The document discusses translation strategies and methods. It begins by explaining the analytical and transfer phases of translation. The goal of translation is to achieve equivalent effect, where the target text has the same impact on its readers as the source text had on its readers. Global translation strategies refer to the overall approach taken, focusing more on retaining source text features or adapting for the target language/audience. Local strategies are applied to individual expressions and include direct translation techniques as well as indirect techniques involving shifts, equivalents, and other procedures.
Translation is as old as language. Different language communities considered translation necessary for their interaction. With translation as an important activity, there emerged diverse theories to guide it.
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Well known linguists such as De Saussere, F. and Bloomfield, L. main representative theoretician of a school of language called Structuralism. De Saussere, F. belongs to the group of European linguistics who developed studies on the language field at the end of the 19th century and beginning of 20th century while Bloomfield, L. belongs to the group of the North American ones.
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1. LANE 462- CA-2011
I
TRANSLATION STRATEGIES
By: http://SBANJAR.kau.edu.sa/
Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar http://wwwdrshadiabanjar.blogspot.com
12/9/2010 1 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar
2. 1. INTRODUCTION
â˘In the process of translating, we have Phase 1 which is
the analytical phase .
â˘Then, Phase 2 â the transfer phrase â , in which we look
at different strategies and methods of translation.
â˘The purpose of translation methods and procedures â and
of translating itself â is to achieve maximal equivalence,
or equivalent effect.
12/9/2010 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 2
3. 2. EQUIVALENT EFFECT
⢠Equivalent effect is practically the same as maximal
equivalence.
â˘The term âequivalent effectâ refers to the target text having the
same effect on the target text reader as the source text has on the
source text reader.
⢠Note that, the term âmaximal equivalenceâ does not imply this
focus on the readership, but, like maximal equivalence, a totally
equivalent effect is impossible to achieve. But, with a high level of
naturalness, among other things, it is possible to, at least, achieve
optimal equivalence.
12/9/2010 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 3
4. 3. TRANSLATION STRATEGIES
â˘Translators distinguish between global translation strategies and
local translation strategies:
⢠Global Translation Strategy (translation method):
the overall strategy you apply to a text as a whole â the primary
choice you have to make here is how close to the source text you
want your target text to be.
⢠Local Translation Strategy (translation procedure):
strategies you apply in the translation of individual expressions in the
source text, such as words, grammatical constructions, idioms etc.)
12/9/2010 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 4
5. 4. Global Translation Strategies
â˘You have to make the choice between imitative translation and
functional translation â the first striving to retain as much of the
purely formal aspects of the source text, and the latter aims at
getting the message of the source text across, even if it takes
drastic changes in the formal aspects of the text.
⢠Newmark lists the following translation methods, which
essentially fall along a gradual line of different type of focus, one
extreme being total focus on the source text/language and the
other extreme being total focus on the target text/language:
I. ST/SL Focus (Imitative Translation)
II. TT/TL Focus (Functional Communication)
12/9/2010 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 5
6. GLOBAL STRATEGIES
SOURCE LANGUAGE FOCUS TARGET LANGUAGE FOCUS
Translation
WORD âFOR âWORD ADAPTATION
TRANSLATION
FREE TRANSLATION
LITERAL TRANSLATION
FAITHFUL TRANSLATION IDIOMATIC TRANSLATION
SEMANTIC COMMUNICATIVE
TRANSLATION TRANSLATION
12/9/2010 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 6
7. I. ST/SL FOCUS (Imitative Translation) includes:
1) word-for-word translation: preservation of word order and as
literal translation as possible of individual words, including
cultural words.
2) literal translation: apart from as literal as possible
translation of individual words, grammatical structures are
converted into the nearest target language equivalents.
3) faithful translation: stays, if possible, within the constraints
of the grammatical structures of the target text, but draws on
certain contextual factors.
4) semantic translation: more emphasis on naturalness than in
faithful translation, and translation of certain cultural words into
neutral equivalents in the TL.
12/9/2010 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 7
8. II. TT/TL focus (functional communication) includes:
1) adaptation: the freest form of translation and more of a target
language/culture based interpretation of the source text than a
translation as such, this is sometimes called document design
2) free translation: focuses on the content of the target text rather
than the form, which means that the same content is expressed in
the target text but with very different grammatical structures if need
be
3) idiomatic translation: makes use of idioms and colloquialisms that
are not present in the source text.
4) communicative translation: aims at reproducing the exact message
of the source text content-wise and context-wise but with emphasis
on naturalness and acceptability/comprehensiveness to the target
text readership.
12/9/2010 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 8
9. 5. Local Translation Strategies
⢠Lundquist lists seven translation procedures,
while Newmark lists a whole bunch of them. Here
is an overview which integrates the Lundquist's
and Newmark's procedures into one list:
1. Direct procedures
2. Indirect procedures
3. Others
12/9/2010 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 9
10. Direct procedures:
1. Literal translation: word-for-word translation
2. Transference / loan: transferring a word or an expression from the
source language/text directly into the target text without translating it at all.
3. Translation loan: retention of syntactic construction, but translation of
the words in it.
4. Through translation: literal translation of collocations and
combinations â the difference between this and translation loans is that in
through translation, you strife for literal translation and a higher degree of
formal retention.
5. Naturalization: basically transference in which you apply target
language spelling and morphology (and pronunciation) to the expression
or word in question.
12/9/2010 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 10
11. Indirect procedures:
a) Equivalence: here, you focus on equivalence in meaning in the
perspective of the reader of the target text â this means that you may
sacrifice equivalent in form, or you may have to choose something
which is not exactly the same thing as in the source text, but the closest
in the target language.
i. Cultural equivalent: translating a culturally rooted word in the
source text/language with a roughly equivalent culturally rooted word
of the target language/text â note, this is what Lundquist calls
âtilpasningâ.
ii. Functional equivalent: translating a word in the source
language/text with a functionally equivalent target language word (i.e.
a word which has the same meaning).
iii. Descriptive equivalent: translating a source language/text word
using a description of the concept it refers to in the target language.
12/9/2010 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 11
12. iv.(Near) synonymy: translating a source language/text
word or expression with a target language
expression that is nearly, but not completely,
functionally equivalent.
v. Reduction/expansion: adding or removing elements
in translation (essentially a type of shift).
vi.Paraphrase: amplification or explanation of meaning
in target text
vii.Compensation: making up for the loss of something
in the source text, by adding something else in the
target text
12/9/2010 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 12
13. b) Shifts: this is when you use:
i. Transposition: translation of a source language/text
expression into a target language expression which involves
change in grammatical structure or in word class.
ii. Modulation: change of viewpoint or substantial conceptual
concept in the translation, for instance, using the name of a
category for a specific member of the category, using a part for
the whole (and vice versa), active for passive, changing polarity
etc.
iii. Componential analysis: splitting up a lexical unit into
meaning atoms and translating those.
12/9/2010 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 13
14. Other procedures:
i. Recognized translation: using a well-known
accepted target language translation for a specific
source language institutional term.
ii. Translation label: provisional target language
translation of a source language term that does not
have any conventional translation in the target
language.
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15. Source:
Based on: http://www.hum.aau.dk/~kim/BoT10/bot5.pdf
â˘Basics of translation, 2010 SIS English-Aalborg University.
â˘Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation New York: Prentice Hall, 1988) 69, 81-93;
â˘Jean-Paul Vinay and J. Darbelnet, Stylistique comparĂŠe du français et de lâanglais
(Paris: Didier,1973);
â˘Jean Delisle et al., ed. Translation Terminology. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John
Benjamins,1999.
12/9/2010 Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 15