The presentation covers infrastructure project financing, typical configurations, key project parties, project contracts, It explains financing of a power project, security mechanism, SPV payment hierarchy and risk mitigation mechanism
Chapter 09 of ICT Project Management based on IOE Engineering syllabus. This chapter mainly focuses on cost and project, cost management, cost estimating and more related to cost and project. Provided by Project Management Sir of KU
Part of a lecture series on fundamental project management concepts, the lecture presents an overview of project selection methods: scoring,benefit contribution, and economic models.
Net present value (NPV) is the difference between the present value of cash inflows and the present value of cash outflows over a period of time. It may be positive, zero or negative.
NPV is used in capital budgeting and investment planning to analyze the profitability of a projected investment or project.
Also known as sophisticated technique for capital budgeting exercise.
It accounts for time value of money by using discounted cash flows in the calculation.
This presentation was submitted to RNB Global University for the partial fulfillment of BBA by Gautam Chopra & Chaman. Different Forms of Project Organization including 4 types
Functional Organization, Divisional Organization, Matrix Organization, & Projectized Organization
Chapter 09 of ICT Project Management based on IOE Engineering syllabus. This chapter mainly focuses on cost and project, cost management, cost estimating and more related to cost and project. Provided by Project Management Sir of KU
Part of a lecture series on fundamental project management concepts, the lecture presents an overview of project selection methods: scoring,benefit contribution, and economic models.
Net present value (NPV) is the difference between the present value of cash inflows and the present value of cash outflows over a period of time. It may be positive, zero or negative.
NPV is used in capital budgeting and investment planning to analyze the profitability of a projected investment or project.
Also known as sophisticated technique for capital budgeting exercise.
It accounts for time value of money by using discounted cash flows in the calculation.
This presentation was submitted to RNB Global University for the partial fulfillment of BBA by Gautam Chopra & Chaman. Different Forms of Project Organization including 4 types
Functional Organization, Divisional Organization, Matrix Organization, & Projectized Organization
The presentation covers project constraints: project dependence, capital rationing, project invisibility. It covers comparing project under constraints: methods of ranking, ranking conflicts,
Mobilizing Private Sector Investment into GMS InfrastructurePratish Halady
My presentation to the GMS Economic Corridors Forum about the benefits of involving private sector in infrastructure, creating an environment for PPP and private investment, and ADB's approach to delivering PPP in the region.
This ppt was prepared for educational purpose, and to teach about PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP scheme and their models for using this scheme. Many projects now days are using this method with help of gov. parties or private parties. This methods helps in decreasing load on construction and infrastructure, and road development load from government, as they are not participating in finance of project but let the construction firm, construct the project and run by their names to recover their cost and profit for predetermined time period and on predetermined rate of recovery, either by tolling system or annuity system.
The presentation covers project financing, capital structure, key factors in determining debt equity ratio, menu of financing, sources of capital, internal accruals, equity capital, preference capital, debenture or bonds, methods of offering, term loan, working capital advances, project financing structures,
Private and Public Partnerships Move MainstreamKerry Carey
All across the country, infrastructure projects are in need of repair, and creative organizational solutions are in-demand. Public-Private Partnerships are long-term contracts between a private party and a government entity allowing for an alternative approach to federal, state and municipal construction projects. The private party bears a large share of risk and management responsibility, and remuneration is linked directly to performance. This webinar discusses the nature of this collaboration across sectors.
Presented by:
Gregory Fitch
Black and Veatch
View the on-demand webinar: http://cpe-wpi.hs-sites.com/construction-project-management-webinar-series
ISMED Training: PPP Fundamentals by Andrew Fitzpatrick, OECDOECDGlobalRelations
Presented at the Training Session on Public Private Partnerships organised by the MENA-OECD Investment Security in the Mediterranean (ISMED) Support Programme in September 2014.
The presentation covers asynchronous sequential circuit analysis; Map, transition table, flow table. It also covers asynchronous circuit design process and race conditions
synchronous Sequential circuit counters and registersDr Naim R Kidwai
The presentation covers, synchronous sequential circuits; registers and counters. design of registers, shift registers are explained. Design of counter, synchronous and ripple counter is demostrated.
The presentation covers clocked sequential circuit analysis and design process demonstrated with example. State reduction and state assignment is design is also described.
The presentation covers synchronous sequential circuit elements; latch and Flip flops, SR Flip flop, JK Flip flop, T flip flop, D Flip flop, race around condition, Edge triggered flip flop
The presentation covers sampling theorem, ideal sampling, flat top sampling, natural sampling, reconstruction of signals from samples, aliasing effect, zero order hold, upsampling, downsampling, and discrete time processing of continuous time signals.
The presentation covers financial feasibility of projects, payback analysis, NPV analysis or discounted cash flow analysis, IRR analysis, Benefit to cost ratio analysis, B/C pitfalls, ROI
Nec 602 unit ii Random Variables and Random processDr Naim R Kidwai
The presentation explains concept of Probability, random variable, statistical averages, correlation, sum of random Variables, Central Limit Theorem,
random process, classification of random processes, power spectral density, multiple random processes.
The presentation describes Measures of Information, entropy, source coding, source coding theorem, huffman coding, shanon fano coding, channel capacity theorem, capacity of a discrete and continuous memoryless channel, Error Free Communication over a Noisy Channel
Rec101 unit ii (part 2) bjt biasing and re modelDr Naim R Kidwai
The presentation covers BJT Biasing: Operating Point or Q point, Fixed-Bias, Emitter Bias, Voltage-Divider Bias, Collector Feedback bias, Emitter-Follower bias, common base bias, bias Stabilization and re model of CB/ CE/ CC configuration
The presentation covers, Field Effect Transistor: Construction and Characteristic of JFETs, dc biasing of CS, ac analysis of CS amplifier, MOSFET (Depletion and Enhancement)Type, Transfer Characteristic
The presentation covers Bipolar Junction Transistor: Construction, Operation, Transistor configurations and input / output characteristics; Common Base, Common Emitter, and Common Collector
The presentation explains elements of communication system, need of the modulation, types of modulation, basic signals, fundamentals of amplitude modulation/ demodulation, envelope detector, DSB_SC, SSB, VSB and comparison of modulation techniques
The presentation covers digital Voltmeter, RAMP Techniques, digital Multi-meters. It also covers Oscilloscope; Introduction and Basic Principle, CRT, Measurement of voltage, current, phase and frequency using CRO, Introduction of Digital Storage Oscilloscope and its comparison over analogue CRO
The presentation describes diode application; series / parallel diode configuration, half wave and full wave rectifier, clipper, clamper, zener diode as a shunt regulator, voltage multiplier
The presentation explains working of pn junction diode, V-I characteristics, breakdown mechanism, ac and dc resistance, diode capacitance, effect of temperature and equivalent circuit. It also covers special diodes, LED, Varicap diodes, Tunnel diode, and working of LCD
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
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what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
2. Infrastructure Projects
• provides essential services
• play vital role in economic development
• Has important social dimensions
• Government regulations provide level playing field for public and private
sector
Characteristics of Infrastructure projects
▪ They are highly capital intensive.
▪ They involve huge sunk costs.
▪ They have a long operating life
19-04-2018 BCH 505 Project Finance by Dr Naim R Kidwai 2
3. Infrastructure Projects
• Traditionally infrastructure projects were owned by government
• Due to huge investment and demand for infrastructure projects, focus is shifting
towards involvement of private sector in infrastructure projects (Ex. PPP model)
• Infrastructure financing is different from conventional project financing
• Most infrastructure projects are based on Public private partnership (PPP) model so it
requires careful evaluation of complexities
ex. A Power project developed using PPP model will require off take of power by State
owned electricity board (SEB’s). So the project risks have components of receipts from SEB
19-04-2018 BCH 505 Project Finance by Dr Naim R Kidwai 3
4. Infrastructure Projects: Typical project configurations
• Projects are typically implemented in a SPV which is a distinct entity with objective of
implementing and operating the project. It ensures that risk associated with the project
are ring fenced and do not flow back to sponsoring entities.
• Sponsors take an equity stake in SPV (minimum 15-30 % of the project cost) and is
referred as sponsors contribution
• The SPV make contractual obligations with contractors, suppliers, off-takers, government
and lenders. (referred as project parties)
• Infrastructure projects have relatively high gearing (debt equity ratio) than conventional
projects (gearing rarely 2:1). Ex. NHAI projects build on PPP model have gearing ratio
of 4:1. in this private operator construct, operate, maintain the road during concession
period and get an assured annuity from NHAI, irrespective of the traffic.
19-04-2018 BCH 505 Project Finance by Dr Naim R Kidwai 4
5. Infrastructure Projects: Key project Parties
• Project sponsors: converts idea into the project and have role in setting of SPV, recruiting
managerial talents and subscribing significant equity.
• Project Vehicle: SPV is responsible for delivering a bankable project in financing phase,
implementation and operation. Selects, negotiates and enters into contractual obligation
with contractors, supervises construction and commissioning and operates the project
(through O & M contractor if necessary)
• Project lenders: Provide debt to finance the project. Typically a consortium of project
lenders led by a ‘lead bank’ ascertain a bankable project cost, develops the financing
pattern or structure, and monitor the progress and performance till the debt is repaid.
They are secured by project assets and normally do not interfere with functioning of SPV
19-04-2018 BCH 505 Project Finance by Dr Naim R Kidwai 5
6. Infrastructure Projects: Key project Parties
• EPC contractor: It designs, erects the facilities, and commissions the project on
turnkey basis. It delivers the project as per pre defined specification, with in certain
cost and time frame. It also provides performance guarantee to SPV.
• O & M contractor: responsible for operation and maintenance of project in line with
industry best practices on performance parameters .
• Government: a key project party. It provides concession to SPV , proper legislative
and regulatory framework that allows SPV to compete on a level playing field, with
possibly other government owned entities.
19-04-2018 BCH 505 Project Finance by Dr Naim R Kidwai 6
7. Infrastructure Projects: Contracts
Project
Contract
Contracts
Shareholder
agreement
An agreement between all shareholders of SPV that establishes
• Share holding pattern
• Shareholders representation in the management and Decision making
• Proposed pattern of cash call and remedies against default
• Shareholder exit process
EPC
Contract
An agreement between SPV and EPC contractor that establishes.
• EPC role and responsibilities
• Guaranteed and minimum performance parameters.
19-04-2018 BCH 505 Project Finance by Dr Naim R Kidwai 7
8. Infrastructure Projects: Contracts
Project
Contract
Contracts
Project loan
agreements
An agreement between all SPV and project lenders that establishes
• Conditions precedent (CP’s) on fulfilment of which SPV can draw the loan
• Loan amount, tenure, repayment obligations, interest rate, processing fee
• Events of defaults and remedies
• Shareholder exit process
O & M
Contract
An agreement between SPV and O & M contractor that establishes.
• Responsibilities of O&M contractor
• Maintenance obligations
• Bonus payment to O & M contractor
19-04-2018 BCH 505 Project Finance by Dr Naim R Kidwai 8
9. Financing a Power project
• The SPV owns the generation assets and enters into power purchase agreement (PPA)
with state electricity board (SEB). State government guarantees the payment by SEB.
19-04-2018 BCH 505 Project Finance by Dr Naim R Kidwai 9
Project company SPV
EPC
Contractor
Sponsors/
Other shareholders
Fuel
Supplier
O&M
Contractor
Project lenders
State
Govt.
SEB
Offtaker
Parties in a power project
10. Financing a Power project
• Features of Power purchase agreement (PPA)
o The PPA, sets the conditions of selling/ buying power to/ by SEB
o SEB guarantees a minimum offtake from SPV and minimum payment to SPV in case
of failure of minimum offtake
o A payment mechanism and a security mechanism that ensures availability of
payments on time. In India it is a 3-tier security mechanism
o Lays down the formulae for computing tariff
o Responsibility of SEB including construction of interconnection facilities on time
o Termination clause under condition of sustained default by either SPV or SEB and
termination conditions and obligations
19-04-2018 BCH 505 Project Finance by Dr Naim R Kidwai 10
11. Financing a Power project: 3 tier security mechanism
19-04-2018 BCH 505 Project Finance by Dr Naim R Kidwai 11
SPV
present
invoice
SEB
Presents to bank under LC
(1.5 months average billing amount
Direct payment in specified period
Default by SEB
Payment
received
Dedicated circle Escrow account
LC non operative
Payment
received
Government guarantee
Escrow non operative
Payment
received
12. Financing a Power project: SPV payment hierarchy
19-04-2018 BCH 505 Project Finance by Dr Naim R Kidwai 12
Dedicated SPV
account
O& M
expences
Debt
service
ROE
13. Financing a Power project: Risk mitigation mechanisms
19-04-2018 BCH 505 Project Finance by Dr Naim R Kidwai 13
Key risks Mitigation mechanisms Parties expected to cover
risks
Project cost
overruns
• Fixed price, date certain EPC contract
• Project cost to include contingencies
• Careful evaluation of EPC contractor qualifications
• Cost comparison with similar project
• Loan disbursement after statuary approvals
• Undertaking from sponsor to finance cost overruns
EPC contractors/ project
Sponsors
Shortfall in
financing
• Draw down allowed only in case of financial closure
• Undertaking from sponsors to finance shortfalls
Sponsors
Commercial
risks
• Careful evaluation of electricity demand supply in
the state
• Ability of SEB to meet committed Offtake targets
• SEB.
• State Government
• Lenders (under conditions)
14. Thank You
19-04-2018 BCH 505 Project Finance by Dr Naim R Kidwai 14
Contact
Email: naimkidwai@gmail.com
https://nrkidwai.wordpress.com/