Vinay & Darbelnet
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The document discusses various translation techniques including: borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation. It provides examples of each technique applied to common words and phrases translated between Spanish and English. The techniques aim to replicate the intended meaning and situation from the original language using different wording suited for the target language and culture.
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Semantics
Semantics is the study of meanings of words, phrases and sentences. It involves analyzing conceptual meanings, which are the basic components of a word's meaning, and associative meanings, which are connotations attached to a word. Semantics also examines how words fulfill roles like agent, theme, and experiencer within sentences, and lexical relations between words such as synonyms, antonyms, and polysemy.
Applied linguistics
Applied linguistics is the interdisciplinary study of language and its applications in real world contexts. It draws on linguistic theories and research to solve practical language-related problems. Key areas include second language acquisition, teaching methodology, testing, and the relationships between language and society, technology, and other fields. Throughout the 20th century, applied linguistics influenced the development of language teaching methods, shifting the focus from grammar translation to more communicative, meaning-based approaches grounded in theories of language acquisition and use.
Catford and Translation Shifts.pptx
Catford defines translation as the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). A Formal Correspondence is any TL category which may be said to occupy the same place in the economy of TL as the given SL category occupies in the SL.
A Textual Equivalent is any TL text or portion of text which is to be equivalent of a given SL text or portion of text.The small linguistic changes that occur between ST and TT are known as translation shifts.A level shit would be something which is expressed by grammar in one language and lexis in another.These shifts are from one part of speech to another.
When a SL item is translated with TL item which belongs to a different class. A verb may be translated as a noun.
Stylistics
This document provides an introduction to stylistics as a branch of linguistics. It defines key concepts such as style, defines stylistics as the scientific study of styles of language use, and outlines the main levels of linguistic description used in stylistic analysis such as phonology, lexis, syntax and semantics. It also discusses the scope of stylistics in literary versus general texts and its development over time.
Word for word_translation
The document discusses word for word translation, which translates each source language word directly into the target language without considering context, grammar, or idioms. Word for word translation can result in phrases that are out of context or do not make sense. While it does not account for grammar, word for word translation can still serve as a translation aid by translating individual words. Examples are provided to illustrate translating word for word between Spanish and English.
Deixis
This document discusses deixis, which refers to words or phrases that depend on context for their meaning. It covers three main types of deixis: person deixis, which points to speakers and addressees; place deixis, which indicates locations; and time deixis, which refers to times. For each type, it provides examples and discusses related concepts like proximal and distal terms, vocatives, calendrical vs. non-calendrical time references, and how deixis depends on the deictic center of the speaker. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of understanding deixis to avoid misunderstandings in communication.
Pidgins creoles - sociolinguistics
This document provides an overview of pidgins and creoles. It defines pidgins as contact languages that arise between distinct linguistic groups for communication, featuring reduced grammar and vocabulary. Creoles develop from pidgins when a new generation acquires the contact language as its native tongue, expanding its structure. The document outlines the processes of pidginization and creolization, and notes that creoles may decreolize over time to resemble the standard language. It provides examples of pidgins and creoles, and a model of their life cycle from jargon to creole and possible convergence with the standard form.
History of translstudies
1. Translation studies developed as an academic discipline since the 1970s, drawing from fields like linguistics, comparative literature, and cultural studies.
2. Early work focused on contrastive analysis and equivalence, while recent approaches examine translation as a communicative act within sociocultural contexts.
3. Current theories address issues like text types, skopos, descriptive approaches, the literary polysystem, cultural studies perspectives, and the relationship between theory and practice in the field.
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Catford and Translation Shifts.pptx
Catford defines translation as the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). A Formal Correspondence is any TL category which may be said to occupy the same place in the economy of TL as the given SL category occupies in the SL.
A Textual Equivalent is any TL text or portion of text which is to be equivalent of a given SL text or portion of text.The small linguistic changes that occur between ST and TT are known as translation shifts.A level shit would be something which is expressed by grammar in one language and lexis in another.These shifts are from one part of speech to another.
When a SL item is translated with TL item which belongs to a different class. A verb may be translated as a noun.
Stylistics
This document provides an introduction to stylistics as a branch of linguistics. It defines key concepts such as style, defines stylistics as the scientific study of styles of language use, and outlines the main levels of linguistic description used in stylistic analysis such as phonology, lexis, syntax and semantics. It also discusses the scope of stylistics in literary versus general texts and its development over time.
Word for word_translation
The document discusses word for word translation, which translates each source language word directly into the target language without considering context, grammar, or idioms. Word for word translation can result in phrases that are out of context or do not make sense. While it does not account for grammar, word for word translation can still serve as a translation aid by translating individual words. Examples are provided to illustrate translating word for word between Spanish and English.
Deixis
This document discusses deixis, which refers to words or phrases that depend on context for their meaning. It covers three main types of deixis: person deixis, which points to speakers and addressees; place deixis, which indicates locations; and time deixis, which refers to times. For each type, it provides examples and discusses related concepts like proximal and distal terms, vocatives, calendrical vs. non-calendrical time references, and how deixis depends on the deictic center of the speaker. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of understanding deixis to avoid misunderstandings in communication.
Pidgins creoles - sociolinguistics
This document provides an overview of pidgins and creoles. It defines pidgins as contact languages that arise between distinct linguistic groups for communication, featuring reduced grammar and vocabulary. Creoles develop from pidgins when a new generation acquires the contact language as its native tongue, expanding its structure. The document outlines the processes of pidginization and creolization, and notes that creoles may decreolize over time to resemble the standard language. It provides examples of pidgins and creoles, and a model of their life cycle from jargon to creole and possible convergence with the standard form.
History of translstudies
1. Translation studies developed as an academic discipline since the 1970s, drawing from fields like linguistics, comparative literature, and cultural studies.
2. Early work focused on contrastive analysis and equivalence, while recent approaches examine translation as a communicative act within sociocultural contexts.
3. Current theories address issues like text types, skopos, descriptive approaches, the literary polysystem, cultural studies perspectives, and the relationship between theory and practice in the field.
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I am a lecturer in English at Khawaja Fared Govt. College Rahim Yar Khan. Here is my humble effort to discuss Diglossia.
Deixis
Deixis refers to linguistic expressions that can only be interpreted based on contextual information like who is speaking, their location, or the time. There are several types of deixis:
1. Person deixis refers to pronouns like I, you, he, she that indicate speakers and addressees.
2. Place or spatial deixis uses words like here, there, this, that to indicate locations relative to the speaker.
3. Time or temporal deixis includes words like now, then, tomorrow to reference times in relation to the moment of speaking.
4. Other types include discourse deixis which references elements within a conversation or text, and social deixis which reflects social relationships
Equivalencein translation
This document discusses concepts of equivalence and similarity in translation. It begins by defining equivalence and similarity, noting that similarity is not necessarily symmetrical, reversible, or transitive. It then examines approaches to equivalence in translation theory, including the equative view, taxonomic view, and relativist view which rejects equivalence as an identity assumption. Models of equivalence proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet, Jakobson, and Nida are outlined, noting tensions between formal correspondence and dynamic equivalence. The document emphasizes that equivalence is a complex concept that depends on context and perspective.
Vinay and Darblernet's Model of Translation.ppt
Since 1950s there has been a wide variety of linguistics approaches to the analysis of translation that has proposed a detailed list of taxonomies to categories the translation process.
The book has presented a small number of best known and most representative models.
Vinay and Darblenet’s taxonomy in Stylistique
Catford’s linguitics approach.
They carried out comparative stylistics analysis of English-French.
Noted the differences between the languages and noted the strategies and procedures in translation.
Vinay and Darblenet’s
Two main strategies are
Direct and Oblique translation also known as Literal vs. Free translation.
The two comprised of seven out of which Direct covers three .Borrowing.
The SL word is transferred directly to the TL.
Word originated in one language is also used in another language.
Reasons:
Sometimes borrowings are employed to add local colour (pétanque, armagnac and bastide in a tourist brochure about south west France, for instance)
No existing word or concept in the target language.
Examples:
Internet, Jalebi, Piano etc.
Also known as loan translation.
Alternative of borrowing.
Phrase borrowed from another language and literally translated from word for word. 4. Transposition.
This is a change of one part of speech for another without changing the sense
Operates at grammatical level.
Replacement of word class by another word class without changing the meaning.
Within the same language:
Reconstruction of the city is very important.
Reconstructing the city is very important.
To reconstruct the city is very important.
In different language.
He writes neatly وہ صفا ي سے لکھتا ہے۔ (Adjective صفا ي is converted into Adverb neatly).
This changes the semantics and point of view of the SL
tries to maintain naturalness by using various form the message done by changing the point of view
chosen when translators find that literal translation would result in awkward or unnatural translation. Vinay and Darblenet regarded modulation as “the touchstone of a good translator” whereas transposition ‘simply shows a very good command of the target language
This involves changing the cultural reference when a situation in the source culture does not exist in the target culture.
Adaptations, also known as “Free Translations” are when the translator substitutes cultural realities or scenarios for which there is no reference in the target language.
Code Switching & Codee Mixing
This document discusses code switching and borrowing in sociolinguistics. It defines code switching as using more than one language or variety within an utterance. There are three types of code switching: inter-sentential, intra-sentential, and extra-sentential. Code switching serves directive, expressive, referential, phatic, metlinguistic, and poetic functions. Borrowing occurs when a word is adopted from another language and naturalized. There are direct and core types of borrowing. Social factors that influence code switching and borrowing include situation, participant attitudes, topics, quoting others, group identity, and lexical need.
Eugine Nida
This document discusses different linguistic theories of translation, including Eugene Nida's theory that translation should focus on faithfully conveying what the author intended to say. It also discusses the variety of translation theories that have emerged due to the many perspectives translation can be viewed from, such as differences in languages, cultures, intended uses of translations, and communication circumstances. The document outlines philological, linguistic, communicative, and sociosemiotic perspectives on translation and notes there is no single full theory of translation due to it being a complex technology dependent on many disciplines.
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This document discusses the concept of diglossia, which refers to a situation where two varieties of the same language exist side by side within a speech community. It introduces diglossia and defines it as a stable language situation where a community uses a primary dialect as well as a divergent, codified superposed variety used for formal purposes like education, writing, and official spoken contexts. It then discusses different aspects of diglossia, including the functions of high vs low varieties, prestige and acquisition of the varieties, standardization efforts, differences in grammar, lexicon, and phonology between varieties. The document concludes that in diglossia, no one speaks the high variety as a mother tongue.
Reasons of Borrowing in language
This document discusses borrowing in language and presents reasons for why languages borrow words from other languages. It defines borrowing as when a word is taken from one language and used in another. There are several reasons for borrowing, including need, when a language lacks a term for a new concept; cultural mastery, when an invading culture influences another's language; lack of equivalent translation; to show social status when elite classes use prestigious foreign words; and conversations between multilingual speakers which can introduce new borrowed words. Borrowing helps keep languages alive by integrating useful terms from other languages.
Ethnography of speaking and structure of conversation
Here are the 7 factors of a speech event based on the document:
1. Speaker - Samira Hashimzadeh (the author)
2. Hearer - The intended audience of the document
3. Message - Information about the ethnography of speaking and structure of conversation
4. Topic - Linguistic analysis of speech acts and conversational exchanges
5. Channel - Written document
6. Setting - University coursework
7. Code - Academic language
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This document provides an overview of the history and development of translation studies as an academic discipline. It notes that while translation has long been practiced, translation studies emerged as a formal discipline in the 1950s and 1960s. Early work focused on contrastive analysis and linguistic approaches to translation. The field has rapidly expanded since the 1990s, with numerous university courses, conferences, journals, and books focused on translation studies. It is now recognized as an independent, multidisciplinary academic field encompassing various theoretical and practical approaches to written translation.
Regional variation
This document discusses various linguistic concepts related to regional variation and dialects, including:
1) Regional dialects arise from variations in language associated with different places, and are an easy way to observe language variety.
2) Over time and distance, dialects can diverge and become unintelligible to one another, as seen with the evolution of Latin into the distinct languages of French, Spanish, and Italian.
3) Dialect atlases aim to map the geographical boundaries of linguistic features using lines called isoglosses, showing where different pronunciations, words, or syntactic features are used on either side.
4) Bundles of intersecting isoglosses often delineate clear dialect boundaries between regions.
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This document discusses national and official languages, providing examples from different countries. It defines a national language as the language of a political, cultural, and social unit that symbolizes national unity, while an official language is simply used for government business. Some countries have multiple official languages but one dominant national language. Developing a national language involves selecting a variety, standardizing its structure through codification, extending its functions through elaboration, and securing its acceptance among the population through prestige planning. Linguists often play an important role in the standardization and codification of national languages.
Code Switching
Code switching refers to alternating between two or more languages or language varieties in conversation. It occurs when speakers switch between languages to quote someone, give emphasis, or establish group membership. There are general rules that govern when and where code switching can occur within sentences based on matching grammar points between languages or determining the dominant language frame. While code switching demonstrates language proficiency, some communities view frequent code switching negatively.
Stylistics and Branches in stylistics
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This document provides definitions and information about pidgins and creoles. It discusses how pidgins are contact languages with no native speakers, while creoles develop from pidgins and become the first language of a new generation. It describes the typical characteristics of pidgin and creole languages, including reduced phonology, morphology, and syntax compared to related standard languages. The document also discusses theories about the origins and development of pidgin and creole languages.
Lexical Relations By Nasir
The document discusses different types of lexical (word) relations:
1. Synonymy - Words with closely related meanings that can often be substituted, like "broad" and "wide". Not all synonyms have total sameness of meaning.
2. Antonymy - Words with opposite meanings, divided into gradable (e.g. "big"/"small") and non-gradable (e.g. "alive"/"dead") pairs.
3. Hyponymy - A hierarchical relationship where the meaning of one word is included in the meaning of another more general word, like "daffodil" is a type of "flower".
Translation and politics 1
This document discusses translation and politics, specifically the linguistic strategies used in political discourse. It is assumed that a source text exists and certain features are transferred to the target text. Politics involves the distribution of power and governing. Political rhetoric aims to persuade through speech or writing on political themes. Language can influence power relationships. Euphemisms and dyseuphemisms are weighted words used for political purposes, such as referring to relationships, races, or genders. The document examines examples of persuasive or loaded language used in political contexts.
Language change
Language change is studied by both historical linguists and sociolinguists. It occurs over time through various processes including: incremental changes that become standard, decremental changes when words are less used, and replacement of words or structures. Changes happen at different linguistic levels and for various social reasons, such as imperfect learning by children, laziness leading to shortening of words, and differences between gender speech.
translation theories
The document provides an introduction to a translation studies project analyzing Ernest Hemingway's novel A Farewell to Arms translated into Urdu as Widaa-e-Jang by Ashfaq Ahmad. It discusses the source text by Hemingway, introduces the translator Ashfaq Ahmad and his translation, presents the hypothesis and reviews relevant translation theories that will be applied in the analysis, including those of Nida and Taber, Jakobson, and Vinay and Darbelnet.
Translation techniques presentation
The document discusses various technical components of the translation process. It describes translation as involving interpreting the source text, applying skills to render the meaning in the target language, and re-expressing that meaning. The document outlines different options for translation, including direct/literal translation and oblique translation. It also distinguishes between factual knowledge of languages and procedural knowledge of translation techniques.
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I am a lecturer in English at Khawaja Fared Govt. College Rahim Yar Khan. Here is my humble effort to discuss Diglossia.
Deixis
Deixis refers to linguistic expressions that can only be interpreted based on contextual information like who is speaking, their location, or the time. There are several types of deixis:
1. Person deixis refers to pronouns like I, you, he, she that indicate speakers and addressees.
2. Place or spatial deixis uses words like here, there, this, that to indicate locations relative to the speaker.
3. Time or temporal deixis includes words like now, then, tomorrow to reference times in relation to the moment of speaking.
4. Other types include discourse deixis which references elements within a conversation or text, and social deixis which reflects social relationships
Equivalencein translation
This document discusses concepts of equivalence and similarity in translation. It begins by defining equivalence and similarity, noting that similarity is not necessarily symmetrical, reversible, or transitive. It then examines approaches to equivalence in translation theory, including the equative view, taxonomic view, and relativist view which rejects equivalence as an identity assumption. Models of equivalence proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet, Jakobson, and Nida are outlined, noting tensions between formal correspondence and dynamic equivalence. The document emphasizes that equivalence is a complex concept that depends on context and perspective.
Vinay and Darblernet's Model of Translation.ppt
Since 1950s there has been a wide variety of linguistics approaches to the analysis of translation that has proposed a detailed list of taxonomies to categories the translation process.
The book has presented a small number of best known and most representative models.
Vinay and Darblenet’s taxonomy in Stylistique
Catford’s linguitics approach.
They carried out comparative stylistics analysis of English-French.
Noted the differences between the languages and noted the strategies and procedures in translation.
Vinay and Darblenet’s
Two main strategies are
Direct and Oblique translation also known as Literal vs. Free translation.
The two comprised of seven out of which Direct covers three .Borrowing.
The SL word is transferred directly to the TL.
Word originated in one language is also used in another language.
Reasons:
Sometimes borrowings are employed to add local colour (pétanque, armagnac and bastide in a tourist brochure about south west France, for instance)
No existing word or concept in the target language.
Examples:
Internet, Jalebi, Piano etc.
Also known as loan translation.
Alternative of borrowing.
Phrase borrowed from another language and literally translated from word for word. 4. Transposition.
This is a change of one part of speech for another without changing the sense
Operates at grammatical level.
Replacement of word class by another word class without changing the meaning.
Within the same language:
Reconstruction of the city is very important.
Reconstructing the city is very important.
To reconstruct the city is very important.
In different language.
He writes neatly وہ صفا ي سے لکھتا ہے۔ (Adjective صفا ي is converted into Adverb neatly).
This changes the semantics and point of view of the SL
tries to maintain naturalness by using various form the message done by changing the point of view
chosen when translators find that literal translation would result in awkward or unnatural translation. Vinay and Darblenet regarded modulation as “the touchstone of a good translator” whereas transposition ‘simply shows a very good command of the target language
This involves changing the cultural reference when a situation in the source culture does not exist in the target culture.
Adaptations, also known as “Free Translations” are when the translator substitutes cultural realities or scenarios for which there is no reference in the target language.
Code Switching & Codee Mixing
This document discusses code switching and borrowing in sociolinguistics. It defines code switching as using more than one language or variety within an utterance. There are three types of code switching: inter-sentential, intra-sentential, and extra-sentential. Code switching serves directive, expressive, referential, phatic, metlinguistic, and poetic functions. Borrowing occurs when a word is adopted from another language and naturalized. There are direct and core types of borrowing. Social factors that influence code switching and borrowing include situation, participant attitudes, topics, quoting others, group identity, and lexical need.
Eugine Nida
This document discusses different linguistic theories of translation, including Eugene Nida's theory that translation should focus on faithfully conveying what the author intended to say. It also discusses the variety of translation theories that have emerged due to the many perspectives translation can be viewed from, such as differences in languages, cultures, intended uses of translations, and communication circumstances. The document outlines philological, linguistic, communicative, and sociosemiotic perspectives on translation and notes there is no single full theory of translation due to it being a complex technology dependent on many disciplines.
The role of translation in globalization
Communication Legal Translation presents you the role of translation in globalization. For more information visit https://communicationdubai.com
Diglossia
This document discusses the concept of diglossia, which refers to a situation where two varieties of the same language exist side by side within a speech community. It introduces diglossia and defines it as a stable language situation where a community uses a primary dialect as well as a divergent, codified superposed variety used for formal purposes like education, writing, and official spoken contexts. It then discusses different aspects of diglossia, including the functions of high vs low varieties, prestige and acquisition of the varieties, standardization efforts, differences in grammar, lexicon, and phonology between varieties. The document concludes that in diglossia, no one speaks the high variety as a mother tongue.
Reasons of Borrowing in language
This document discusses borrowing in language and presents reasons for why languages borrow words from other languages. It defines borrowing as when a word is taken from one language and used in another. There are several reasons for borrowing, including need, when a language lacks a term for a new concept; cultural mastery, when an invading culture influences another's language; lack of equivalent translation; to show social status when elite classes use prestigious foreign words; and conversations between multilingual speakers which can introduce new borrowed words. Borrowing helps keep languages alive by integrating useful terms from other languages.
Ethnography of speaking and structure of conversation
Here are the 7 factors of a speech event based on the document:
1. Speaker - Samira Hashimzadeh (the author)
2. Hearer - The intended audience of the document
3. Message - Information about the ethnography of speaking and structure of conversation
4. Topic - Linguistic analysis of speech acts and conversational exchanges
5. Channel - Written document
6. Setting - University coursework
7. Code - Academic language
translation
This document provides an overview of the history and development of translation studies as an academic discipline. It notes that while translation has long been practiced, translation studies emerged as a formal discipline in the 1950s and 1960s. Early work focused on contrastive analysis and linguistic approaches to translation. The field has rapidly expanded since the 1990s, with numerous university courses, conferences, journals, and books focused on translation studies. It is now recognized as an independent, multidisciplinary academic field encompassing various theoretical and practical approaches to written translation.
Regional variation
This document discusses various linguistic concepts related to regional variation and dialects, including:
1) Regional dialects arise from variations in language associated with different places, and are an easy way to observe language variety.
2) Over time and distance, dialects can diverge and become unintelligible to one another, as seen with the evolution of Latin into the distinct languages of French, Spanish, and Italian.
3) Dialect atlases aim to map the geographical boundaries of linguistic features using lines called isoglosses, showing where different pronunciations, words, or syntactic features are used on either side.
4) Bundles of intersecting isoglosses often delineate clear dialect boundaries between regions.
Sociolinguistics
This document provides an overview of sociolinguistics, defining it as the study of language in relation to society. It discusses key concepts like speech communities, prestige varieties, and language contact. The main representatives discussed are William Labov and Basil Bernstein. Methodologies introduced by Labov are also summarized, including the use of minimal pairs, word lists, and interviews to study language variation. The document emphasizes the importance of sociolinguistics for understanding language variations and its relevance for teaching foreign languages.
Chapter 5.sociolinguisitcs
This document discusses national and official languages, providing examples from different countries. It defines a national language as the language of a political, cultural, and social unit that symbolizes national unity, while an official language is simply used for government business. Some countries have multiple official languages but one dominant national language. Developing a national language involves selecting a variety, standardizing its structure through codification, extending its functions through elaboration, and securing its acceptance among the population through prestige planning. Linguists often play an important role in the standardization and codification of national languages.
Code Switching
Code switching refers to alternating between two or more languages or language varieties in conversation. It occurs when speakers switch between languages to quote someone, give emphasis, or establish group membership. There are general rules that govern when and where code switching can occur within sentences based on matching grammar points between languages or determining the dominant language frame. While code switching demonstrates language proficiency, some communities view frequent code switching negatively.
Stylistics and Branches in stylistics
Stylistics is a branch of applied linguistics that studies style in texts, especially literary works. It examines language use at the individual and social level. Stylistics has many branches including cognitive, corpus, critical, emotion, feminist, film, formalist, functionalist, historical, multimodal, pedagogical, and pragmatic stylistics that each analyze language through different approaches and contexts.
Pidgins and creoles
This document provides definitions and information about pidgins and creoles. It discusses how pidgins are contact languages with no native speakers, while creoles develop from pidgins and become the first language of a new generation. It describes the typical characteristics of pidgin and creole languages, including reduced phonology, morphology, and syntax compared to related standard languages. The document also discusses theories about the origins and development of pidgin and creole languages.
Lexical Relations By Nasir
The document discusses different types of lexical (word) relations:
1. Synonymy - Words with closely related meanings that can often be substituted, like "broad" and "wide". Not all synonyms have total sameness of meaning.
2. Antonymy - Words with opposite meanings, divided into gradable (e.g. "big"/"small") and non-gradable (e.g. "alive"/"dead") pairs.
3. Hyponymy - A hierarchical relationship where the meaning of one word is included in the meaning of another more general word, like "daffodil" is a type of "flower".
Translation and politics 1
This document discusses translation and politics, specifically the linguistic strategies used in political discourse. It is assumed that a source text exists and certain features are transferred to the target text. Politics involves the distribution of power and governing. Political rhetoric aims to persuade through speech or writing on political themes. Language can influence power relationships. Euphemisms and dyseuphemisms are weighted words used for political purposes, such as referring to relationships, races, or genders. The document examines examples of persuasive or loaded language used in political contexts.
Language change
Language change is studied by both historical linguists and sociolinguists. It occurs over time through various processes including: incremental changes that become standard, decremental changes when words are less used, and replacement of words or structures. Changes happen at different linguistic levels and for various social reasons, such as imperfect learning by children, laziness leading to shortening of words, and differences between gender speech.
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The document provides an introduction to a translation studies project analyzing Ernest Hemingway's novel A Farewell to Arms translated into Urdu as Widaa-e-Jang by Ashfaq Ahmad. It discusses the source text by Hemingway, introduces the translator Ashfaq Ahmad and his translation, presents the hypothesis and reviews relevant translation theories that will be applied in the analysis, including those of Nida and Taber, Jakobson, and Vinay and Darbelnet.
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The document discusses various technical components of the translation process. It describes translation as involving interpreting the source text, applying skills to render the meaning in the target language, and re-expressing that meaning. The document outlines different options for translation, including direct/literal translation and oblique translation. It also distinguishes between factual knowledge of languages and procedural knowledge of translation techniques.
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The document defines and describes various types of translation including:
- Oral and written translation which can be done consecutively or simultaneously
- Computer-assisted translation which uses computer programs to aid the human translation process
- Machine translation which uses computer programs to translate without human intervention
It also discusses different types of translation based on factors like the unit, aim, tasks/objectives, and number of translators involved. Some translation types discussed include: literal, idiomatic, committee, common language, dynamic, and thought-for-thought translations.
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This document discusses theories and concepts about translation in the new century. It covers translation as a human activity that enables idea exchange across languages. Translation involves aspects of philosophy, linguistics, psychology and sociology. It is viewed as both an art and a science requiring language structure knowledge and artistic skill. The possibility and challenges of translation are examined, especially between written vs oral cultures. Criteria for a good translation include conveying ideas, structure, culture and being easily understood while preserving literary subtleties. Knowledge of source language grammar and vocabulary is important.
Marvinpp
This is the powerpoint that I created for explaining briefly what my research seminar's project is about. Hope you like it!
Methods Of Translation
There are eight types of translation: word-for-word, literal, faithful, semantic, adaptive, free, idiomatic, and communicative. Word-for-word translation maintains the source language word order and translates words based on their most common meanings. Faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original while preserving grammatical and lexical deviations. Communicative translation renders the exact contextual meaning in a way that is readily acceptable and comprehensible to the target readership.
Trasnlation shift
The document discusses various theories and models of translation shifts. It describes Vinay and Darbelnet's model which identifies two translation strategies - direct translation and oblique translation. It also discusses Catford's theory of level and category shifts. Additionally, it summarizes Van Leuven-Zwart's comparative and descriptive model of translation shifts which examines shifts at the micro and macro levels. The document provides details on different translation techniques like transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation.
catford
J.C. Ian Catford was a Scottish linguist born in 1917 who studied translation. He defined translation as substituting text in one language for an equivalent text in another language. Catford viewed translation as unidirectional, from the source language to the target language. He examined issues like extent, meaning, language levels, and finding equivalents in the target language. Catford differentiated between full translation, where every part of the source text is replaced, and partial translation, where some parts may be left untranslated.
Translation theory
1. The document discusses the need to study the translation process systematically rather than focusing only on models and diagrams.
2. It argues that understanding the cognitive process translators undergo when translating a text is important for improving translation skills.
3. Several experts are quoted warning that current understanding of the brain and memory is insufficient to fully describe the translation process, and that both descriptive and inductive approaches are needed.
Catford Translation Theory
The document discusses key concepts from J.C. Catford's theory of translation, including definitions of translation, levels of translation, and categories of linguistic analysis that are applicable to translation. It defines translation as replacing textual material in one language with equivalent material in another. It outlines Catford's categories of linguistic analysis including unit, structure, class, and system. It also discusses ranks in grammar from morpheme to sentence and types of translation according to extent, level, and rank.
Translation Strategies, by Dr. Shadia Y. Banjar
The document discusses translation strategies and methods. It begins by explaining the analytical and transfer phases of translation. The goal of translation is to achieve equivalent effect, where the target text has the same impact on its readers as the source text had on its readers. Global translation strategies refer to the overall approach taken, focusing more on retaining source text features or adapting for the target language/audience. Local strategies are applied to individual expressions and include direct translation techniques as well as indirect techniques involving shifts, equivalents, and other procedures.
Translation methods
This document discusses different techniques for translation between languages. It identifies eight main types of translation, from word-for-word to communicative translation. Literal translation maintains the source language word order but translates individual words, while faithful translation converts grammar but aims to fully preserve meaning. Semantic and adaptive translation are more flexible while still aiming to convey the original meaning. Idiomatic and free translation focus more on the target language readership and culture.
Eugene nida presentation
Eugene Nida was a pioneering American linguist born in 1914 in Oklahoma who specialized in Bible translation. Over his career, he authored several influential books on translation theory and practice and advocated an approach called "dynamic equivalence" or "functional equivalence" that prioritized accurately communicating the meaning of the original text over literal word-for-word translation. Nida retired in 1980 but continued lecturing until his death in 2011 at age 96 in Brussels, Belgium.
Translation Monograph
This document discusses translation, including its definition, importance, and techniques. Translation is defined as relaying communication across cultural and linguistic boundaries. It has been a crucial tool for understanding and cooperation between cultures throughout human development. A good translation is easily understood, idiomatic, distinguishes metaphor and literal meanings, makes implicit meanings explicit, and is fluent. Techniques for translation include direct translation, literal translation, borrowing, calque, and adaptation. Challenges to accurate translation include understanding technical concepts and words without related expertise, so additional resources and expert guidance may be needed. Suggested resources include literature on translation theories, dictionaries, encyclopedias, and prior translation works.
translation Animal Farm according to Viney and Darbelnet theory
This document provides an overview of a thesis analyzing the translation of George Orwell's novel Animal Farm into Persian. It discusses the theoretical framework, including Vinay and Darbelnet's translation model, which identifies direct and oblique translation strategies. The document presents the research hypothesis that Vinay and Darbelnet's model can be applied to analyze the Persian translation. It then provides introductions to the source and target texts, which are Animal Farm in English and its Persian translation Qale-ye-heyvanat.
AAT Translation Assessment Process
Chingju Cheng(城菁汝), Sophy Chen(陳淑君)
Program Office (計畫辦公室)
Research and Development of Digital Archives and e-Learning Technologies Project (Division1: 數位技術研發與整合計畫)
International Collaboration and Promotion of Taiwan e-Learning & Digital Archives Program (Division 8: 海外推展暨國際合作計畫)
Quality Assessment and Economic Sustainability of Translation
- Quality in translation is a complex issue that depends on perspectives, constraints, and expectations. It is not an intrinsic or universally defined concept.
- From an economic perspective, quality must be balanced with profitability and sustainability. Translations need to meet requirements while considering costs and resources.
- Metrics can help measure quality from different angles, but quality assessment models also have limitations. An optimal approach considers multiple factors rather than focusing only on errors.
somayeh mehrparvar
This document discusses Roman Jakobson's theories on translation from his 1959 essay. It outlines the three types of translation he described: interlingual, intralingual, and intersemiotic. Interlingual translation involves replacing messages in one language with those in another. The document also discusses Saussure's conception of the linguistic sign consisting of a signifier and signified. Finally, it notes that Jakobson examined issues of linguistic meaning and equivalence in translation, and that differences between languages can be rendered through interlingual translation, except for poetry which requires creative transposition.
Translation of Fairy Tales
This presentation tells about the ways of translating Russian Fairy tales in English and vice versa. The methods are given on real examples and famous characters and works. Enjoy it!
La traducción
La traducción es una práctica que se ha realizado desde tiempos antiguos en diversos contextos. Implica más que simplemente transmitir un mensaje de un idioma a otro. A lo largo de la historia, destacan figuras como San Jerónimo, pionero en la traducción de textos bíblicos, y Jorge Luis Borges, reconocido escritor y traductor. La teorización de la traducción es más reciente y ha dado lugar a una disciplina que estudia y sistematiza el proceso de traducción.
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translation Animal Farm according to Viney and Darbelnet theory
translation Animal Farm according to Viney and Darbelnet theory
Quality Assessment and Economic Sustainability of Translation
Quality Assessment and Economic Sustainability of Translation
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Google translator
This document reviews and compares three online translation tools: Google Translate, Reverso, and Yahoo Babel Fish. It analyzes translations of both a Shakespearean sonnet and a news article produced by each tool. All three tools produced translations with errors such as incorrect word order, lack of agreement, failure to translate certain words, and loss of intended meaning. While automatic translators are imperfect, they provide a useful service when human translation is not possible or practical.
Google translat
This document summarizes and compares the capabilities of three online translation tools: Google Translate, Reverso, and Yahoo Babel Fish. It analyzes sample translations from each tool for an English poem and news article. All three tools showed limitations like incorrect grammar, punctuation errors, unrecognized words, and changed meanings. While automatic translators are imperfect, they provide a useful service for brief translations if users understand limitations.
Diapositivas nancy t
The document discusses phrasal verbs in English and their Spanish translations. Phrasal verbs are verbs combined with prepositions or adverbs that modify the meaning of the original verb. Some examples of English phrasal verbs provided are "give up", "put out", and "back down". For each one, the document gives the Spanish translation of the base verb and how the meaning changes when combined with the preposition or adverb. It provides the Spanish translation and an example sentence for several common English phrasal verbs.
Diapositivas prhasal verbs nancy vargas
The document discusses phrasal verbs in English and their Spanish translations. Phrasal verbs are verbs combined with prepositions or adverbs that modify the meaning of the original verb. Some examples of English phrasal verbs provided are "give up", "put out", and "back down". For each one, the document gives the Spanish translation of the base verb and how the meaning changes when combined with the preposition or adverb. It provides the Spanish translation and an example sentence for several different English phrasal verbs.
Diapositivas nancy
The document discusses phrasal verbs in English and their Spanish translations. Phrasal verbs are verbs combined with prepositions or adverbs that modify the meaning of the original verb. Some examples of English phrasal verbs provided are "give up", "put out", and "back down". For each one, the document gives the Spanish translation of the base verb and how the meaning changes when combined with the preposition or adverb. It provides the Spanish translation and an example sentence for several common English phrasal verbs.
Techniques for translation
The document discusses different translation techniques:
- Word-for-word translation which translates each word individually.
- Modulation which renders ideas differently while maintaining the same meaning.
- Transposition which changes the word class without changing meaning.
- Calque which literally translates components of borrowed words.
- Equivalence which uses set idioms, clichés or proverbs to translate expressions.
- Adaptation which borrows terms to fill gaps or create stylistic effects in the target language.
- Reformulation which requires completely reworking translations such as for idioms or slogans.
Similar to Vinay & Darbelnet (6)
Vinay & Darbelnet
- 1. By: Yesenia Quintana Téllez
- 3. Borrowing Calque Literal translation Transposition Modulation Equivalence Adaptation
- 4. Adaptation of the word in our system proper names, names of people Football mermelada light música rap Gym The New York Times piercing
- 5. The literal translation of common collocations, names of Organizations adopted by Examples: skyscraper,-rascacielos Football- balon pie Beauty shop- salon de belleza Full-time
- 6. Just what it says "El equipo está trabajando para acabar el informe" - "The team is working to finish the report". Again, sometimes it works and sometimes it doesn't. For example, the Spanish sentence above could not be translated into French or German in the same way - you would have to use another technique
- 7. Shift of word class Change in the grammar such as Verb for noun-adjective for adverb. Examples: Working with you is a pleasure > Trabajar contigo… El trabajo contigo … Cuando trabajo contigo…
- 8. Shift in point of view Positive for negative-active for passive. Examples: "Te lo dejo" -"You can have it".
- 9. replicates the same situation as in the original, whilst using completely different wording. It means, to look for an equivalent term in a similar situation and use the expression.
- 10. Adjustment to a new cultural environment To replace a socio-cultural reality from the SL with a reality specific to the Target Culture. for instance, When we adapt a proper name such as “bandeja paisa” in a foreign country