This document discusses the process of translation and outlines four key levels to consider: 1) the source text level, 2) the referential level of objects/events, 3) the cohesive level of grammar/tone/presuppositions, and 4) the level of naturalness appropriate to the context. It also describes two approaches to translation - starting sentence by sentence or reading the full text first to understand tone/intent before translating, and emphasizes the importance of considering the textual, referential, cohesive, and naturalness levels for an accurate translation.

1. THE PROCESS OF
TRANSLATING
Ana Yudha
Athika Diena

2. Four aspects to consider:
• The SL text level. It is the level of language that
we are going to translate.
• The referential level objects and events, real or
imaginary, which we progressively have to build
up.
• The cohesive level, which is more general, and
grammatical, the feeling tone, and the
presuppositions of the SL text.
• The level of naturalness, of common language
appropriate to the writer or the speaker in
certain situation.

3. The Relation of Translating To
Translation Theory
• Theory of translating designed to be a continuous
link between translation theory and practice
• The main purpose of the text is to convey
information and convince the reader, thus
method of translation must be ‘natural’
• ‘Naturalness’ is both grammatical and lexical, and
it appears at every level of a text, from paragraph
to word, from title to punctuation.
• Scheme  book page 20

4. The Approach
• A translation is always based on the translator’s
point of view, therefore it has to be discussed
• There are two approaches:
1. start translating sentence by sentence in the
first paragraph, then deliberately go back, review
the position, and read the rest of the SL text 
intuition  suitable for literary text  weakness:
too many revisions

5. 2. read the whole text two or three times
to find the tone, mood, intention,
register while marking the difficult
words, then we start translating after
we have enough bearings about the
text  power of analysis  suitable
for technical and institution texts 
preferable for harder texts

6. Textual level
• This is the level of the literal translation of the
SL into the TL
• Thinking several things at the same time:
- making certain ‘conversion’ between the two
languages
- We are transposing the SL grammar into their
‘ready’ TL equivalents
- Translating the lexical units into the sense that
is appropriate in the context of the sentence

7. The Referential Level
• we should not read a sentence without
seeing it on the referential level
• When sometimes the sentence is not
clear or ambiguous, we have to give
additional information through linguistic
levels, referential level, or factual level
• We have to gain perspective behind the
literal text to find the real intention of
the writer

8. The Cohesive Level
In cohesive level, which follows both the
structure and the moods of the text:
• Structures (connective words, such as
conjunctions, and so on)
• Mood (dialectical factor moving
between positive and negative, or
between emotive and neutral)
The cohesive level can be the indicator
to differentiate a good translation or a
misleading one

9. The Level of Naturalness
• Naturalness  natural usage  variety idioms or
styles or registers determined by the context of
the text
• To be able to present the natural translation, we
have to pay special attention to:
-Word order
- Common structures
- Cognate words
- The appropriateness of gerunds, infinitives,
verb-nouns

10. THANK
YOU