2. It is a word-for-word translation
Examples: El equipo está trabajando para terminar el informe, it is
translated into English as The team is working to finish the report.
El equipo experimentado está trabajando para terminar el informe, it
is translated into English as The experienced team is working to
finish the report.
3. It consists of using a phrase that is different in the source and target
languages to convey the same idea.
Examples:
Te lo dejo means literally I leave it to you but it is translated better as You
can have it.
The expressions es fácil de entender (it is easy to understand) and no es
complicado de entender (it is not complicated to understand) are examples
of modulation.
Although both convey the same meaning, it is easy to understand simply
conveys "easiness" whereas it is not complicated to understand implies a
previous assumption of difficulty
4. It consists of the replacement of a word class by another word
class without changing the meaning.
Examples: "She likes swimming" translates as "Le gusta
nadar" (not "nadando").
Reconstruction of the city is very important, Reconstructing
the city is very important
5. It is a special kind of borrowing where a language
borrows a word or an expression from another
language and translates literally each of its elements.
Examples:
Football - fútbol
You are intelligent enough to realize that - you are
intelligent and can realize that
6. It is used to render expressions using different stylistic
and structural methods. Most equivalences are fixed and
include idioms, clichés and proverbs.
Example: Stop splitting hairs, stop looking for five legs in
a cat
7. It borrows from the source language a term or concept to
overcome a lacuna in the target language or to create a
stylistic effect. English also borrows numerous words
from other languages;
café, passé and résumé from French; hamburger and
kindergarten from German; and sugar from Sanskrit.
8. Here you have to express something in a completely
different way, for example when translating idioms or
advertising slogans. The process is creative, but not
always easy. Would you have translated the movie
Sonrisas y lágrimas (Smiles and Tears)?
