The presentation describes diode application; series / parallel diode configuration, half wave and full wave rectifier, clipper, clamper, zener diode as a shunt regulator, voltage multiplier
The presentation explains working of pn junction diode, V-I characteristics, breakdown mechanism, ac and dc resistance, diode capacitance, effect of temperature and equivalent circuit. It also covers special diodes, LED, Varicap diodes, Tunnel diode, and working of LCD
The following presentation is a part of the level 4 module -- Electrical and Electronic Principles. This resources is a part of the 2009/2010 Engineering (foundation degree, BEng and HN) courses from University of Wales Newport (course codes H101, H691, H620, HH37 and 001H). This resource is a part of the core modules for the full time 1st year undergraduate programme.
The BEng & Foundation Degrees and HNC/D in Engineering are designed to meet the needs of employers by placing the emphasis on the theoretical, practical and vocational aspects of engineering within the workplace and beyond. Engineering is becoming more high profile, and therefore more in demand as a skill set, in today’s high-tech world. This course has been designed to provide you with knowledge, skills and practical experience encountered in everyday engineering environments.
The three types of rectifiers in just 18 slides. Learn and enjoy the concepts. This PowerPoint presentation not only tells about the working and principles of rectifiers but also determines the disadvantages and advantages of different rectifiers. This PowerPoint presentation also has circuit diagrams that suit your necessities. This PPT can be written as an answer for a long type of question too.
The presentation explains working of pn junction diode, V-I characteristics, breakdown mechanism, ac and dc resistance, diode capacitance, effect of temperature and equivalent circuit. It also covers special diodes, LED, Varicap diodes, Tunnel diode, and working of LCD
The following presentation is a part of the level 4 module -- Electrical and Electronic Principles. This resources is a part of the 2009/2010 Engineering (foundation degree, BEng and HN) courses from University of Wales Newport (course codes H101, H691, H620, HH37 and 001H). This resource is a part of the core modules for the full time 1st year undergraduate programme.
The BEng & Foundation Degrees and HNC/D in Engineering are designed to meet the needs of employers by placing the emphasis on the theoretical, practical and vocational aspects of engineering within the workplace and beyond. Engineering is becoming more high profile, and therefore more in demand as a skill set, in today’s high-tech world. This course has been designed to provide you with knowledge, skills and practical experience encountered in everyday engineering environments.
The three types of rectifiers in just 18 slides. Learn and enjoy the concepts. This PowerPoint presentation not only tells about the working and principles of rectifiers but also determines the disadvantages and advantages of different rectifiers. This PowerPoint presentation also has circuit diagrams that suit your necessities. This PPT can be written as an answer for a long type of question too.
Semiconductor
If a valence Electron acquires sufficient kinetic energy to break its covalent bond and fills the void created by a hole then a vacancy, or hole will be created in the covalent bond that released the electron
Hence there is a transfer of holes to the left and electrons to the right
Block diagram of a typical op-amp – characteristics of ideal and practical op-amp - parameters of opamp – inverting and non-inverting amplifier configurations - frequency response - circuit stability.
The Zener diode is a heavily doped diode which, as a result of doping, has a very narrow depletion region. This allows the diode to be operated in the reverse biased region of the characteristic curve without damaging the PN junction.
“Zener Effect”: The area of Zener diode operation (<5V) where the Diode maintains a constant voltage output while operating reverse biased.
“Avalanche Effect”: >5V applied to the diode while reverse biased which tends to cause the diode to eventually breakdown due to heat generation within the lattice structure of the crystal.
Because of its higher temperature and current capability, silicon is usually preferred in manufacture of Zener Diodes
Zener Diodes provide a stable reference voltage for use in power supplies, voltmeter & other instruments, voltage regulators.
In this PPT we will study about the Transistor , symbol of transistor , types of transistor, operation of transistor , configurations of transistor, advantages of transistor and limitations of transistor.
#physicspptclub #In this video we will study about the Transistor , symbol of transistor , types of transistor, operation of transistor , configurations of transistor, advantages of transistor and limitations of transistor.
#physicspptclub #physicsexperiments #solid state #magnetism #magneticmaterial #presentation #education #physicsfacts #scienceexperiment #presentation #education #physicsfacts #scienceexperiment #quantum #presentation #quantumphysics #bsc #msc #btech #diodecircuits #pnjunctiondiode #physicsfacts #characteristics #education #transistor #pnptransistor #npntransistor #solid state #magnetism #magneticmaterial #presentation #education #physicsfacts #scienceexperiment #presentation #education #physicsfacts #scienceexperiment #quantum #presentation #quantumphysics #bsc #msc #btech #diodecircuits #pnjunctiondiode #physicsfacts #characteristicsis #education #transistor #pnptransistor #npntransistor
Pn junction diode by sarmad baloch
I AM SARMAD KHOSA
BSIT (5TH A)
(ISP)
FACEBOOK PAGLE::
https://www.facebook.com/LAUGHINGHLAUGHTER/
YOUTUBE CHANNEL:::
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUjaIeS-DHI9xv-ZnBpx2hQ
Semiconductor
If a valence Electron acquires sufficient kinetic energy to break its covalent bond and fills the void created by a hole then a vacancy, or hole will be created in the covalent bond that released the electron
Hence there is a transfer of holes to the left and electrons to the right
Block diagram of a typical op-amp – characteristics of ideal and practical op-amp - parameters of opamp – inverting and non-inverting amplifier configurations - frequency response - circuit stability.
The Zener diode is a heavily doped diode which, as a result of doping, has a very narrow depletion region. This allows the diode to be operated in the reverse biased region of the characteristic curve without damaging the PN junction.
“Zener Effect”: The area of Zener diode operation (<5V) where the Diode maintains a constant voltage output while operating reverse biased.
“Avalanche Effect”: >5V applied to the diode while reverse biased which tends to cause the diode to eventually breakdown due to heat generation within the lattice structure of the crystal.
Because of its higher temperature and current capability, silicon is usually preferred in manufacture of Zener Diodes
Zener Diodes provide a stable reference voltage for use in power supplies, voltmeter & other instruments, voltage regulators.
In this PPT we will study about the Transistor , symbol of transistor , types of transistor, operation of transistor , configurations of transistor, advantages of transistor and limitations of transistor.
#physicspptclub #In this video we will study about the Transistor , symbol of transistor , types of transistor, operation of transistor , configurations of transistor, advantages of transistor and limitations of transistor.
#physicspptclub #physicsexperiments #solid state #magnetism #magneticmaterial #presentation #education #physicsfacts #scienceexperiment #presentation #education #physicsfacts #scienceexperiment #quantum #presentation #quantumphysics #bsc #msc #btech #diodecircuits #pnjunctiondiode #physicsfacts #characteristics #education #transistor #pnptransistor #npntransistor #solid state #magnetism #magneticmaterial #presentation #education #physicsfacts #scienceexperiment #presentation #education #physicsfacts #scienceexperiment #quantum #presentation #quantumphysics #bsc #msc #btech #diodecircuits #pnjunctiondiode #physicsfacts #characteristicsis #education #transistor #pnptransistor #npntransistor
Pn junction diode by sarmad baloch
I AM SARMAD KHOSA
BSIT (5TH A)
(ISP)
FACEBOOK PAGLE::
https://www.facebook.com/LAUGHINGHLAUGHTER/
YOUTUBE CHANNEL:::
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUjaIeS-DHI9xv-ZnBpx2hQ
Clamping Circuit and Clipping Circuit, Principle of Operation of Clamping Circuit, Biased positive clamping circuit, Biased negative clamping circuit, Classification of Clipping Circuit, Clipping Circuit, Zener Diode as a Peak Clipper, Application of Clipper.
,
Similar to Rec101 unit 1 (part iii) diode applications (20)
The presentation covers asynchronous sequential circuit analysis; Map, transition table, flow table. It also covers asynchronous circuit design process and race conditions
synchronous Sequential circuit counters and registersDr Naim R Kidwai
The presentation covers, synchronous sequential circuits; registers and counters. design of registers, shift registers are explained. Design of counter, synchronous and ripple counter is demostrated.
The presentation covers clocked sequential circuit analysis and design process demonstrated with example. State reduction and state assignment is design is also described.
The presentation covers synchronous sequential circuit elements; latch and Flip flops, SR Flip flop, JK Flip flop, T flip flop, D Flip flop, race around condition, Edge triggered flip flop
The presentation covers sampling theorem, ideal sampling, flat top sampling, natural sampling, reconstruction of signals from samples, aliasing effect, zero order hold, upsampling, downsampling, and discrete time processing of continuous time signals.
The presentation covers financial feasibility of projects, payback analysis, NPV analysis or discounted cash flow analysis, IRR analysis, Benefit to cost ratio analysis, B/C pitfalls, ROI
The presentation covers infrastructure project financing, typical configurations, key project parties, project contracts, It explains financing of a power project, security mechanism, SPV payment hierarchy and risk mitigation mechanism
The presentation covers project financing, capital structure, key factors in determining debt equity ratio, menu of financing, sources of capital, internal accruals, equity capital, preference capital, debenture or bonds, methods of offering, term loan, working capital advances, project financing structures,
The presentation covers project constraints: project dependence, capital rationing, project invisibility. It covers comparing project under constraints: methods of ranking, ranking conflicts,
Nec 602 unit ii Random Variables and Random processDr Naim R Kidwai
The presentation explains concept of Probability, random variable, statistical averages, correlation, sum of random Variables, Central Limit Theorem,
random process, classification of random processes, power spectral density, multiple random processes.
The presentation describes Measures of Information, entropy, source coding, source coding theorem, huffman coding, shanon fano coding, channel capacity theorem, capacity of a discrete and continuous memoryless channel, Error Free Communication over a Noisy Channel
Rec101 unit ii (part 2) bjt biasing and re modelDr Naim R Kidwai
The presentation covers BJT Biasing: Operating Point or Q point, Fixed-Bias, Emitter Bias, Voltage-Divider Bias, Collector Feedback bias, Emitter-Follower bias, common base bias, bias Stabilization and re model of CB/ CE/ CC configuration
The presentation covers, Field Effect Transistor: Construction and Characteristic of JFETs, dc biasing of CS, ac analysis of CS amplifier, MOSFET (Depletion and Enhancement)Type, Transfer Characteristic
The presentation covers Bipolar Junction Transistor: Construction, Operation, Transistor configurations and input / output characteristics; Common Base, Common Emitter, and Common Collector
The presentation explains elements of communication system, need of the modulation, types of modulation, basic signals, fundamentals of amplitude modulation/ demodulation, envelope detector, DSB_SC, SSB, VSB and comparison of modulation techniques
The presentation covers digital Voltmeter, RAMP Techniques, digital Multi-meters. It also covers Oscilloscope; Introduction and Basic Principle, CRT, Measurement of voltage, current, phase and frequency using CRO, Introduction of Digital Storage Oscilloscope and its comparison over analogue CRO
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniquesambekarshweta25
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniques
Authors:
-Devkinandan Jagtap
-Shweta Ambekar
-Harshit Singh
-Nakul Sharma (Assistant Professor)
Institution:
VIIT Pune, India
Abstract:
This paper proposes a system to differentiate between human-generated and AI-generated texts using stylometric analysis. The system analyzes text files and classifies writing styles by employing various clustering algorithms, such as k-means, k-means++, hierarchical, and DBSCAN. The effectiveness of these algorithms is measured using silhouette scores. The system successfully identifies distinct writing styles within documents, demonstrating its potential for plagiarism detection.
Introduction:
Stylometry, the study of linguistic and structural features in texts, is used for tasks like plagiarism detection, genre separation, and author verification. This paper leverages stylometric analysis to identify different writing styles and improve plagiarism detection methods.
Methodology:
The system includes data collection, preprocessing, feature extraction, dimensional reduction, machine learning models for clustering, and performance comparison using silhouette scores. Feature extraction focuses on lexical features, vocabulary richness, and readability scores. The study uses a small dataset of texts from various authors and employs algorithms like k-means, k-means++, hierarchical clustering, and DBSCAN for clustering.
Results:
Experiments show that the system effectively identifies writing styles, with silhouette scores indicating reasonable to strong clustering when k=2. As the number of clusters increases, the silhouette scores decrease, indicating a drop in accuracy. K-means and k-means++ perform similarly, while hierarchical clustering is less optimized.
Conclusion and Future Work:
The system works well for distinguishing writing styles with two clusters but becomes less accurate as the number of clusters increases. Future research could focus on adding more parameters and optimizing the methodology to improve accuracy with higher cluster values. This system can enhance existing plagiarism detection tools, especially in academic settings.
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniques
Rec101 unit 1 (part iii) diode applications
1. Diode Applications
REC 101: Basic Electronics Unit 1
PN junction diode: Introduction of Semiconductor Materials Semiconductor Diode: Depletion
layer, V-I characteristics, ideal and practical, diode resistance, capacitance, Diode Equivalent
Circuits, Transition and Diffusion Capacitance, Zener Diodes breakdown mechanism (Zener
and avalanche) Diode Application: Series , Parallel and Series, Parallel Diode Configuration,
Half and Full Wave rectification, Clippers, Clampers, Zener diode as shunt regulator, Voltage-
Multiplier Circuits Special Purpose two terminal Devices :Light-Emitting Diodes, Varactor
(Varicap) Diodes, Tunnel Diodes, Liquid-Crystal Displays.
9/11/2017 1
REC 101 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
2. Diode Application: Series, Parallel and
Series, Parallel Configuration
• The forward resistance of diode is so small
compared to the other series elements of network
that it can be ignored (if not specified)
• In general, a diode is in the ON state if the current
established by the sources is such that, its direction
matches to the arrow of diode symbol, and VD VK
otherwise it is in OFF state
9/11/2017
REC 101 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
2
Diode VK (V)
Ideal 0
Ge 0.3
Si 0.7
GaAs 1.2
Steps to find the state of diode
1. Replace the diode with equivalent circuit.
2. mentally replace diode with a resistance
and check direction of current through it.
3. If current direction matches to diode arrow
then diode is ON otherwise it is OFF
Practical
VK
ideal ideal
VK
Rf
OR
Diode Equivalent circuit
VK knee voltage
Rf diode forward resistance
3. Diode Application: Series , Parallel and
Series, Parallel Diode Configuration,
9/11/2017
REC 101 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
3
ideal
0.7 V
10 V 100
Si
10 V 100
1.Replace diode with
equivalent circuit
ideal
0.7 V
10 V 100
2.Replace ideal diode with
fictitious resistance and
find the current direction
3. As current matches with
diode direction, it is ON.
Short-circuit the diode
and solve the circuit
mA93A093.0
100
7.010
I
0.7 V
10 V 100
I
4. Diode Application: rectifier
9/11/2017
REC 101 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
4
• One of the common application of diode is ‘rectifier’ which
converts AC signal into DC.
• There are many rectifier circuits
– Half Wave rectifier
– Full wave rectifier; Bridge type & Centre tapped
• Practical rectifier consists of; Transformer, Rectifier, Filter &
Regulator stage
• Rectifier output for one cycle (period) of input is analyzed
AC
Input
+
DC
output
-
Transformer
Stage
Rectifier
Stage
Regulator
stage
Filter
Stage
5. Diode Application: Half Wave rectifier
9/11/2017
REC 101 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
5
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
+
Vo(t)=Vi(t)
-
+
Vi(t)
-
Rt
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
Vo
T
Vm
t
Positive Half cycle
(0 t< T/2)
Vi(t) >0 and diode is ON
So Vo(t) = Vi(t)
+ -
+
V0(t)
-
+
Vi(t)
-
R
Half wave rectifier circuit
T
tSinVtV mi
2
where,)(
The process of removing one-
half the input ac signal to
establish a dc level is called
halfwave rectification
V0(t)
T
Vm
t
+
Vi(t)
-
Rt
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
Negative Half cycle
(T/2 t< T)
Vi(t) <0 and diode is OFF
So Vo(t) = 0
+
Vo(t)=0
-
TtTfor
TtfortV
tV i
2/0
2/0)(
)(periodofoutputcombinedTherefore 0
6. Diode Application: Half Wave rectifier
9/11/2017
REC 101 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
6
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
V0(t)
T
Vm
t
2T
2T
Vdc= 0.318Vm
mm
T
m
dc
T
m
TT
i
T
dc
V
Cos
T
Cos
V
tCos
T
V
V
dttSinV
T
dtdttV
T
dttV
T
V
)0(
22
1
.0)(
1
)(
1
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
00
0
VDC: is periodic average of output wave
mdc VV 318.0
TtTfor
TtfortV
tV i
2/0
2/0)(
)(0
2
0
4
2sin
42
2cos1
2
.0)(
1
)(
1
2
2
0
2
2
0
22
0
2
2
0
2
22
0
2
0
2
0
2
mm
T
m
T
m
T
m
dc
T
m
TT
i
T
orms
VV
t
T
V
t
T
V
dtt
T
V
V
dttSin
T
V
dtdttV
T
dttV
T
V
Vrms: square root of periodic average of squared output
mrms VV 5.0
7. Diode Application: Half Wave rectifier
9/11/2017
REC 101 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
7
Peak inverse voltage (PIV or PRV) :
Applying KVL, in loop of reverse bias diode. PIV Vm
-
Vm
+
R
- PIV +
V0(t)=0 V
Ripple factor: ratio of Vac to Vdc
21.1157.11
2
12
factorformiskwhere
11factorRipple
2
2
2
f
2
222
222
m
m
f
dc
rms
dc
dcrms
dc
ac
dcacrms
V
V
k
V
V
V
VV
V
V
VVV
8. Diode Application:
Bridge type Full Wave rectifier
9/11/2017
REC 101 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
8
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
Vo(t)
T
Vm
t
+
Vi(t)
-
R
- Vo(t) +
Positive Half cycle
(0 t< T/2)
Vi(t)>0 so
D2 and D3 is ON
D1 and D4 is ON
So Vo(t) = Vi(t)
+
Vi(t)
-
R
- Vo(t) +
D1 D2
D3 D4
The process of utilizing full
period of ac signal to establish
a dc level is called fullwave
rectification
A bridge with 4 diodes as
shown in figure is most
familiar full wave rectifier.
9. Diode Application:
Bridge type Full Wave rectifier
9/11/2017
REC 101 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
9
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
V0(t)
T
Vm
t
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
Vo(t)
T
Vm
t
+
Vi(t)
-
R
- Vo(t) +
Negative Half cycle
(T/2 t< T)
Vi(t)<0 and
D2 and D3 is ON
D1 and D4 is ON
So Vo(t) = - Vi(t)
m
T
m
T
i
T
dc
V
dttSinV
T
dttV
T
dttV
T
V
22
)(2
1
)(
1 2
0
2
00
0
VDC: As the area above the axis for one full cycle
is now twice of that for a half-wave system, dc
level has also been doubled
mdc VV 636.0
TtTfortV
TtfortV
tV
i
i
2/)(
2/0)(
)(periodofoutputcombinedTherefore 0
Vdc= 0.636Vm
10. Diode Application:
Bridge type Full Wave rectifier
9/11/2017
REC 101 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
10
22
2
)(
2
)(
1 22
0
2
22
0
2
0
2 mm
T
m
T
i
T
orms
VV
dttSin
T
V
dttV
T
dttV
T
V
Vrms:
mrms VV 707.0
Peak inverse voltage (PIV or PRV)
Applying KVL, in loop containing
input and reverse bias diode.
PIV Vm
+
Vm
-
R
- Vo(t) +
-
Vm
+
R
- Vo(t) +
Ripple factor: ratio of Vac to Vdc
48.01109.11
22
1
2
21
2
2
2
2
m
m
dc
rms
V
V
V
V
11. Diode Application:
Centre tapped Full Wave rectifier
9/11/2017
REC 101 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
11
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
Vo(t)
T
Vm
t
R
1:2
+
Vi(t)
- - Vo(t) +
+
Vi(t)
-
+
Vi(t)
-
Positive Half cycle
(0 t< T/2)
Vi(t) >0 so
D1 is ON & D2 is OFF
So V0(t) = Vi(t)
+
Vi(t)
-
R
- Vo(t) +
+
Vi(t)
-
+
Vi(t)
-
1:2
D1
D2
Another type of fullwave
rectifier is Centre tapped
It uses 2 diodes with a centre
tapped transformer.
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
Vo(t)
T
Vm
t
R
1:2
+
Vi(t)
- - Vo(t) +
+
Vi(t)
-
+
Vi(t)
-
Negative Half cycle
(T/2 t< T)
Vi(t) <0 so
D1 is OFF & D2 is ON
So V0 (t) = -Vi(t)
12. Diode Application:
Centre tapped Full Wave rectifier
9/11/2017
REC 101 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
12
VDC: equal to that of bridge type full wave rectifier
mdc VV 636.0
TtTfortV
TtfortV
tV
i
i
2/)(
2/0)(
)(periodofoutputcombinedTherefore 0
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
Vo(t)
T
Vm
t
Vdc= 0.636VmVrms: equal to that of bridge type full wave rectifier
mrms VV 707.0
Peak inverse voltage (PIV or PRV)
Applying KVL, in loop containing input
and reverse bias diode.
PIV 2Vm
R
1:2
+
Vm
- - Vm +
+
Vm
-
+
Vm
-- PIV +
Ripple factor: ratio of Vac to Vdc
48.0
13. Diode Application: Clippers
9/11/2017
REC 101 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
13
Clippers are networks that employ diodes to “clip” away a
portion of an input signal without distorting the remaining
part of the applied waveform.
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
+
V0(t)
-
+
Vi(t)
-
R t
Vo(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
If Vi(t) 0, Diode ON, Vo(t)= Vi(t)
If Vi(t) <0, Diode OFF, Vo(t) =0
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
+
V0(t)
-
+
Vi(t)
-
R t
Vo(t)
T
-Vm
If Vi(t) >0, Diode OFF, Vo(t)= 0
If Vi(t) 0, Diode ON, Vo(t) =Vi(t)
Negative Series Clipper
Positive Series Clipper
14. Diode Application: Clippers
9/11/2017
REC 101 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
14
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
+
V0(t)
-
+
Vi(t)
-
R t
Vo(t)
T
Vm-VVV V
-V
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
+
V0(t)
-
+
Vi(t)
-
R t
Vo(t)
T
-(Vm+V)
If Vi(t) -V0, Diode ON, Vo(t)= Vi(t) -V
If Vi(t) -V<0, Diode OFF, Vo(t) =0
If Vi(t) -V>0, Diode OFF, Vo(t)= 0
If Vi(t) -V 0, Diode ON, Vo(t) =Vi(t) -V
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
+
V0(t)
-
+
Vi(t)
-
R
t
Vo(t)
Vm+V
V
V
V
-V
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
+
V0(t)
-
+
Vi(t)
-
R t
Vo(t)
T
-(Vm-V)
If Vi(t) +V0, Diode ON, Vo(t)= Vi(t) +V
If Vi(t) +V<0, Diode OFF, Vo(t) =0
If Vi(t)+V>0, Diode OFF, Vo(t)= 0
If Vi(t) +V 0, Diode ON, Vo(t) =Vi(t) +V
T
Negative biased Series Clipper Positive biased Series Clipper
15. Diode Application: Clippers
9/11/2017
REC 101 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
15
+
V0(t)
-
+
Vi(t)
-
R
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
t
Vo(t)
T
Vm
If Vi(t) >0, Diode OFF, Vo(t)= Vi(t)
If Vi(t) 0, Diode ON, Vo(t) =0
+
V0(t)
-
+
Vi(t)
-
R
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
t
Vo(t)
T
-Vm
If Vi(t) 0, Diode ON, Vo(t)= 0
If Vi(t) <0, Diode OFF, Vo(t) =Vi(t)
+
V0(t)
-
+
Vi(t)
-
R
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
t
Vo(t)
T
-Vm
If Vi(t)-V 0, Diode ON, Vo(t)= V
If Vi(t)-V <0, Diode OFF, Vo(t) = Vi(t)
V
V V
+
V0(t)
-
+
Vi(t)
-
R
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
t
Vo(t)
T
Vm
If Vi(t)-V >0, Diode OFF, Vo(t)= Vi(t)
If Vi(t)-V 0, Diode ON, Vo(t) = V
V
V V
Negative parallel Clipper Positive parallel Clipper
Negative biased parallel Clipper Positive biased parallel Clipper
16. Diode Application: Clippers
9/11/2017
REC 101 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
16
+
V0(t)
-
+
Vi(t)
-
R
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
t
Vo(t)
T
-Vm
If Vi(t)+V 0, Diode ON, Vo(t)= -V
If Vi(t)+V <0, Diode OFF, Vo(t) = Vi(t)
VV -V
+
V0(t)
-
+
Vi(t)
-
R
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
t
Vo(t)
T
Vm
If Vi(t)+V >0, Diode OFF, Vo(t)= Vi(t)
If Vi(t)+V 0, Diode ON, Vo(t) = -V
V-V
Negative biased parallel Clipper Positive biased parallel Clipper
-V
+
V0(t)
-
+
Vi(t)
-
R
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
If Vi(t)- V1 0, Diode D1 ON, & Vi(t)+ V2 >0, Diode D2 OFF, Vo(t)= V1
If Vi(t)- V1 <0, Diode D1 OFF, & Vi(t)+ V2 >0, Diode D2 OFF, Vo(t)= Vi(t)
If Vi(t)- V1 <0, Diode D1 OFF, & Vi(t)+ V2 0, Diode D2 ON, Vo(t)= -V2
V1
V1
t
Vo(t)
T
V1
V2
-V2
-V2
D1 D2
17. Diode Application: Clampers
Clamping networks have capacitor connected in series with a
diode and resistance in parallel.
Steps to solve clamper circuit
1. Start analysis by examining the response of the portion of
the input signal that will forward bias the diode
2. determine maximum voltage with polarity on capacitor
(assumed that capacitor is charged instantaneously)
3. Assume that during the period when the diode is in OFF state
the capacitor holds on to its established voltage level
4. Now determine the output
5. Check that total swing of the output matches to the input
9/11/2017
REC 101 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
17
18. Diode Application: Clampers
9/11/2017
REC 101 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
18
Step 1. In +ve half cycle, Diode is ON and maximum voltage on
charged capacitor voltage Vm with polarities shown
V1
+
V0(t)
-
+
Vi(t)
-
R
C
+
V0(t)
-
+
Vi(t)
-
R
C
+ Vm -
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
19. Diode Application: Clampers
9/11/2017
REC 101 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
19
2. Assuming capacitor has charged upto to Vm and holds in when
diode is in OFF state
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
t
Vo(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
Now as Vi(t)-Vm0, diode is ON and Vo(t)=0
+
V0(t)
-
+
Vi(t)
-
R
C
+ Vm -
+
V0(t)
-
+
Vi(t)
-
R
C
+ Vm -
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
t
Vo(t)
T
-2Vm
Now as Vi(t)-Vm<0, diode is OFF and Vo(t)= Vi(t)-Vm =-2Vm
Positive part of cycle
(0 t< T/2)
Vi(t) =Vm so
Diode is ON
So V0(t) = 0
Negative part of cycle
(T/2 t< 0)
Vi(t) =-Vm so
Diode is OFF
So V0(t) = Vi(t)-Vm= -2Vm
20. Diode Application: Clampers
9/11/2017
REC 101 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
20
The output is drawn
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
t
Vo(t)
T
-2Vm
-2Vm
-2Vm
21. Diode Application: Clampers
9/11/2017
REC 101 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
21
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
t
Vo(t)
T
-2Vm
+
V0(t)
-
+
Vi(t)
-
R
C
Vm
+ -
Vm
+
V0(t)
-
+
Vi(t)
-
R
C
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
t
Vo(t)
T
2Vm
- m +
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
Vm+V +
V0(t)
-
+
Vi(t)
-
R
C
V
- +
t
Vo(t)
T
2Vm+V
V
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
V
+
V0(t)
-
+
Vi(t)
-
R
C
(Vm+V)
+ -
t
Vo(t)
T
-V
-2Vm-V
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
Vm-V +
V0(t)
-
+
Vi(t)
-
R
C
V
- +
t
Vo(t)
T
2Vm-V
-V
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
V
+
V0(t)
-
+
Vi(t)
-
R
C
(Vm-V)
+ -
t
Vo(t)
T
V
-2Vm+V
22. Diode Application: Zener diode as shunt regulator
9/11/2017
REC 101 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
22
The use of the Zener diode as a regulator is very common.
Steps to analyse Zener diode networks
1. Determine the state of the Zener diode by removing it from the
network and calculating the voltage across the resulting open circuit
2. Substitute the appropriate equivalent circuit and solve for the
desired unknowns + VD -
Forward bias VD 0
+ VK -
+ VD -
+ VD - - VZ +
Reverse bias VZ <VD < 0
Breakdown VD = VZ
23. 9/11/2017
REC 101 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
23
+
V0
-
R
+
VZ
-
IZ
RL
Vi
+
V0
-
R
+
V
-
RL
Vi
L
iL
RR
VR
V
If V VZ Then Zener is ON (breakdown region)
If V < VZ Then Zener is OFF
If diode is ON, then circuit shall be
+
V0
-
R
RL
Vi VZ
IR
IZ IL
ZZZ
L
Z
i
L
ZZi
Z
LRZ
ZO
IVP
RR
V
R
V
R
V
R
VV
I
III
VVV
11
Diode Application: Zener diode as shunt regulator
24. 9/11/2017
REC 101 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
24
L
iL
RR
VR
V
If V VZ Then Zener is ON (breakdown region)
If V < VZ Then Zener is OFF
If diode is ON, then circuit shall be
sheetdataperascurrentdiodemaxiswhere
soconstant,isas
breakdowninONbetodiodeforresistanceLoadMin
thus
min
minmin
max
min
min
ZMZMRL
R
L
Z
L
L
L
L
Zi
Z
L
L
iL
ZO
IIII
I
R
V
R
V
I
R
VV
RV
R
RR
VR
VVV
+
V0
-
R
+
VZ
-
IZ
RL
Vi
+
V0
-
R
+
V
-
RL
Vi
+
V0
-
R
RL
Vi VZ
IR
IZ IL
Diode Application: Zener diode as shunt regulator
25. Diode Application: Voltage-Multiplier Circuits
9/11/2017
REC 101 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
25
• Voltage multipliers use clamping action to increase peak rectified
voltages without increasing the transformer’s voltage rating.
• Multiplication factors of two, three, and four are common.
• Voltage multipliers are used in high-voltage, low-current
• applications such as cathode-ray tubes (CRTs) and particle
accelerators
26. Diode Application: Voltage-Multiplier Circuits
9/11/2017
REC 101 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
26
Half wave Voltage doubler
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
D1
C1
+
Vi(t)
-
-
2Vm
+
D2
C2
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
C1
+
Vi(t)
-
+
Vo(t)
-
C2
+ -
Vm+
Vm
-
-
Vm
+
+ -
C1
+
Vi(t)
-
-
2Vm
+
C2
Vm
Half wave Voltage doubler operation:
Positive half cycle
Half wave Voltage doubler operation:
Negative half cycle
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
27. Diode Application: Voltage-Multiplier Circuits
9/11/2017
REC 101 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
27
Full wave Voltage doubler
Full wave Voltage doubler operation:
Positive half cycle
Full wave Voltage doubler operation:
Negative half cycle
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
C1
D1
+
2Vm
-
C2
+
Vi(t)
-
D2
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
C1
D1
+
-
C2
+
Vi(t)
-
D2
Vm
+
-
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
C1
D1
+
-
C2
+
Vi(t)
-
D2
Vm
-
+
+
-
Vm
+
-
Vm
+
-
Vm
+
-
Vm
28. Diode Application: Voltage-Multiplier Circuits
9/11/2017
REC 101 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
28
Voltage Tripler and Quadrupler
t
Vi(t)
T
Vm
-Vm
Vm
+
Vi(t)
-
D1
C2
D2
C3
D3
C4
D4
C1
+ -
+ -
2Vm
+ -
2Vm
+ -
2Vm
doubler
Quadrupler
Tripler
29. Thanks
9/11/2017
REC 101 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
29
Contact
Dr Naim R Kidwai
Professor & Dean
JETGI, Faculty of Engineering Barabanki, (UP)
Email: naim.kidwai@gmail.com
Naim.Kidwai@jit.edu.in