Orthopedics 5th year, 1st lecture (Dr. Hamid)
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The document discusses the anatomy of the cervical spine. It notes that the cervical spine has 7 vertebrae and 6 intervertebral discs, with 8 pairs of exiting nerve roots. It describes the typical structure of the vertebrae in this region, including features like the odontoid process. The document also outlines various ligaments in the cervical spine and its circulatory and neural elements.
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The vertebral column, or spine, is composed of 33 vertebrae in early development that fuse together into 26 vertebrae in adulthood. The vertebrae are organized into 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 1 sacrum, and 1 coccyx vertebrae. Each vertebra has a body, vertebral arch, and 7 processes. Between the vertebrae are intervertebral discs that act as shock absorbers and allow movement. The spine has four normal curves that develop during childhood to maintain balance and absorb impacts during walking. The vertebrae permit flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation movements.
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The document provides an overview of spinal anatomy including:
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2) The basic structures and functions of vertebrae are outlined including protection of the spinal cord, flexibility, and load distribution.
3) Ligaments, joints, vasculature and innervation of the spine are summarized at different regions from cervical to lumbar.
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The document summarizes the osteology and structure of the vertebrae. It describes that vertebrae have a basic shape that varies between regions to adapt to different needs. Each vertebra has a vertebral body, arch, foramen, pedicles, lamina and processes. There are 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 4-5 coccygeal vertebrae. The cervical vertebrae have unique features like large foramina and transverse processes. Thoracic vertebrae articulate with ribs. Lumbar vertebrae have large, bean-shaped bodies. The sacrum fuses into a strong foundation and the coccyx absorbs shock. Together, the vertebrae
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The document discusses the anatomy of the vertebral column and spinal cord. It describes the different regions of the vertebral column including 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, 5 fused sacral vertebrae, and 4 fused coccygeal vertebrae. It also discusses the joints between vertebrae and how they allow movement.
Atlanto occipital and atlanto axial joint
Anatomy:
>Atlas is the topmost vertebra and chief peculiarity of atlas is that it has no body, it is ring like and consist of anterior and posterior arch and two lateral masses.
>Axis, the 2nd cervical vertebra has a concave under side and convex from side to side. The most distinctive characteristic of this bone is strong odontoid process, the dens.
TheJoint:
>Atlanto-occipital joint (articulation between the atlas and the occipital bone) consists of a pair of condyloid joints.
>The atlanto-occipital joints are synovial socket-type joints
Ligaments:
> Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane: extend from anterior arch of atlas to posterior margin of foramen magnum.
>Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane: extend from anterior arch of atlas to anterior margin of foramen magnum.
>The ligamentam flavam join laminae of adjacent vertebral arches.
>The interspinous ligaments expand to form the ligamentum nuchae which inserts along the posterior foramen magnum and external occipital condyle.
> The following four ligaments stabilize these joints:
1.Apical ligament: Connects the dens to the foramen magnum of the occipital bone.
2.Alar ligaments: Connect the dens to the lateral margins of the foramen magnum.
3.Cruciate ligament: Attaches the dens to the anterior arch of the atlas and the body of the axis to the foramen magnum of the occipital bone.
4.Tectorial membrane: Starts at the skull and becomes the posterior longitudinal ligament.
>Atlanto-axial articular capsules are thick and loose, and connect the margins of the lateral masses of the atlas with those of the posterior articular surfaces of the axis.
Muscles:
>Flexion is produced mainly by the action of longis capitis, rectus capitis anterior and sternocleidomastoid (anterior fibres)
>Extension by the rectus capitis posterior major and minor, the obliquus capitis superior, the semispinalis capitis, splenius capitis, longissimus capitis, sternocleidomastoid and upper fibres of the trapezius
>The recti lateralis are concerned in the lateral movement, assisted by the trapezius, splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, and the sternocleidomastoid of the same side, all acting together.
Movements:
>Flexion and extension in the Sagittal axis, which give rise to the ordinary forward and backward nodding of the head.
>Lateral flexion to one or other side in the Frontal axis(titling of head
>Lateral AAJ Movement: It is a synovial joint which allows only gliding
>Medial AAJ Movement: This joint allows the rotation of the atlas the axis i.e round the dens.
Clinical anatomy:
> Headaches can arise from many different sources including dysfunctional muscles, tears in the ligaments, misalignment of the vertebral bodies, injury to cervical facets and degenerative discs.
>Excessive flexion could rupture the supraspinous ligament.
>Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane ossification cause migraine headaches due to compression of artery.
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The document provides an overview of cervical spine anatomy, including bony structures, ligaments, muscles, vascular and neurological components. It describes mechanisms of common cervical spine injuries such as brachial plexus injuries, cervical nerve root impingement, sprains/strains and vertebral artery impingement. Evaluation of the cervical spine involves inspection, palpation, and special tests to assess range of motion, neurological function, and vascular integrity.
Cervical spine
The document summarizes the kinesiology of the cervical spine. It describes the biomechanics and structure of the cervical spine segments. The cervical spine is made up of two segments - the superior segment consisting of C1 and C2 which connects to the occiput, and the inferior segment from C3 to C7. It details the typical structure of cervical vertebrae including the vertebral body, processes, facets and discs. It also describes the movements between vertebrae including flexion, extension, lateral bending and rotation. Key ligaments and muscles that provide stability and enable movement are also outlined.
Anatomy c spine
The cervical spine has 7 vertebrae. The atlas and axis have unique features. The atlas lacks a vertebral body and has superior and inferior articular facets that articulate with the occiput and axis, respectively. The axis has a strong odontoid process that articulates with the atlas via alar ligaments. The lower cervical vertebrae (C3-C6) have pedicles, laminae, transverse processes, and spinous processes. C7 has a long, prominent spinous process. Various ligaments including the anterior longitudinal ligament limit extension while the posterior longitudinal ligament limits flexion. Ossification of cervical vertebrae begins in utero and continues into early adulthood
Anatomy of cervical spine
The cervical spine has 7 vertebrae labeled C1 to C7. C1 is called the atlas and lacks a vertebral body. C2 is called the axis and has a strong odontoid process called the dens. The cervical vertebrae below C2 are similar, with the exception of C7 which has a longer spinous process. The cervical spine contains joints like the atlanto-occipital joint and atlantoaxial joint to allow movement of the head. It also has facet joints, uncovertebral joints, and intervertebral discs between each vertebra to facilitate mobility while supporting the head. Ligaments like the anterior longitudinal ligament and posterior longitudinal ligament further connect and
Assessment of cervical spine
This document discusses the assessment of the cervical spine. It begins with an introduction to the anatomy and biomechanics of the cervical spine. It then describes taking a patient history, including questions about pain and symptoms. The examination involves observation, palpation, range of motion testing, muscle strength testing, sensory testing, and special tests like Spurling's test. Diagnostic imaging options like x-rays, CT scans, and MRI are also discussed.
The cervical spine
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The document discusses the anatomy of the vertebral column. It describes the regional characteristics and structures of the typical cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae. It also covers age-related changes to the vertebrae, common spinal pathologies like spondylosis and spondylolisthesis, radiologic anatomy of the spine, and clinical procedures involving the vertebral column.
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The document summarizes the key anatomical features of the 7 cervical vertebrae. The typical cervical vertebrae (C3-C6) have small bodies with concave superior surfaces. They have vertebral foramina, pedicles, laminae and transverse processes with foramina transversaria. The atlas (C1) is ring-shaped with no body or spinous process. The axis (C2) has a prominent dens projecting from its body. The seventh cervical vertebra is known as vertebra prominens due to its long, horizontal spinous process without bifid tip.
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1) It describes the coronal, sagittal, and axial planes used to view the spine on imaging and their anatomical divisions.
2) The basic structures and functions of vertebrae are outlined including protection of the spinal cord, flexibility, and load distribution.
3) Ligaments, joints, vasculature and innervation of the spine are summarized at different regions from cervical to lumbar.
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The cervical spine functions to house and protect the spinal cord, support the head and facilitate movement. It has a normal anterior curvature of 20-40 degrees. Non-palpable structures include the cranium, mandible, and vertebrae. Palpable structures are the superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, mastoid process, and vertebral levels C3-C6. Typical cervical vertebrae have transverse processes and spinous processes while C1-C2 are atypical. The intervertebral discs act as shock absorbers between vertebrae. Key joints are the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial, which allow nodding and rotation. Ligaments
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The document summarizes the anatomy of the vertebral column. It is divided into five sections - cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal. Each section contains a specific number of vertebrae that increase in size from cranial to caudal. The document describes the typical structures of a vertebra including the vertebral body, arch, processes, and joints. It then provides details on the unique anatomy of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions including curvature, vertebral features, ligaments, and neurovascular structures.
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The spine is made up of 33 vertebrae divided into 5 regions that provide structure and protection to the spinal cord. Between each vertebra is an intervertebral disc that acts as a shock absorber and allows flexibility. The disc has a tough outer layer and soft inner nucleus that provide support and cushioning. Common spinal procedures address deformities, disc disorders, spondylolisthesis, and tumors and can involve fusion techniques to correct issues.
OSTEOLOGY OF THE VERTEBRAE
The document summarizes the osteology and structure of the vertebrae. It describes that vertebrae have a basic shape that varies between regions to adapt to different needs. Each vertebra has a vertebral body, arch, foramen, pedicles, lamina and processes. There are 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 4-5 coccygeal vertebrae. The cervical vertebrae have unique features like large foramina and transverse processes. Thoracic vertebrae articulate with ribs. Lumbar vertebrae have large, bean-shaped bodies. The sacrum fuses into a strong foundation and the coccyx absorbs shock. Together, the vertebrae
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The document discusses the anatomy of the vertebral column and spinal cord. It describes the different regions of the vertebral column including 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, 5 fused sacral vertebrae, and 4 fused coccygeal vertebrae. It also discusses the joints between vertebrae and how they allow movement.
Atlanto occipital and atlanto axial joint
Anatomy:
>Atlas is the topmost vertebra and chief peculiarity of atlas is that it has no body, it is ring like and consist of anterior and posterior arch and two lateral masses.
>Axis, the 2nd cervical vertebra has a concave under side and convex from side to side. The most distinctive characteristic of this bone is strong odontoid process, the dens.
TheJoint:
>Atlanto-occipital joint (articulation between the atlas and the occipital bone) consists of a pair of condyloid joints.
>The atlanto-occipital joints are synovial socket-type joints
Ligaments:
> Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane: extend from anterior arch of atlas to posterior margin of foramen magnum.
>Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane: extend from anterior arch of atlas to anterior margin of foramen magnum.
>The ligamentam flavam join laminae of adjacent vertebral arches.
>The interspinous ligaments expand to form the ligamentum nuchae which inserts along the posterior foramen magnum and external occipital condyle.
> The following four ligaments stabilize these joints:
1.Apical ligament: Connects the dens to the foramen magnum of the occipital bone.
2.Alar ligaments: Connect the dens to the lateral margins of the foramen magnum.
3.Cruciate ligament: Attaches the dens to the anterior arch of the atlas and the body of the axis to the foramen magnum of the occipital bone.
4.Tectorial membrane: Starts at the skull and becomes the posterior longitudinal ligament.
>Atlanto-axial articular capsules are thick and loose, and connect the margins of the lateral masses of the atlas with those of the posterior articular surfaces of the axis.
Muscles:
>Flexion is produced mainly by the action of longis capitis, rectus capitis anterior and sternocleidomastoid (anterior fibres)
>Extension by the rectus capitis posterior major and minor, the obliquus capitis superior, the semispinalis capitis, splenius capitis, longissimus capitis, sternocleidomastoid and upper fibres of the trapezius
>The recti lateralis are concerned in the lateral movement, assisted by the trapezius, splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, and the sternocleidomastoid of the same side, all acting together.
Movements:
>Flexion and extension in the Sagittal axis, which give rise to the ordinary forward and backward nodding of the head.
>Lateral flexion to one or other side in the Frontal axis(titling of head
>Lateral AAJ Movement: It is a synovial joint which allows only gliding
>Medial AAJ Movement: This joint allows the rotation of the atlas the axis i.e round the dens.
Clinical anatomy:
> Headaches can arise from many different sources including dysfunctional muscles, tears in the ligaments, misalignment of the vertebral bodies, injury to cervical facets and degenerative discs.
>Excessive flexion could rupture the supraspinous ligament.
>Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane ossification cause migraine headaches due to compression of artery.
Kin 191 B – Cervical Spine Anatomy, Evaluation And Injuries
The document provides an overview of cervical spine anatomy, including bony structures, ligaments, muscles, vascular and neurological components. It describes mechanisms of common cervical spine injuries such as brachial plexus injuries, cervical nerve root impingement, sprains/strains and vertebral artery impingement. Evaluation of the cervical spine involves inspection, palpation, and special tests to assess range of motion, neurological function, and vascular integrity.
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The document summarizes the kinesiology of the cervical spine. It describes the biomechanics and structure of the cervical spine segments. The cervical spine is made up of two segments - the superior segment consisting of C1 and C2 which connects to the occiput, and the inferior segment from C3 to C7. It details the typical structure of cervical vertebrae including the vertebral body, processes, facets and discs. It also describes the movements between vertebrae including flexion, extension, lateral bending and rotation. Key ligaments and muscles that provide stability and enable movement are also outlined.
Anatomy c spine
The cervical spine has 7 vertebrae. The atlas and axis have unique features. The atlas lacks a vertebral body and has superior and inferior articular facets that articulate with the occiput and axis, respectively. The axis has a strong odontoid process that articulates with the atlas via alar ligaments. The lower cervical vertebrae (C3-C6) have pedicles, laminae, transverse processes, and spinous processes. C7 has a long, prominent spinous process. Various ligaments including the anterior longitudinal ligament limit extension while the posterior longitudinal ligament limits flexion. Ossification of cervical vertebrae begins in utero and continues into early adulthood
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The cervical spine has 7 vertebrae labeled C1 to C7. C1 is called the atlas and lacks a vertebral body. C2 is called the axis and has a strong odontoid process called the dens. The cervical vertebrae below C2 are similar, with the exception of C7 which has a longer spinous process. The cervical spine contains joints like the atlanto-occipital joint and atlantoaxial joint to allow movement of the head. It also has facet joints, uncovertebral joints, and intervertebral discs between each vertebra to facilitate mobility while supporting the head. Ligaments like the anterior longitudinal ligament and posterior longitudinal ligament further connect and
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The document discusses the biomechanics of the cervical spine. It describes:
1) The cervical spine is made up of two segments - the superior occiput-C2 segment and inferior C3-T1 segment.
2) A typical cervical vertebra has a vertebral body, pedicles, lamina, spinous process, transverse processes and articular processes.
3) Movements of the cervical spine include flexion, extension, lateral bending and rotation which are governed by the orientation of the facet joints.
4) Stability is provided by the bony structure, muscles like the deep and superficial neck flexors and extensors, and ligaments like the transverse atlantal lig
Adv Rehab Draft 11.11.15
Bankart and SLAP lesions are injuries to the shoulder labrum that can cause instability. Bankart lesions involve detachment of the labrum from the glenoid while SLAP lesions involve tears of the superior labrum and biceps tendon. Surgical repair reattaches the labrum while rehabilitation focuses on protecting the repair initially and gradually restoring range of motion, strength, and functional activities over 6-12 months. Non-operative rehabilitation also aims to restore stability, strength, and function over 6 months through stretching, strengthening, and proprioceptive exercises. Return to overhead sports requires a gradual throwing progression over multiple phases to ensure safe return to full activities.
Whiplash - describes a range of injuries to the neck
Whiplash describes a range of injuries to the neck caused by or related to a sudden distortion of the neck. The typical clinical picture in whiplash injury is that following the injury there is no obvious immediate pain.
Also visit: http://www.ineuro.be/Welcome.html - A must have for every osteopath and health care provider. Simple to use and no unnecessary information. It keeps your knowledge sharp for daily patient care!
Also look for iBooks in the iBook store from Luc Peeters and Grégoire Lason.
Evaluation and management of cervical spine injury
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NurseReview.Org - Muscoloskeletal System
The musculoskeletal system consists of bones, muscles, joints, and cartilage that work together to allow for movement, provide support for standing, and protect internal organs. Key functions include bone marrow production and mineral storage. There are over 200 bones and joints include synovial joints that allow movement between bones covered in cartilage. Ligaments and bursae also support joints. Muscles make up 40-50% of body weight and contract to produce movement. The document provides details on assessing each body region including inspection, palpation, range of motion testing, and muscle strength testing to evaluate the musculoskeletal system.
Just a Simple Whiplash?
This document discusses neck injuries, also known as whiplash, that can result from car accidents and other incidents. Some key points:
- Whiplash is an injury to the cervical spine caused by abrupt jerking motions that strain the neck bones, discs, muscles, nerves and tendons.
- While most whiplash injuries heal within a few weeks or months, 15-20% of cases develop chronic pain or other complications.
- The mechanics of whiplash involve hyperextension, flexion, and rebound motions that subject the neck to forces well beyond its normal range of motion, potentially damaging tissues.
- Factors like pre-existing conditions, vehicle size, speed
Individual Risk Factors and Control Methods
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Torticollis
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Whiplash(1) S
Whiplash is an acute neck injury caused by sudden, unexpected head movement during rear-end collisions or impacts to the head from sports. Symptoms include neck pain, headaches, and dizziness. Properly adjusting the head restraint close to the back of the head and at eye level can reduce injury risk by limiting head movement. Drivers should also position themselves comfortably with backs against seats and adjust seat belts for safety.
Whiplash Protection System
This document discusses whiplash injuries and Volvo's research on whiplash protection. It describes whiplash as a neck injury caused by sudden back-and-forth head movement during rear-end collisions. Volvo developed the WHIPS seat system to reduce whiplash injuries through controlled rearward motion of the seatback in two phases. Testing showed the WHIPS seat reduced neck acceleration compared to conventional seats in rear-end impacts. The WHIPS seat is designed to activate at low to moderate impact speeds where many whiplash injuries occur.
SLAP & PASTA Lesions 01-2013
SLAP & PASTA lesions presentation at Results Physical Therapy Education Forum, Sacramento, CA January 2013
Tortícolis
La tortícolis es una condición en la que el cuello se tuerce y la cabeza apunta hacia un lado mientras la barbilla apunta hacia el otro. Puede ser hereditaria, adquirida por daño a los músculos o nervios del cuello, o idiopática sin causa conocida. Los síntomas incluyen limitación de movimiento del cuello y dolor. El tratamiento depende de la causa y puede incluir estiramientos, masajes, medicamentos o cirugía.
Dermatomes & some relevant stuff
Dermatomes are areas of skin that are innervated by single spinal nerve roots. They originate from somites, or embryonic tissue segments, that differentiate into dermatomes to give rise to the skin's connective tissue. While dermatome maps show general patterns, significant variations exist between individuals. Dermatomes are useful clinically for localizing neurologic issues like radiculopathy and revealing the origin of viral infections like shingles that affect spinal nerves.
DERMATOMES AND MYOTOMES
Dermatomes:- the sensory distribution of each nerve root is called the dermatomes.
The area of the skin supplied by a single nerve root
Spine examination
This document provides information on basic vertebral structures and techniques for examining the spine and extremities. It describes the normal curves of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine. It outlines the main anatomical structures of vertebrae. It then details techniques for examining range of motion, tenderness, and deformities of the spine, as well as tests for examining nerve root function in the upper and lower extremities.
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Clinical evaluation of spine
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Torticollis is a condition characterized by an abnormal twisting of the neck which causes the head to tilt to one side. It has many potential causes including birth injuries, infections, muscle injuries or tightness. Symptoms include limited neck movement, neck pain and a shoulder that appears higher on one side. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may involve gentle stretching, physical therapy, medications, or in rare cases surgery. The document defines different types of torticollis and discusses evaluation and treatment approaches.
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Whiplash - describes a range of injuries to the neck
Whiplash - describes a range of injuries to the neck
Evaluation and management of cervical spine injury
Evaluation and management of cervical spine injury
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Cervical disc prolapse
Cervical disc prolapse occurs when a cervical disc herniates and compresses the nerve root. The cervical spine has 7 vertebrae and 6 intervertebral discs that act as shock absorbers and allow motion. A disc is composed of an inner nucleus pulposus surrounded by the outer annulus fibrosus. Common sites of prolapse are C5-C6 and C6-C7. Clinical features include neck pain radiating to the arm. Imaging like MRI or CT is used to confirm prolapse. Treatment involves rest, medications, traction and surgery like anterior cervical discectomy if non-operative measures fail.
SCI ABDALLAH.ppt
A spinal cord injury can result in permanent impairment if not properly diagnosed and managed. The document defines spinal cord injury and discusses epidemiology, anatomy, pathophysiology, and management. It describes the structure and blood supply of the spine, classification systems for fractures, and associated conditions like spinal and neurogenic shock. Key tracts and myotomes are also outlined.
Neck pain 03
Neck pain can have many causes, but is generally due to soft tissue injuries or abnormalities of the cervical spine structures. The cervical spine is comprised of 7 vertebrae, intervertebral discs, and supporting ligaments and muscles. Common causes of neck pain include muscle strains, disc injuries such as herniations or protrusions, arthritis, and fractures or dislocations. Symptoms vary depending on the underlying cause but often include neck pain and tenderness as well as reduced range of motion. Treatment involves physical therapy, medications, and sometimes surgery or injections depending on the severity and nature of the condition causing neck pain.
Neck pain
Neck pain is caused by abnormalities in the soft tissues or bones of the cervical spine. The most common causes are muscle strains or injuries from wear and tear. Cervical disc disease and cervical spondylosis are also common, where discs bulge or herniate, narrowing the spinal column and compressing nerves. Treatment involves physical therapy, medications like NSAIDs, and sometimes surgery to decompress the nerves.
Final case presentation sci (kimberly walsh)
This document provides an overview of cervical myelopathy and spinal cord injury, including:
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Prof. ashraf ezz eldin lp cd prolapse
1) The document discusses lumbar and cervical disc prolapses, with a focus on the anatomy, clinical presentation, examination, investigations, and treatment options.
2) It notes that 90% of lumbar disc prolapses occur at the L4/L5 and L5/S1 levels, while cervical disc prolapses usually occur in a posterolateral direction due to the strong posterior longitudinal ligament.
3) Conservative treatment is effective for many cases, while indications for surgery include incapacitating pain, neurological deficits, or motor/sphincter issues. Surgical options include discectomy with minimal bone removal or laminectomy.
Pra625 cervical spine
The document discusses the anatomy and biomechanics of the cervical spine. It describes the seven cervical vertebrae, their characteristics, and motion segments. It also covers indications for cervical manipulation, mechanisms of action, and importance of screening for vascular risks prior to cervical manipulation.
Discogenic lower backache by DR.NAVEEN RATHOR
1) There are 33 vertebrae in the spine, but due to fusion only 26 are functional. The vertebrae are divided into 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar vertebrae.
2) Degenerative disc disease is the most common cause of lower back pain. It involves the gradual drying out and loss of the intervertebral disc's ability to function as a shock absorber. This transfer of stress can lead to further degeneration of surrounding structures like facet joints.
3) Stages of disc degeneration include disc bulge, annular tears, and disc herniation which can be protruded, extruded, or sequestrated as it progresses. Identification of the specific
Ldp& Cdp
This document discusses low back pain, sciatica, and lumbar disc prolapse. It provides details on the anatomy of the lumbar discs and describes how disc prolapses typically occur at the L4/L5 and L5/S1 levels. Clinical features of disc prolapses are outlined for different levels. Conservative and surgical treatment options are discussed. Cervical disc prolapse is also covered, including typical levels of involvement, clinical presentations, and management approaches.
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The document describes two patients with lumbar spinal stenosis who were treated with non-surgical approaches. Both patients presented with low back pain and leg pain that worsened with walking. They underwent physical therapy evaluations including questionnaires, examinations, and treadmill tests. Physical therapy focused on exercises to improve strength, flexibility, and walking tolerance without worsening pain. Non-surgical treatments were aimed at reducing pain and disability from lumbar spinal stenosis.
Anatomy of spine for spinal anaesthesia
The vertebral column consists of 33 vertebrae that provide structural support, protect the spinal cord, and allow mobility. Each vertebra is composed of a vertebral body, processes, and joints that connect to adjacent vertebrae. The spinal cord runs through the vertebral column and is segmented into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal regions. Surrounding structures include the ligaments, discs, dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater, epidural space, and subarachnoid space. Knowledge of the vertebral column's anatomy is essential for performing spinal and epidural procedures safely and effectively.
Lubar Arthritis : Lumbar Stenosis by Pablo Pazmino, MD
This video explains Lumbar Stenosis. When arthritis begins to encroach around the spinal cord and neural elements this is called Lumbar Stenosis. This video highlights the history, epidemiology, and treatment options both conservative and surgical. If you or someone you know needs to be seen in regards to Lumbar Stenosis/Arthritis feel free to look us up online www.beverlyspine.com or www.santamonicaspine.com OR call toll free 1-8SPINECAL-1
Cervical Laminoplasty by Pablo Pazmino MD
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Cervical degenerative disease and injuries
This document provides an overview of cervical spine anatomy, cervical spondylosis, grading systems for cervical spine injuries, and treatment approaches. It defines cervical spondylosis as a widespread age-related degenerative condition affecting the cervical spine. Symptoms can include neck pain and neurological deficits. Treatment involves conservative approaches like physical therapy or surgical options like laminectomy, laminoplasty, or anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. Whiplash injuries and spinal cord injuries without radiographic abnormality (SCIWORA) are also discussed.
Craniovertebral junction
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Spinal injury
The document discusses the anatomy and clinical features of spinal fractures. It begins with the anatomy of the vertebral column and its supporting ligaments. It then discusses the classification, mechanisms of injury, and clinical features of spinal fractures. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam including neurological exam, and imaging studies like x-rays, CT scans, and MRI to identify fractures and spinal cord injuries. Management aims to prevent secondary injury through immobilization of the spine.
Cervical Hybrid Arthroplasty by Pablo Pazmino MD
This video explains Cervical Arthroplasty in combination with a fusion. When people have more than one cervical disc which has degenerated or which has sustained a traumatic rupture they may need a procedure to address both levels. These herniations may begin to affect the surrounding nerves and/or spinal cord. This video highlights the history, epidemiology, and treatment options both conservative and surgical. If you or someone you know needs to be seen in regards to Cervical Herniations/ Radiculopathy at multiple levels feel free to look us up online www.beverlyspine.com or call toll free 1-8SPINECAL-1
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Notulensi Quiz CPPDS Januari 2024 SYAALALALALALAL.pdf
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Lubar Arthritis : Lumbar Stenosis by Pablo Pazmino, MD
Lubar Arthritis : Lumbar Stenosis by Pablo Pazmino, MD
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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