a pediatric emergency room nurse, a hospital infection control practitioner, and as an infectious disease epidemiologist. For the last two years, Kathy has been Chief of the Vaccine Preventable Disease Epidemiology Section in the Immunization Branch of the California Department of Public Health. Prior to joining CDPH, she worked for 15 years at the Minnesota Department of Health in a number of public health areas, including HIV/AIDS and the Emerging Infections Program. During her last five years there she supervised the Infection Control Unit where she worked on community-associated MRSA and a variety of infectious disease issues, including many community and healthcare-associated outbreaks. Kathy has an MPH from the University of Sydney (Australia) and a PhD from the University of Minnesota.
this ppt is made by shrikrishna kesharwani , student of urban planning,4th year, Manit , Bhopal,
in this ppt, I have discussed how to do pandemic or epidemic management in detail.,
The H1N1 flu, sometimes called swine flu, is a type of influenza A virus.
During the 2009-10 flu season, a new H1N1 virus began causing illness in humans. It was often called swine flu and was a new combination of influenza viruses that infect pigs, birds and humans.
The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the H1N1 flu to be a pandemic in 2009. That year the virus caused an estimated 284,400 deaths worldwide. In August 2010, WHO declared the pandemic over. But the H1N1 flu strain from the pandemic became one of the strains that cause seasonal flu.
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𝐃𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
Influenza viruses cause the flu, a contagious respiratory tract infection.
• Segmented, negative-strand RNA genome
• Eight segments encoding 11 proteins
• Enveloped virus with two major surface glycoproteins: Hemagglutinin (H) and Neuraminidase (N)
𝐓𝐲𝐩𝐞𝐬:
• Influenza A: Can cause pandemics.
• Influenza B: Responsible for seasonal flu (September-April).
• Influenza C: Mild illness, not linked to epidemics.
𝐓𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐦𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧:
• Droplets and aerosols from the respiratory tract.
• Contact with contaminated surfaces.
𝐏𝐚𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐩𝐡𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲
1. Virus enters respiratory tract.
2. Spreads through cells, causing inflammation.
3. Potential complications: pneumonia, bacterial infections.
4. Virulence factor: Hemagglutinin binding to sialic acid on cells.
𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐦𝐬
• Headache
• Runny nose
• Chills
• Fever
• Other possible symptoms: cough, sore throat, fatigue, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.
𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐌𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝𝐬
• Increase immunity: vitamins, sleep, exercise, hydration.
• Reduce alcohol intake.
• Wash hands regularly.
• Avoid close contact with infected individuals.
• See a doctor if experiencing symptoms.
Characteristics:
• Rapid evolution and significant variability.
• Frequent mutations require vaccine updates twice a year.
• Mutations lead to subtype drift and antigenic shift.
𝐕𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
• Classified by valency: number of viruses subtypes they contain.
• Trivalent: 2 influenza A subtypes and 1 influenza B subtype.
• Quadrivalent: 2 influenza A subtypes and 2 influenza B subtypes.
• Inactivated: killed virus, weaker immunity, subcutaneous injection.
• Live attenuated: weakened virus, stronger immunity, single dose, requires cool storage.
𝐀𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐜 𝐝𝐫𝐢𝐟𝐭
• Gradual accumulation of mutations in the influenza virus over time.
• Leads to slight changes in the virus's surface proteins (H and N).
• Can result in decreased vaccine effectiveness, requiring updated vaccines each year.
𝐀𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐜 𝐬𝐡𝐢𝐟𝐭
• Major change in the influenza virus due to the introduction of new H or N subtypes.
• Can occur when human influenza viruses mix with animal influenza viruses.
• Can lead to pandemics, causing widespread illness and death.
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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2. Influenza
• Febrile respiratory disease with systemic symptoms
caused by a variety of other organisms often called „flu
• Birds, swine, other mammals also affected
• Highly infectious and can spread rapidly from person to
person
• Some strains cause more severe illness than others
3. History of influenza
• 412 BC - first mentioned by
Hippocrates
• 1580 - first pandemic
described
• 1580-1900 - 28 pandemics
4. Types of influenza viruses
• Influenza viruses divided into 3main types: influenza
A, B, and C
• A viruses
• infect birds and other animals, as well as humans
• source of seasonal influenza epidemics and all pandemics
• causes an average 30,000 deaths per year
• Especially dangerous for the elderly
• B and C viruses
• infect humans only and do not cause pandemics
• virus C infections - much milder
5. Influenza
• Mutates frequently
• Antigenic drift: small mutations that require a new vaccine every
year
• Antigenic shift: emergence of new strains (such as H1N1 become
common when H3N2 used to be about the only human influenza
circulating)
• Co-infection with 2 viruses is possible
• Recombination of 2 segments can create a different virus
6. Where does influenza A virus
come from?
Human influenza A viruses start as avian (bird) influenza viruses
Migratory
water birds
Domestic birds
Humans
and other
animals
7. Seasonality:
drift
minor changes - antigenic
• influenza in humans is closely tied to seasonal outbreaks,
•
•
•
•
typically associated with winter months
Occurs among influenza A viruses resulting in emergence
of new variants of prevailing strains every year
New variants result in seasonal influenza each winter
Some years are worse than others – partly related to
degree of „drift
avian influenza: seems tied to bird migration patterns and
social behavior
8. Transmission
• Spreads easily from person to
person through coughing and
sneezing
• Transmitted by:
• inhaling respiratory aerosols containing
the virus, produced when infected
person talks, coughs, or sneezes
• 100,000 TO 1,000,000 VIRIONS PER
DROPLET
• touching an infected person or an item
contaminated with the virus and then
touching your eyes, nose, or mouth
• expelled respiratory droplets can
contaminate surfaces, and be
transmitted to mucous membranes
through direct contact
• Avian: handling of infected bird
feces
9. symptoms
• Sudden onset
• both systemic and respiratory symptoms can occur to varying
degrees
• systemic - fever, headache, myalgia, malaise
• respiratory - cough, sore throatdifficulty breathing
• Complications:
• recently some increase in morbidity and mortality - possible factors?
• more elderly people
• more high risk neonates
• more immunosuppressed patients
• bacterial superinfection can be severe
• Streptococcus pneumoniae the most common pathogen involved
• Staphylococcus aureus increasing, especially severe pneumonia due
to MRSA
10. prevention
• Vaccine:
• current CDC guidelines recommend immunizing the elderly,
pregnant women, and high risk patients (health care and lab
workers, immunosuppressed)
• Antivirals:
• E.g Tamiflu : insufficient quantities, effectiveness unclear
• Disease containment measures:
11. What is an influenza pandemic?
• Influenza pandemics are worldwide epidemics of
a newly emerged strain of influenza
• Few, if any, people have any immunity to the new
virus
• This allows the new virus to spread widely, easily,
and to cause more serious illness
12. What causes a pandemic?
• Pandemics occur when a new
avian influenza strain acquires
the ability infect people and to
spread easily person to person
• This can occur in 2 ways:
• Reassortment (an exchange of
seasonal and avian influenza genes
in a person or pig infected with both
strains)
• Mutation (an avian strain becomes
more transmissible through
adaptive mutation of the virus
during human avian influenza
infection)
13. Pandemic influenza:
major changes - antigenic shift
• Major changes occur in the surface antigens
of influenza A viruses by mutation or
reassortment
• Changes are more significant than those
associated with antigenic drift
• Changes lead to the emergence of potentially
pandemic strains by creating a virus that is
markedly different from recently circulating
strains so that almost all people have no preexisting immunity
15. Seasonal vs. pandemic influenza
• Pandemic influenza is not just a “bad flu,” it is a wholly
•
•
•
•
new threat to humans
A severe pandemic would cause social disruption unlike
anything most persons now alive have ever experienced
Compared to seasonal influenzas, pandemic influenzas
infect more people, cause more severe illness, and cause
more deaths
Seasonal influenza viruses most often cause severe
disease in the very young, the very old, and those with
chronic illnesses, but pandemic influenza strains can infect
and kill young, healthy people
The highest mortality rate in the 1918-19 pandemic was in
people aged 20-40 years
16. Pandemic influenza in the 20th Century
1918 “Spanish Flu” 1957 “Asian Flu” 1968 “Hong Kong Flu”
20-40 million deaths
1 million deaths
1 million deaths
H2N2
H3N2
H1N1
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
17. 1918 Pandemic
Highest mortality in people 20-40 years of age
- 675,000 Americans died of influenza
- 43,000 U.S. soldiers died of influenza
18.
19. Lessons from past pandemics
• Occur unpredictably, not always in winter
• Great variations in mortality, severity of illness, and
pattern of illness or age most severely affected
• Rapid surge in number of cases over brief period
of time, often measured in weeks
• Tend to occur in waves of 6 - 8 weeks, subsequent
waves may be more or less severe
Key lesson – unpredictability
20. What about an avian influenza pandemic?
• A highly pathogenic avian influenza strain (A/H5N1)
emerged in Hong Kong in 1997, reemerged in birds and
humans in 2003, and is now circulating widely in birds in
many countries
• Since 2003, this strain has spread from birds to humans
and as of August 23, 2006 has infected 241 people (141
deaths) in 10 countries
• This strain has also been documented (rarely, so far) to
spread from person to person
• Reassortment or mutation could allow this strain to
become easily transmissible between humans – there is
no way to know if or when this will happen
21. Would the next pandemic be severe?
• Past pandemics provide
•
•
•
•
clues as to how humans may
be affected by a new
influenza virus and how
societies would react to a
pandemic
Info n from past pandemics
used in economic and
disease models to predict
impact of future pandemics
In US , up to 1.9 million
people could die, up to 9.9
million could be hospitalized,
and up to 90 million could
become ill
Intense pressure on
healthcare
Disruption to many aspects
of daily life
22. Pandemic waves
Past experience teaches us that following
emergence of a new pandemic virus:
• More than one wave of influenza is likely
• Waves typically last 6-8 weeks
• Gaps between the waves may be weeks or
months
• A subsequent wave can be worse than the first
23. What can be done to slow
spread of a pandemic?
• Vaccine:
• “pre-pandemic” H5N1 vaccines are in development, but would
have reduced efficacy in a pandemic due to antigenic drift
• Antivirals
• Disease containment measures:
• may be the only measures available in the early stages
of a pandemic
• may be helpful in slowing the spread of a pandemic,
allowing more time for vaccine production
24. Vaccine
• Because virus will be new,
there will be no vaccine
ready to protect against
pandemic influenza at the
start of a pandemic
• Specific vaccine cannot be
made until virus strain has
been identified; takes at
least 4-6 months to produce
25. Antiviral drugs
• Likely to be only major medical
countermeasure available early
in a pandemic
• Uncertainty about effectiveness
for treatment or prevention
• U.S. goal is to stockpile enough
antiviral drugs to treat 25% of
the U.S. population
Reproduced with permission from Roche Products Ltd. Tamiflu ®
26. Disease containment measures
• Isolation: restriction of
•
•
•
•
movement/separation of ill infected
persons with a contagious disease
Quarantine: restriction of
movement/separation of well
persons presumed exposed to a
contagious disease
Self-shielding: self-imposed
exclusion from infected persons or
those who may be infected
Social distancing: reducing
interactions between people to
reduce the risk of disease
transmission
Snow days: days on which offices,
schools, transportation systems are
closed or cancelled, as if there were
a major snowstorm
27. Other methods to reduce transmission
• Hand hygiene (cleaning hands with soap and
water or an alcohol-based hand rub)
• Respiratory hygiene, e.g., “Cover your cough”
• Cleaning and disinfection of contaminated
objects, surfaces
• Physical barriers (e.g., glass or plastic
“windows” to protect front desk workers)
• Use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in
some settings (e.g., healthcare) such as gowns,
gloves, eye, and respiratory protection
28. Global surveillance and planning
• Global surveillance is essential; international cooperation
critical
• International Health Regulations
• Pandemic Alert System
• http://www.who.int/influenza/preparedness/pandemic/h5n1phase/e
n/
• Planning for a possible pandemic is occurring nationally
and internationally
• National, state, local, and individual preparedness are all
important
29. Current WHO phase of pandemic alert for
avian influenza A(H5N1) is: ALERT
•
Alert phase: phase when influenza caused by a new
subtype has been identified in humans. Increased
vigilance and risk assessment, at local, national and
global levels, are characteristic of this phase.
• If risk assessments indicate that new virus is not developing into a
pandemic strain, a de-escalation of activities towards those in
interpandemic phase may occur.