Transposition and modulation are translation techniques that involve changing the grammar or perspective between the source and target languages. Transposition refers to changes in parts of speech or grammatical structures, such as a singular noun becoming plural. Modulation changes the point of view allowing the same concept to be expressed differently, like using a double negative instead of a positive. There are standardized examples of common transpositions from English to Spanish, such as adverb + adjective becoming adverb + adjective. Recognized translation refers to using official or accepted terms for institutions, while translation labels are provisional translations for culture-specific concepts.

1. SHIFT OR
TRANSPOSITION
A shift (Catford) or transposition (Vinay
and Darbelnet) involves a change in the
grammar/part of speech from SL to TL.
There's a reason for life! it could be translated as:
¡Hay una razón para la vida! However, the correct
translation is ¡Hay una razón para vivir!

2. Transposition
The change from singular to plural, eg:
“Furniture” → “Muebles”
→ «des meubles»
this word in English is uncountable and
singular, in Spanish and French becomes a
plural word.

3. When an SL grammmatical structure does
not exist in TL
“Working with...” → “Trabajar...”
“El trabajo..."
"Lo importante es" → "What's..."
"The important thing..."
"It's important“
"The important of the matter..."

4. Where literal translation is grammatically possible
but may not accord with natural usage in TL.
He will soon return → Volverá pronto
Volvera en breve
Pronto volvera
Transposition, here, offers translators a plenty of
possible versions.
There are a number of transpositions standardized
English to Spanish worth noting that although all
have more than one translation.

5. • 1. adverb + adjective → adverb + adjective.
Ejemplo: Exceptionally large: "de una importancia excepcional".
2. Preposition → construcción preposicional.
Ejemplo: After: "después de".
3. Adverbial phrase → construcción adverbial.
Ejemplo: Gruffly: "de manera brusca".
4. noun + noun → noun + adjective of sustance.
Ejemplo: Nerve cell: "célula nerviosa".
5. Verb of description + preposition → verb of motion+ gerund (Vinay y Darbelnet la
llaman criss-cross)
Ejemplo: He crawled to the window: "ganó la ventana gateando".
6. empty verb+ verb-noun → verb.
Ejemplo: He gave a laugh: "el se rió".
7. Nombre + preposición + nombre → nombre + participio pasado o subordinada adjetiva
+ nombre.
Ejemplos: The plot against him: "el complot urdido contra él",
The tower on the hill: "la torre que se erguía en la colina".
8. - Oración subordinada o sintagma adverbial → construcción de participio
Ejemplo: when the time comes (at the right time) I'll be ready: "Llegado el momento
estaré listo".

6. The replacement of a virtual lexical gap by a
grammatical structure.
A la salida del teatro → "As we came out of
the theatre"

7. MODULATION
"a change in point of view that allows us
to express the same phenomenon in a
different way."
La expresion es fácil de entender (it is easy to
understand), no es complicado de entender (it is not
complicated to understand)

8. modulation
Positive for double negative (or double
negative for positive) is a concrete
translation procedure which can be applied
in principle to any action (verb) or quality
(adjective or adverb):
Don’t delay: “Date prisa”
Get this straight: “No te quepa duda”
He’s extremely intelligent: “No tiene nada
de tonto”

9. ‘Part of the whole’ is rather
misleadingly described; it consist of
what we call familiar alternatives.
“la ciudad Condal” (Barcelona).
Valle de las hamacas (San Salvador)

10. The other modulation procedures:
1. Abstract for concrete:
Sit by the fire: "Sentarse junto a la chimenea".
2. cause for effect:
You’re quite a stranger: “No se te ve el pelo”
3. one part for another:
From cover to cover: “Desde la primera hasta la última página”
4. reversal of terms:
Health insurance: “Seguro de enfermedad”
5. active for passive: It is necessarily performed when a language has not
passive.
6. Space for Time:
As this is itself (Space) presented a difference: “Como eso presentaba ya
(tiempo) una dificultad”.
7. Intervalos y límites.
8. Cambio de símbolos.

11. RECOGNIZED
TRANSLATION
You should use the official or the generally
accepted translation of any institutional
terms (or other) (e.g., international
organizations).

12. TRANSLATION
LABEL
Translation Label: an approximate
equivalent or a new term that is usually a
collocation for a feature particular to the
SL culture. This is a provisional translation,
which should be made in inverted commas.
It can later be discreetly withdrawn.