ppt

1. Translation Methodology
Methods, Levels and
Techniques

2. Contents
1 THE ANALYSIS OF THE TEXT
2 DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
3 THE INTENTION OF THE TEXT
4 THE INTENTION OF THE TRANSLATOR
5 THE QUALITY OF THE WRITING
6 TRANSLATION METHODS AND LEVELS
7 TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES

3. The Analysis Of The Text
 Reading the text
- Is the starting point
We read the text to:
 Understand what it is about.
 Analyse it from a translator’s point of view not
from linguist’s, literary, teacher nor
student
 To determine it’s intention
 To determine the way it’s written to select a
suitable translation method

4. Kinds Of Reading When Analysing
The Text
 General reading is required
 We read the words both
• Out of the context
• In the context
 Close reading
• To get the gist
• To get the essence
• To get the substance
(literal
meaning)
(Interpretation)

5. The Last Reading
This last reading is done for the purpose
of
• Noting the cultural aspects of the SL text
 We have to underline all: Neologism,
Methophors, cultural words and
institutional terms peculiar to the SL,
proper names, technical terms and the
untranslatable words

6. The Analysis Of The Text
 Macro analysis
 Micro analysis
 Reading the text
• The intention of
the text
• The intention of
the translator
• The last reading
 Text styles
• The readership
 The quality of
the writing

7. DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
IN TRANSLATION
 MACRO ANALYSIS
 MICRO ANALYSIS

8. Macroanalysis
 This analysis
answers these
questions
 Who ?
 When ?
 Where ?
 For whom?
 How ?

9. Microanalysis
This analisys is based on the
process of segmentation to take
notes on the translation problems
we find in the text.
• We split the text in
 Lexical translation units
 Sintagmatic translation units
• It is used to avoid both gain and loss
of information

10. Microanalysis
 LEXICAL TRANSLATION UNITS
 VERBS
 ADVERBS
 NOUNS
 PRONOUNS
 PROPER NOUNS

11. Microanalysis
 SINTAGMATIC TRANSLATION
UNITS
 DETERMINANTS
 PREPOSITIONS
 ARTICLES
 POSSESSIVE WORDS

12. Examples
 Roberto studies English everyday
 The city is beautiful
 The books are on the top of the book
shelf
 I have a nice watch
 They are good students

13. The Intention Of The Text
 We read to search for the
intention of the text
 The intention of the text goes
hand in hand with the
understanding of the text
 The title may be remote from the
content as well as the intention

14. The Intention Of The Text
 It’s necessary to pay special attention
to the type of language and even the
grammatical structure (passive voice –
impersonal verbs)
 The intention of the text represents
the SL writer’s attitude of the text or
subject matter

15. The Intention Of The Translator
 Usually, the translator’s intention is
identical with that of the author of
the SL text

16. The Quality Of The Writing
The quality of the writing has to
be judged in relation to the
author’s intention and the
requirements of the subject
matter
• The word must be in the right
place with the minimum of
redundancy

17. The Process Of The Translation
 The relation of translating to
translation theory
 The approach
 The levels:
 The textual level
 The referential
 The cohesive level
 The level of naturalness

18. Levels of approaches to a
translation process
 1 Translating sentences by
sentence
 2 Translating paragraphs by
paragraphs
 3 Translating chapter by chapter
 4 Read the text as whole and
translate it like wise

19. Approaches to translation and
the texts
The first approach
Sentence by sentence Paragraph by paragraph Literary texts

20. Approaches to translation and
the text
The second
approach
Reading
The whole
text
Translate chapter
By
chapter
For
Technical
Or
Institutional texts

21. DANGERS OF THE APPROACHES
 The fisrt approach
 It may leave you with
too much revision to
do in the early part
 It is time-wasting
 The second approach
 It is usually preferable
 It can be mechanical
 It may may inhibit the
translator`s free play
of intution

22. APPROACHES ALTERNATIVES
 The fisrt approach is advisable for
a relatively easy text
 The second approach is advisable
for harder texts

23. THE TRANSLATION OF THE LEVELS
The textual Level
The referential Level
The cohesive level
The level of naturlness
The Textual Level
The grammar
And
The lexical units are
translated
In the situation
Or context of
The sentence
The referential level
Sentences of any text
Technical,Literary or
Institutional must be
Read in the situation
Or context of the
text
The cohesive level
It follows both
The structure
And the moods of
The text
The level of
Naturalness
Makes sense
Reads naturally
It is written in
Ordinary language
That meet the
Kind of situation

24. Translation Methods And levels
Translation methods obey to the
main problem of translation it self
 To translate literally or freely
 This argument has been going on since
at least the first century B.C up to the
beginning the nineteenth century
 Many writers are in favor of free
translation

25. Translation Levels
 WORD BY WORD
 LITERAL TRANSLATION
 EQUIVALENT TRANSLATION

26. Translation Methods or
types
The methods or
types
Faithful
translation
Semantic
translation
communicative
translation
Adaptation
Idiomatic translation
Free translation

27. Writer’s Slogan Who Want The
Truth To Be Read And Understood
 We as translators are intended to
translate
The spirit not the letter
The sense not the words
The message rather than the form
The matter not the manner

28. Word for word translation level
characteristics
 This is often demonstrated interlinear
translation
 The SL words order is preserved
 The words are translated literally
 The words are translated by their most
common meaning
 The words are translated out of context
 Cultural words are translated literally

29. Usage of the word for word
translation level
The use of this method is either to:
 Understand the mechanism of the SL
 Construe a difficult as a pre-translation
process

30. Examples of the word for
translation level
 I love fried fish for lunch
 Yo amo frito pescado para
almuerzo
 I need to get there as soon as
possible
 Yo necesito a conseguir allá como
pronto como posible

31. Literal Translation
Usage
(presentation
process)
Lexical words
Grammatical
Constructions
Are converted to
their nearest TL
equivalents
Are translated
singly out of
context
It indicates the
problems to be
solved

32. Examples of the literal
translation level
 I love fried fish for lunch
 Yo amo pescado frito para
almuerzo
 I need to get there as soon as
posible
 Yo necesito conseguir allá pronto
posible

33. Faithful Translation
 Attempts to reproduce the precise
contextual meaning of the original
within the constraints of the TL
grammatical structures
 It transfers cultural words
 It preserves the degree of
grammatical and lexical
abnormality

34. Semantic Translation
 It is faithful
 It takes more account the aesthetic
value of SL text
 The beautiful and natural sound of the
SL text concerning it is meaning
 A semantic translation is written at the
author`s linguistic level
 It may translate less important cultural
words, not cultural equivalents, intact
transference
 It is used for expressive texts

35. Communicative Translation
 It attemps to render the exact
contextual meaning of the
original
 Both the content and the
language comprehensible to the
readership

36. More about Semantic and
Communicative Translation
 They must be seen as wholes
 Semantic translation is personal and
individual
 It tends to over translate
 It has to explain
 It follows the thought processes of the
author
 It aims at concision in order to
reproduce the pragmatic impact

37. More about Semantic and
Communicative Translation
 Communicative translation is social
 It concentrates on the message
 It tends to undertranslate
 It is normally inferior to its original
 There is both cognitive and pragmatic loss
 A semantic translation has to interpret

38. Adaptation
 This is the freest form of translation
 Is not faithful
 It is used meanly for
 Plays (comedies)
 Poetry
 Jokes
 The themes, characters and plots are
preserved
 The SL culture is converted to be the TL
culture text
 The text is rewritten and adapted to the
target culture

39. Free Translation
It reproduces
 The matter with out the manner
 The content with out the form of the
original
 It paraphrases the original (It
makes the TL text larger than the
original)

40. Idiomatic Translation
 It reproduces the message of the
original
 It prefers colloquialisms
colloquialisms and
idioms
idioms

41. Translation Techniques
 They are also called algunas
técnicas de restitución
 They are used with the purpose of
helping the translator to translate
away from literal translation.

42. Translations Techniques
 Ampliación or Expansion
 Reducción or Reduction
 Modulación or Modulation
 Transposition

43. Translation Techniques
Definition
 AMPLIACION OR WORD ADDING.
 It consist of an extension of the
target language text (texto de
llegada) due to limitations in the
languages involved in the process
of translation (M Tricas Preckler)

44. TRANSPOSITION
 It is used with verbs, adjectives,
adverbs
 Nouns, pronouns and
prepositions.
 Its intention is to recover the
semantic and pragmatic function
when translating into the target
language.

45. MODULATION
 It is used to change the
conceptual basis of the words
when translating.
 It is believed to be the most
interesting translation technique
 It can be seen as reduction or as
expansion of the words

46. REDUCTION
 It is about not translating some
words within the ideas in the
source language.

47. Translation Techniques
Examples
 AMPLIACION OR WORD ADDING
 The teacher will give us a test
tomorrow morning
 El profesor nos evaluara mañana
en la mañana
 Marcos is studying English next
year
 Marcos va a estudiar ingles el
próximo año

48. TRANSPOSITION
 WHAT A BEAUTIFUL HOUSE YOU
LIVE IN
 QUE CASA TAN LINDA EN LA QUE
VIVES
 O
 VIVES EN UNA CASA MUY BONITA

49. REDUCTION
 Please tell him the time
 Por favor dile la hora
 Please show them the house
 por favor muestrales la casa

50. MODULATION
 Speaking English is very
important
 Hablar Inglès es muy importante
 Es muy importante hablar Inglés
 Doing the right is sample of
justice
 Hacer lo correcto es una muestra
de justicia