Components the diode
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The diode allows current to pass in one direction only. It is used as a rectifier in power supplies to convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). The diode uses a single P-N junction made of semiconductor material. The zener diode can operate in reverse bias and maintains a stable voltage, making it useful for voltage regulation in circuits. Diodes come in different package styles and are identified by alphanumeric codes and cathode markings.
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Elect principles -_capacitance
A capacitor stores electric charge between two conducting parallel plates separated by an insulating material called a dielectric. When a switch is closed to connect the capacitor to a power supply, electrons are repelled from the negative plate and attracted to the positive plate, building up opposite charges on each plate. This stored charge results in an electric field within the dielectric and a potential difference between the plates. The capacitor can then maintain this stored charge even after the switch is opened, until the capacitor is discharged.
Elect principles -_resistance
The resistance of a conductor depends on its length, cross-sectional area, and material composition. Resistance increases with length, decreases with area, and varies between materials. Ohm's law states that current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. Power dissipated in a resistance is calculated using P=IV, P=I^2R, or P=V^2/R, and causes the resistance to increase in temperature.
Electronics power supplies
1. Power supplies convert the 240V AC mains supply into suitable DC voltages between 5-30V for electronic equipment through transformers, rectifiers, and regulators.
2. Transformers convert the AC voltage to a lower isolated AC voltage, which is then rectified to DC and smoothed by capacitors.
3. Various rectifier circuits like half-wave, full-wave, and bridge are used to rectify different portions of the AC cycle. Smoothing circuits use large capacitors to reduce ripple in the DC output.
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Elect principles -_ac_circuits_year1
AC circuits usually contain inductance or capacitance which cause reactance. Reactance is resistance to current flow due to these components and is measured in ohms. There are two types of reactance - inductive reactance XL and capacitive reactance XC. Phasor diagrams can represent alternating quantities, with the phase angle between voltage and current indicating whether a circuit is resistive, capacitive, or inductive.
Machines the dc motor
1) A DC motor operates using electromagnetic induction from its armature winding and a magnetic field created by its field windings.
2) It has a rotating armature and stationary field poles or stator. Commutators and brushes allow current to flow to the armature while it rotates.
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If you are looking for exporters and suppliers of dc Regulated Power Supply. Visit here to know more information about Dc Regulated Power Supply manufacturers and suppliers offering sell trade lead and sell offers.
Elect principles -_kirchhoffs_laws
Kirchhoff's laws consist of two statements:
1) Kirchhoff's current law states that the total current entering a node in a circuit must equal the total current leaving that node.
2) Kirchhoff's voltage law states that the sum of the voltages around any closed loop in a circuit must be equal to zero. It accounts for the differences in electrical potential as current flows through various circuit elements such as resistors.
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Kirchhoff's laws consist of two statements:
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I have prepared this ppt as per the syllabus concerned in the particular topic of the subject, so one can directly use it just by editing their names.
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the inductor current follows the rectified input voltage, resulting in high power factor. A
prototype topology of closed-loop, single stage flyback converter for LED driver circuit designed
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than 0.998 and a low total harmonic distortion less than 5.0%. Experimental results show the
functionality of the overall system and prove it to be an effective solution for the new lighting
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Secron led catalogue 2012
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It provides shortcut method in analyzing Clamper and clipper.
At the end of the powerpoint, there has a review question to answer with answer key provided.
Electronic devices circuits
The document discusses electronic devices and circuits, specifically focusing on PN diodes. It describes the theory of PN junctions, how a PN junction forms a diode, and the characteristics and properties of PN diode currents and voltages. It discusses topics like volt-amp characteristics, temperature effects, and switching times of PN diodes. It also provides explanations and circuit diagrams of half-wave and full-wave rectifiers, zener diodes, liquid crystal displays, and series voltage regulators.
Zener_diode.pdf
This document summarizes key concepts about diodes from Chapter 3 of a textbook on electronics. It discusses the ideal diode model and the I-V characteristics of real junction diodes. The forward and reverse biased regions are described, as well as the breakdown region for Zener diodes. Circuit applications of diodes in rectifiers, voltage regulators, and limiting/clamping circuits are summarized. Rectifier types like half-wave, full-wave, and bridge rectifiers are compared.
Basics and types_of_diodes
Basics and types_of_diodes .
contact with me for making special kind of presentation.
https://www.linkedin.com/in/badar-husnain-147407121/
Components passive
Passive components are used in electronics to control or modify electric currents without generating power themselves. They include resistors, capacitors, and inductors. Resistors convert electrical energy to heat and limit current. Capacitors store electric charge and filter signals. Inductors store energy in magnetic fields and are used in filters and tuned circuits. Common passive components are discussed along with their characteristics, symbols, and applications in electronic circuits.
Lecture-2.pptx
This document discusses power diodes and their operation. It explains that power diodes incorporate a lightly doped drift region to withstand high voltages in reverse bias. The drift region determines the maximum reverse voltage and affects the forward voltage drop. Power diodes are designed to handle high currents and temperatures for power applications. They have higher ratings and costs compared to normal signal diodes.
Semiconductor diodes
Semiconductor
If a valence Electron acquires sufficient kinetic energy to break its covalent bond and fills the void created by a hole then a vacancy, or hole will be created in the covalent bond that released the electron
Hence there is a transfer of holes to the left and electrons to the right
Ch2-Diode.for electrical and computer engineering
Diode best ppt
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task_2.pptx
The document summarizes the objectives, theory, and results of an experiment on pn-junction diodes, Zener diodes, and rectifier circuits. The objectives were to plot the voltage-current characteristics of pn-junction and Zener diodes under forward and reverse bias, and to study half-wave and full-wave rectifier circuits. The experiment showed that pn-junction diodes conduct only under forward bias, while Zener diodes can conduct under reverse bias above the breakdown voltage. Measurement of rectifier circuits demonstrated half-wave rectification produced a DC voltage of 13.237V while full-wave rectification produced 6.306V.
Eg1108 rectifiers
The document discusses diode rectifiers and power supplies. It describes how diodes allow current to flow in only one direction, and how this property is exploited in rectifier circuits to convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). Specifically, it examines the half-wave rectifier circuit, which uses a single diode to rectify the positive half of the AC waveform. The output of the half-wave rectifier is pulsed DC with a large ripple. Power supplies often use rectifier circuits to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a lower voltage DC for electronic circuits.
5 diodes
Diodes are semiconductor devices that allow current to flow in only one direction. They are made by combining P-type and N-type semiconductor materials. When forward biased, electrons and holes combine at the junction, allowing current to pass. Diodes have various applications including rectification of AC to DC power, demodulation in radio/TV, lighting with LEDs, voltage regulation, and circuit protection.
227 sample chapter
The document discusses semiconductor diodes and their applications. It explains how a p-n junction is formed and the barrier potential that is set up. It describes the forward and reverse biasing of diodes and how this affects conduction. The voltage-current characteristics of ideal diodes and real diodes are examined. Applications of diodes include rectification, clipping, and clamping in circuits. Half-wave and full-wave rectifier circuits are explained.
Devices part 1
Switchgear and control panels contain electrical disconnects, fuses, and circuit breakers to control, protect, and isolate equipment in power systems. Solid state devices like diodes, thyristors, transistors, and other semiconductors are increasingly used for control and protection over mechanical devices due to greater reliability and speed. Power semiconductor devices must conduct large currents with low losses while blocking high voltages, which is achieved through lightly doped drift layers between heavily doped layers.
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Elect principles 2 three phase systems
Three-phase systems generate and transmit electricity using three coils rotated 120 degrees apart which produces three independent and equal voltage supplies. Electricity is sent across high voltage transmission lines and then stepped down through substations before reaching homes and offices at utilization voltages. Motors are often wired in a delta configuration for efficiency but use a star-delta starter to prevent high starting currents. Total three-phase power can be calculated using the line voltage and current multiplied by the power factor.
Elect principles 2 ac circuits series resonance
1. Resonance occurs when the inductive reactance (XL) equals the capacitive reactance (XC).
2. At resonance, the circuit phase angle is 0° and the effective impedance is just the resistance.
3. Very high currents can exist at resonance in AC power systems, so it should be avoided. However, resonance is used in tuned circuits like radio.
Elect principles 2 filter networks
This document discusses different types of filter circuits: low pass filters pass signals below a cut-off frequency, while high pass filters pass signals above a cut-off frequency. Band pass filters pass signals between two cut-off frequencies, and band stop filters attenuate signals between two cut-off frequencies. A 3-way speaker crossover network can separate bass, midrange, and treble signals from an amplifier to different speakers. The document also provides information on calculating circuit values for different filter configurations and characteristic impedances.
Elect principles 2 three phase systems
Three-phase systems generate and transmit electricity using three coils rotated 120 degrees apart which produces three independent and equal voltage supplies. Electricity is sent across high voltage transmission lines and then stepped down through substations before reaching homes and offices at utilization voltages. Motors are often wired in a delta configuration for efficiency but use a star-delta starter to prevent high starting currents. Total three-phase power can be calculated using the line voltage and current multiplied by the power factor.
Elect principles 2 power in ac circuits
1) In purely resistive AC circuits, the current is in phase with the applied voltage. The power is given by the product of the rms current and voltage.
2) In purely inductive and capacitive circuits, the average power over a cycle is zero as the energy stored during one quarter cycle is returned during the next quarter cycle, so no net power is consumed.
3) Practical inductive circuits contain both inductance and resistance. The power consumed is given by the product of the current and voltage drop across the resistor, which are in phase. This power is known as the "true" power.
Elect principles 2 filter networks
This document discusses different types of filter circuits: low pass, high pass, band pass, and band stop filters. It also describes a 3-way speaker crossover network. Low pass and high pass filters have one pass band and one cut-off frequency. Band pass filters have one pass band between two cut-off frequencies, while band stop filters have two pass bands separated by two cut-off frequencies. The input impedance of a filter, called the characteristic impedance, must match the source.
Elect principles 2 current divider
The current divider principle states that in a parallel circuit, the total current divides up among the branches proportionally to the resistances of each branch. Specifically:
I1 = IT * R2 / (R1 + R2)
I2 = IT * R1 / (R1 + R2)
Where IT is the total current, I1 and I2 are the currents in each branch, and R1 and R2 are the resistances of each branch. This allows simplifying some Ohm's law calculations for parallel circuits with two branches. The principle is only applicable when there are two parallel branches.
Elect principles 2 power factor
Power factor is a measure of how efficiently electrical power is consumed, with an ideal power factor of 1. A power factor less than 1 means extra power is needed to achieve the required task. Power factor is the ratio of true power to apparent power, which is equal to the cosine of the phase angle between current and voltage. Inductive loads have a lagging power factor while capacitive loads have a leading power factor. It is desirable to operate equipment at a high power factor to reduce costs and energy usage.
Elect principles 2 voltage divider
Voltage divider circuits use resistors connected in series to a power supply to generate a range of output voltages. The voltage at the output (VT) is calculated using Ohm's law and depends on the values of the two resistors (R1 and R2) and the supply voltage (E). Under no load conditions, VT equals E*(R2/(R1+R2)). When a load is connected, VT remains approximately the same as long as the load current is much less than the divider current.
Elect principles 2 max power transfer
Maximum power is transferred from a source to a load when their resistances match. This applies to both DC and AC circuits where resistance is replaced by impedance. Using the Thevenin equivalent, maximum power is delivered to a load when its resistance equals the Thevenin resistance.
Elect principles 2 dc transients (inductive)
When an emf is applied to an inductor, the current cannot rise instantly due to the back emf generated by the coil, which opposes the flow of current. As the current rises in an inductance, the back emf causes the rate of rise in current to reduce over time. Similarly, when the source is removed, the energy stored in the magnetic field cannot cause the current to fall immediately to zero due to the self-induced back emf.
Elect principles 2 dc transients (capacitive)
1. When a capacitor is charged by a voltage source through a resistor, the voltage across the capacitor rises exponentially as electrons move into the capacitor plates. The time it takes for the voltage to reach 63% of its final value is called the time constant and equals the product of the capacitor's capacitance and the resistor's resistance.
2. After being charged, if the voltage source is removed and the capacitor discharged through a short circuit, the stored energy will cause a current to flow which decays exponentially over the time constant as the electrons drain from the capacitor plates.
3. The voltage and current values at any time during the charging or discharging process can be calculated using equations that involve the time constant,
Elect principles 2 nortons theorem
Norton's theorem allows replacing a network containing voltage sources with a current source (ISC) in parallel with an internal resistance (RN). It is derived by short-circuiting the terminals to find the short-circuit current (ISC), then calculating the equivalent resistance RN by removing the sources. The Norton equivalent circuit can then be used to analyze the network for any load conditions by applying current division.
Elect principles 2 thevenin theorem
The document discusses the Thevenin theorem which states that any active network with two terminals can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source in series with an internal resistance. The voltage source represents the open circuit voltage between the terminals and the internal resistance represents the equivalent resistance looking into the network with sources replaced by internal resistances. The document provides an example circuit and steps to derive the Thevenin equivalent circuit and determine the terminal voltage and current through a load resistance.
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Components the diode
- 1. The Rectifier Diode The diode will pass electric current in one direction only. It is used in power supplies as a rectifier to convert AC voltages to DC voltages. The diode is the simplest form of semiconductor device used in electronics and is formed using a single P-N junction. conventional current flow Cathode -Anode + NP electron flow
- 2. Simple Rectifier Circuit The simplest rectifier circuit is called the ‘Half-Wave’ rectifier as it only converts one half cycle. Since current passes in one direction only, the negative portion of the waveform is blocked. 0 t + - Vo Vi I D - ac mains supply + Vi Vo dc (unsmoothed) voltage VF
- 3. Rectifier Diode Characteristics The rectifier diode has a low resistance in the forward direction and a very high resistance in the reverse direction. It therefore passes current in one direction only. A diode which is reverse-biased will not pass a significant current, however if the reverse voltage rating is exceeded the diode will break down. This voltage is called the maximum reverse voltage (VRRM ). VF IF (mA) -IR (µA) Forward bias VR 0.4 0.6 Reverse bias breakdown Voltage (VRRM ) silicon germanium
- 4. The Rectifier Diode – Characteristics Activity Silicon Diode (1N4001) Select your components and instruments place them on the breadboard. Connect the components to form the circuit shown using link wire. Set power supply voltage to 15 volts Adjust current from 0 to 20mA in 2mA steps and record your results Germanium diode (OA91) Repeat the above for the germanium diode. R1 470Ω DC POWER SUPPLY 15V VR1 1kΩ VF Multi-meter set to volts (2V) + + IF Objective: To measure and compare the characteristics of a silicon and germanium rectifier diode. R1 470Ω+ - TEST DIODE Multi-meter set to current (100mA)
- 5. The Rectifier Diode – Characteristics Activity Breadboard layout and Connections Select your components and instruments place them on the breadboard as shown and connect the test instruments. Ammeter IF -+Voltmeter VF + - DC Power Supply + 15v R1 470Ω VR1 1kΩ - TEST DIODE
- 6. The Zener Diode The Zener diode is a silicon junction diode designed to operate in the reverse conduction mode and provide a stable voltage across its terminals. It is used to provide a reference voltage in comparator circuits, power supply circuits and constant current sources. It can also be used to provide a regulated supply to a load but has limitations where the load can change. conventional current flow Cathode +Anode -
- 7. Zener Diode Applications The zener diode provides a stable voltage (VZ) from a varying source voltage (VI). Circuit analysis ILOAD IZ R + - + - VZ IT VI VR IT = IZ + IL amps ohmsR = VI - VZ IT VR = VI - VZ volts R + - + - Regulated (Fixed) output voltage, (VO ) Unregulated input voltage (VI ) Typical application
- 8. Zener Diode Characteristics The zener diode will pass electric current in both directions, however it is usually operated in the reverse bias mode. Its resistance is high in the ‘reverse’ direction until the zener breakdown voltage (VZ ) is reached. At this point the diode conducts as its resistance becomes very low, maintaining a constant voltage across its terminals. VF IF (mA) -IR (mA) Forward bias VR 0.6V Reverse bias Zener breakdown Voltage (VZ ) Breakdown current (IZ )
- 9. Diode Types and Markings Diode types range from small signal glass and general purpose ceramic to high current stud mounted. Applications include power supply rectifiers, protection and detector circuits for radio tuning. Diodes are identified using an alphanumeric code and the cathode is identified by a bar. Package styles range from miniature glass bead to large metal stud. Stud mounted styles print the diode symbol orientated to identify the polarity. 1 watt rectifier diode 30 watt rectifier diode Germanium signal diode
- 10. The PN Junction A p-n junction is a piece of semiconductor material in which part of the material is p-type and part n-type. At the junction donated electrons called majority carriers diffuse into the p-type material and the acceptor holes diffuse into the n-type material The area in the region of the junction becomes depleted of holes and electrons due to re-combination and is called the depletion layer. Impurity atoms (fixed) p - type material n - type material Holes (mobile carriers) Electrons (mobile carriers) Electrons (negative charge carriers) Holes (positive charge carriers) Depletion layer