In linguistics, markedness refers to the way words are changed or added to give a special meaning. The unmarked choice is just the normal meaning. For example, the present tense is unmarked for English verbs. If I just say "walk" that refers to the present tense. But if we add something to "walk" (marking it), such as adding ‘ed’ to the end, I can indicate the past: "walked".
In linguistics, markedness refers to the way words are changed or added to give a special meaning. The unmarked choice is just the normal meaning. For example, the present tense is unmarked for English verbs. If I just say "walk" that refers to the present tense. But if we add something to "walk" (marking it), such as adding ‘ed’ to the end, I can indicate the past: "walked".
References
Webb, S. (2007). Learning word pairs and glossed sentences: The effects of a single context on vocabulary knowledge. Language Teaching Research, 11, 63-81.
http://leoxicon.blogspot.com/2013/05/context-or-co-text.html
translation connects the world, and to be able to communicate with others. it transfers knowledge between the languages. to enable to communication between different people, and through translation, we help to understand each other.
Morph: A morph is simply the phonetic representation of a morpheme, how the morpheme is said.
Morpheme: Smallest meaningful unit, cannot be further divided or analyzed
Allomorph: Allomorphs are different forms of the same morpheme, or basic unit of meaning.These can be different pronunciations or different spellings.
This ppt provides summarized ideas of the relation between discourse analysis and language teaching. This ppt was used of the course "Discourse Analysis" at UCSC.
References
Webb, S. (2007). Learning word pairs and glossed sentences: The effects of a single context on vocabulary knowledge. Language Teaching Research, 11, 63-81.
http://leoxicon.blogspot.com/2013/05/context-or-co-text.html
translation connects the world, and to be able to communicate with others. it transfers knowledge between the languages. to enable to communication between different people, and through translation, we help to understand each other.
Morph: A morph is simply the phonetic representation of a morpheme, how the morpheme is said.
Morpheme: Smallest meaningful unit, cannot be further divided or analyzed
Allomorph: Allomorphs are different forms of the same morpheme, or basic unit of meaning.These can be different pronunciations or different spellings.
This ppt provides summarized ideas of the relation between discourse analysis and language teaching. This ppt was used of the course "Discourse Analysis" at UCSC.
Foreign Language Teaching Methods: Some Issues And New Moves
Fernando Cerezal Sierra Universidad de Alcalá
This article deals with the differences between approaches, methods and techniques, as well as the three major issues which are recurrent! in FLT. Then, the main characteristics, the psychological bases and the pedagogical features of the principal FLT methods are considered chronologically, presenting the contributions and imitations of the different approaches and methods
Methods have advantages and disadvantages
Grammar-Translation Method
The Grammar-Translation Method focuses on the teaching of the foreign language grammar through the presentation of rules together with some exceptions and lists of vocabulary translated into the mother tongue. Translation is considered its most important classroom activity. The main procedure of an ordinary lesson followed this plan: a presentation of a grammatical rule, followed by a list of vocabulary and, finally, translation exercises from selected texts
Disadvantages of the Grammar-Translation Method
Translations are often unsatisfactory as they are done word by word.
The presentation explains topics on study of language, applications on natural language processing, levels of language analysis, representation and understanding, linguistic background and elements of a simple noun phrase
Similar to Translation and Language Functions (20)
All students are capable of learning. Teachers must find the best strategies to reach all learners. This presentation gives you hints about what can be done to help them learn at their level.
Definición de sinonimia y explicación de los cuatro tipos de sinonimia. Ejemplos de cada tipo. Ilustración del uso de la sinonimia como figura retórica.
Importance of writing a clear main idea expressed by a topic sentence. Kinds of supporting sentences: sensory, facts and statistics and examples or reasons. The concluding sentence or clincher and a example. It provides practice to the students.
Independent and subordinate clauses with examples
An extended section of subordinate clauses has been added
Practices with answer key
Simple, compound, complex and compound-complex sentences
paragraphs with focussed examples are provided to help understand the meanaing in context
Adverb, adjective, and noun clauses classified. A set of 10 examples per type are provided with an answer key. The reader is expected to identify where each begins and ends including the keyword that introduced them. Teachers can extend the function if they ask what word is modified and if they ask about the function of the noun clause.
An example of criteria that can be used to assess a drawing and colouring contest. It is suggested that if a reading is chosen, the pictures may be given to the students for them to draw and colour. The drawings can be from the beginning, middle or end of the story.
USING THE TELEPHONE
it deals with issues that might take place on the phone regarding business. It is mostly focussed for ESL and EFL as well as ESP students. It contains links to videos that strengthen the topics developed.
Business and Banking English
This slide presents information about definitions of business, how a business operates, common expressions used in banking, how a business is created, types of businesses, banking procedures, main trends of the business. The information is varied and complete. It is suitable for a review or introduction of the topics that could further be developed more in detail.
Phonological rules in the English Language.
A comparison of narrow and broad transcription is summarized.
A definition of phonological rule and specific examples of common rules of the English language with words that illustrate each.
Guidelines regarding looking for a job, making an online profile, building rapport with co-workers, and with students, writing formal and informal letters regarding recent job positions, describing a position and its responsibilities. Why and how to create a social media page and how to get ready for a job-fair evant.
It entails a list of guidelines given to translate different types of neologisms: old words, new coinages, abbreviations, phrasal verbs, acronyms, eponyms, collocations, phrasal verbs, transferred words. It suggests ideas on what to do if...It also presents what to keep in mind when translating neologisms and when creating them (in literary texts if necessary). It was taken from the book "A Textbook of Translation" by Peter Newmark. (1988).
translation methods based on how close they are to source and to the target language. it has examples from Spanish to English and from English to Spanish.
The Process of Translating is operational. First we choose the approach to translate, then we always keep in mind the different levels: textual, cohesive, referential and naturlaness.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
2. Functions of Language
• According to Buhler, the three main functions of
language are the expressive, the informative, and the
vocative functions. These are the main purposes of
using language.
• Jakobson adopted Buhler´s functional theory of
language and added three new language functions:
aesthetic, phatic and metalingual functions.
4. Functions of Language
• Expressive Function
• Information Function
• Vocative Function
• Aesthetic Function
• Phatic Function
• Metalingual Function
5. The Expressive Function
• According to Peter Newmark, the expressive function of
language is the mind of the speaker, the writer, the originator
of the utterance.
• It reports feelings or attitudes of the writer (or speaker), or of
the subject, or evokes feelings in the reader (or listener).
6. Expressive Language Functions
• Serious Imaginative Literature
• Authoritative Statements
• Autobiography, essays, personal
correspondence.
8. Serious Imaginative Literature
• According to Newmark, lyrical poetry is the
most intimate expression, while plays are more
evidently addressed to a large audience.
• Also, in its translation, there is entitled
assistance with cultural expressions
9. Authoritative Statements
• There is a personal “stamp” of the author.
• The text is denotative, not connotative.
• These texts are written by ministers, party leaders and by
acknowledged authorities
10. Denotation and Connation
Denotation is the literal meaning of a word, a gesture,
or any mark, without emotion. Unlikely, connotation is
the implied subtext of words rather than their literal
meaning. It is the intension, the emotional and
imaginative association surrounding a word.
Example: He is childish
• Denotation: He is like a child.
• Connotation: He is immature.
11. Examples of Authoritative Statements
• political speeches and documents
• statutes and legal documents
• scientific, philosophical and 'academic' works
12. Expressive Text
• Autobiography, essays, personal correspondence.
These are expressive when they are personal
declarations, and the readers are a distant background.
13. Keep in mind that…
When translating expressive texts:
A translator should be able to detect the common
elements of this type of language function, and
should not normalize them in the produced translated
text.
14. Keep in Mind that…
When translating expressive texts:
• This type of function has no ordinary language. It is
composed of unusual collocations, untranslatable
words, unconventional syntax, neologisms, strange
words (dialects, archaisms, technical terms).
15. The Informative Language Function
The core of the informative function of language is
an external situation, the details of a topic, truth
outside language. It includes reported ideas or
theories.
16. The Informative Function
The format of an informative text is often standard:
• Textbook
• technical report
• an article in a newspaper or a periodical
• a scientific paper
• a thesis, minutes or agenda of a meeting
17. The Informative Function
• Informative texts constitute the vast majority of the
employees translator's work.
• A high proportion of such texts are poorly written and
sometimes erroneous, and it is usually the translator's job to
‘fix' their evidences and their style. In fact, sometimes the
translation is of higher quality than the original source.
18. The Informative Function
• As pointed out by Newmark, a translator should
undertake this type of language function in texts using
a modern style (non -regional, non-class, non-
idiolectal)
• Four points on a scale of language varieties should be
used:
Formal, neutral, informal and familiar style
19. Four Language Varieties in the
Informative Function Text
• Formal:
It is non-emotive, technical style for academic
papers. It is also characterized in English by the
use of passives, present and perfect tenses, literal
language, Latinized vocabulary, jargon, multi-noun
compounds with empty verbs, no metaphors
20. Four Language Varieties in the
Informative Function Text
Neutral
• It is also called informal style with defined
technical terms for textbooks characterized by first
person plurals, present tenses, dynamic active verbs,
and basic conceptual metaphors
21. Four Language Varieties in the
Informative Function Text
• Informal warm style
It is used for popular science or art books (e.g., coffee-
table books). It is featured by having simple grammatical
structures, a wide range of vocabulary to accommodate
definitions and numerous illustrations, and standard
metaphors and a simple vocabulary;
22. Four Language Varieties in the
Informative Function Text
• Familiar
Use of rude, non-technical style for popular
journalism. Its features contain surprising
metaphors, and short sentences, the language
spoken in the streets of a town (e.g.),
unconventional punctuation, adjectives before
proper names and colloquialisms.
23. The Vocative Function
The core of the vocative function of language is the
readership, the addressee.
For Paul Newmark, vocative is a term that means 'calling
upon' the readership to act, think or feel, in fact to
'react' in the way intended by the text
24. The Vocative Function of Language
• This function of language has been given many
other names, including 'conative' (denoting
effort), 'instrumental1, 'operative' and
'pragmatic' (in the sense of used to produce a
certain effect on the readership).
• Note that nowadays vocative texts are more
often addressed to a readership than a reader.
25. Vocative Function
Examples of Vocative Texts:
• Notices
• instructions
• Publicity
• Propaganda
• Persuasive writing (requests, cases, theses)
• Popular fiction (to sell the book/entertain the
reader, as the typical Vocative' text)
26. With vocative texts keep in mind
• The first factor in all vocative texts is the relationship
between the writer and the readership
• The second factor is that these texts must be written in
a language that is rapidly understandable to the
readership
27. Remember!
• Not many texts are only expressive, informative or
vocative. Most comprise all three functions, with an
emphasis on one of the three.
• For translation, the linguistic and cultural level
of the SL text has to be reviewed before it is given
a practical impact.
28. The Aesthetic Function
• This is language designed to please the senses, firstly through
its actual or imagined sound, and secondly through its
metaphors. Rhythm also play its important part.
• The sound-effects consist of:
– onomatopoeia, alliteration, assonance, rhyme, meter,
intonation, stress.
.
29. Aesthetic Function of language
there is often a conflict between the expressive (truth)
and the aesthetic (beauty) functions because of the
poles of ugly literal translation and beautiful free translation
(specially when translating poetry).
30. Aesthetic Function of Language
• Descriptive verbs of movement and action are rich in
sound effect (for example: 'race,‘ rush,‘ scatter,
'mumble', 'gasp', 'grunt‘), and they are usually universal
characteristics of language.
• In nonsense poetry, the sound-effect (aesthetic
function) is more important than the sense (expressive
function)
31. Aesthetic Function of Language
• In children's poetry and in the art-for-art literature
of the end of the nineteenth century pleasing to
the ear beauty is more important. (aesthetic over
expressive)
• In other cases, the expressive function is more
important than the aesthetic, unless the translation is
dissonant. If left like that the purpose of the text
would not be accomplished.
32. Aesthetic function and metaphors
• Metaphor is the link between the expressive and the
aesthetic function. It connects the extra-linguistic reality
with the world of the mind through language.
• Original metaphors, being both expressive and
aesthetic components, have to be preserved intact in
translation.
33. The Power of Metaphors
An image used to
make a comparison
34. Aesthetic function of language and
metaphors
Metaphors use language that evokes four of the five senses:
tokens of smell ('rose', 'fish'),
tokens of taste ('food')
tokens of touch ('fur', 'skin)
tokens of sight (all images)
as well as the sound ('bird', 'bell')
35. The Phatic function
• The phatic function of language is used for maintaining
sociable interaction with the receiver rather than for
communicating foreign information.
• Some phaticisms are universal (references to the weather),
some are cultural
.
36. Phatic Function of Language
• Phaticisms should be translated by standard
equivalents, which are not literal
translations, that is searching for TL (target
language) phaticisms.
• In written language, phaticisms try to gain the
confidence and the trust of the reader.
37. Examples of Phatic statements
• Apart from tone of voice, phatic language usually occurs in
the form of standard phrases (orally and in written
forms).
In spoken language, some phatic standard expressions are:
(Newmark, 1981)
– How are you?', -'See you tomorrow! '
– 'You know', -'Have a good weekend! '
– Are you well?',
38. The Metalingual function
The metalingual function of language
indicates a language's ability to explain, name,
and criticize its own features.
39. Translation and Metalanguage
function
• If the items are language specific they have to be
translated in accordance with the various
relevant contextual factors (Newmark, 1988)
– nature of readership
– importance of item in SL
– the SL and TL text
– likely recurrences in TL
– Etc.
40. When translating metalingual
functions
• This translation may range from detailed
explanations, examples, and translations
down to a culturally-neutral third term.
41. Conclusions
• Buhler-Jakobson functions of language
operationally are the most convenient way of
looking at a text for translation (Newmark, 1988).
• Although the expressive, the informative, the
vocative and the aesthetic functions of language
may operate throughout a text, the phatic and the
metalingual are normally involved in only part of a
text-
42. Conclusions
• It is also useful to divide texts by topic into three
broad categories:
– Literary
– Institutional
– Scientific (including all fields of science and
technology but tending to merge with institutional
texts in the area of the social sciences)
43. Conclusions
Literary texts are distinguished from the rest in being more
important in their mental and imaginative connotations
than their factual denotations (Newmark, 1988)
44. List of References
• https://madriella.org/the-informative-expressive-and-
directive-purposes-of-language/
• https://www.vocabulary.com/articles/chooseyourword
s/connotation-denotation/
• Newmark, Paul (1988). A Textbook of Translation.
Prentice Hall: New York, London, Tokyo.