The sciatic nerve is the longest and largest nerve in the human body. It runs from the lower back through the back of the leg, and down to the toes. Any type of pain and/or neurological symptoms that are felt along the sciatic nerve is referred to as sciatica.
The sciatic nerve is the longest and largest nerve in the human body. It runs from the lower back through the back of the leg, and down to the toes. Any type of pain and/or neurological symptoms that are felt along the sciatic nerve is referred to as sciatica.
Vertebral Column is a complex structure of the Human body. It does not only provides protection for spinal cord but also provide mobility and stability of the trunk and the extremities. To learn structure of Vertebral Column and more Online Medical Resource, Visit at http://gisurgery.info
Atlanto occipital and atlanto axial jointShubham Singh
Anatomy:
>Atlas is the topmost vertebra and chief peculiarity of atlas is that it has no body, it is ring like and consist of anterior and posterior arch and two lateral masses.
>Axis, the 2nd cervical vertebra has a concave under side and convex from side to side. The most distinctive characteristic of this bone is strong odontoid process, the dens.
TheJoint:
>Atlanto-occipital joint (articulation between the atlas and the occipital bone) consists of a pair of condyloid joints.
>The atlanto-occipital joints are synovial socket-type joints
Ligaments:
> Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane: extend from anterior arch of atlas to posterior margin of foramen magnum.
>Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane: extend from anterior arch of atlas to anterior margin of foramen magnum.
>The ligamentam flavam join laminae of adjacent vertebral arches.
>The interspinous ligaments expand to form the ligamentum nuchae which inserts along the posterior foramen magnum and external occipital condyle.
> The following four ligaments stabilize these joints:
1.Apical ligament: Connects the dens to the foramen magnum of the occipital bone.
2.Alar ligaments: Connect the dens to the lateral margins of the foramen magnum.
3.Cruciate ligament: Attaches the dens to the anterior arch of the atlas and the body of the axis to the foramen magnum of the occipital bone.
4.Tectorial membrane: Starts at the skull and becomes the posterior longitudinal ligament.
>Atlanto-axial articular capsules are thick and loose, and connect the margins of the lateral masses of the atlas with those of the posterior articular surfaces of the axis.
Muscles:
>Flexion is produced mainly by the action of longis capitis, rectus capitis anterior and sternocleidomastoid (anterior fibres)
>Extension by the rectus capitis posterior major and minor, the obliquus capitis superior, the semispinalis capitis, splenius capitis, longissimus capitis, sternocleidomastoid and upper fibres of the trapezius
>The recti lateralis are concerned in the lateral movement, assisted by the trapezius, splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, and the sternocleidomastoid of the same side, all acting together.
Movements:
>Flexion and extension in the Sagittal axis, which give rise to the ordinary forward and backward nodding of the head.
>Lateral flexion to one or other side in the Frontal axis(titling of head
>Lateral AAJ Movement: It is a synovial joint which allows only gliding
>Medial AAJ Movement: This joint allows the rotation of the atlas the axis i.e round the dens.
Clinical anatomy:
> Headaches can arise from many different sources including dysfunctional muscles, tears in the ligaments, misalignment of the vertebral bodies, injury to cervical facets and degenerative discs.
>Excessive flexion could rupture the supraspinous ligament.
>Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane ossification cause migraine headaches due to compression of artery.
features and characteristics of the typical and the A typical cervical vertebrae, typical and A typical cervical vertebrae, attachments of cervical vetebrae, atlas and axis features
this is a presentation on atlanto-axial and atlanto-occipital joints. after reading this, most of you will know about atlas and axis, joint type, anatomy of joint, movements allowed by joint and its clinical considerations.
Vertebral Column is a complex structure of the Human body. It does not only provides protection for spinal cord but also provide mobility and stability of the trunk and the extremities. To learn structure of Vertebral Column and more Online Medical Resource, Visit at http://gisurgery.info
Atlanto occipital and atlanto axial jointShubham Singh
Anatomy:
>Atlas is the topmost vertebra and chief peculiarity of atlas is that it has no body, it is ring like and consist of anterior and posterior arch and two lateral masses.
>Axis, the 2nd cervical vertebra has a concave under side and convex from side to side. The most distinctive characteristic of this bone is strong odontoid process, the dens.
TheJoint:
>Atlanto-occipital joint (articulation between the atlas and the occipital bone) consists of a pair of condyloid joints.
>The atlanto-occipital joints are synovial socket-type joints
Ligaments:
> Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane: extend from anterior arch of atlas to posterior margin of foramen magnum.
>Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane: extend from anterior arch of atlas to anterior margin of foramen magnum.
>The ligamentam flavam join laminae of adjacent vertebral arches.
>The interspinous ligaments expand to form the ligamentum nuchae which inserts along the posterior foramen magnum and external occipital condyle.
> The following four ligaments stabilize these joints:
1.Apical ligament: Connects the dens to the foramen magnum of the occipital bone.
2.Alar ligaments: Connect the dens to the lateral margins of the foramen magnum.
3.Cruciate ligament: Attaches the dens to the anterior arch of the atlas and the body of the axis to the foramen magnum of the occipital bone.
4.Tectorial membrane: Starts at the skull and becomes the posterior longitudinal ligament.
>Atlanto-axial articular capsules are thick and loose, and connect the margins of the lateral masses of the atlas with those of the posterior articular surfaces of the axis.
Muscles:
>Flexion is produced mainly by the action of longis capitis, rectus capitis anterior and sternocleidomastoid (anterior fibres)
>Extension by the rectus capitis posterior major and minor, the obliquus capitis superior, the semispinalis capitis, splenius capitis, longissimus capitis, sternocleidomastoid and upper fibres of the trapezius
>The recti lateralis are concerned in the lateral movement, assisted by the trapezius, splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, and the sternocleidomastoid of the same side, all acting together.
Movements:
>Flexion and extension in the Sagittal axis, which give rise to the ordinary forward and backward nodding of the head.
>Lateral flexion to one or other side in the Frontal axis(titling of head
>Lateral AAJ Movement: It is a synovial joint which allows only gliding
>Medial AAJ Movement: This joint allows the rotation of the atlas the axis i.e round the dens.
Clinical anatomy:
> Headaches can arise from many different sources including dysfunctional muscles, tears in the ligaments, misalignment of the vertebral bodies, injury to cervical facets and degenerative discs.
>Excessive flexion could rupture the supraspinous ligament.
>Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane ossification cause migraine headaches due to compression of artery.
features and characteristics of the typical and the A typical cervical vertebrae, typical and A typical cervical vertebrae, attachments of cervical vetebrae, atlas and axis features
this is a presentation on atlanto-axial and atlanto-occipital joints. after reading this, most of you will know about atlas and axis, joint type, anatomy of joint, movements allowed by joint and its clinical considerations.
Anattomy of back with Dr. Ameera A. Al-Humidi .pptxAmeera Al-Humidi
this lecture describes the anatomy of bach and details of anatomical variations of vertebrae with related disorders.
the vertebral column consists of seven cervical vertebrae, tweleve thoracic vertebrae, five lumbar vertebrae, sacral vertebrae, and five fused coccygeal vertebrae.
The cervical spine functions to provide mobility and stability to the head while connecting it to the relatively immobile thoracic spine. The movement of nodding the head takes place predominantly through flexion and extension at the joint between the atlas and the occipital bone, the atlanto-occipital joint.
deals with the anatomy of LS spine coccyx and sacrum. The sacrum and coccyx are two anatomical structures located near the bottom of your vertebral spinal column, below the fifth lumbar vertebra (L5).Below the sacrum is the coccyx, commonly known as the tailbone. The sacrum and coccyx are weight-bearing spinal structures.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
2. SPINAL COLUMN
Spinal column is also
known as Back bone which
is made up of 33 bones
stacked on top of another
called the vertebrae. The
length of vertebral column
: averages 72 cm in
men and 7 to 10 cm less in
women.
3. Regions of the Spine
• Cervical
- Upper cervical: C1-C2
- Lower cervical: C3-C7
• Thoracic: T1-T12
• Lumbar: L1- L5
• Sacrococcygeal: 9 fused
vertebrae in the sacrum and
coccyx.
4. ANATOMY OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Vertebral column -33 vertebrae divided into five sections
Cervical- Seven
Thoracic- Twelve
Lumbar- Five
Sacral- Five
Coccygeal- Four
vertebral body increases in size from cranial to
caudal.
6. • The thoracic and sacral segments
maintain kyphotic postures found in
utero- attachment points for the rib cage
and pelvic girdle.
• The cervical and lumbar segments
develop lordosis as erect posture is
acquired.
12. CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
small size
Foramen Transversarium in trough transverse process for
the passageof the vertebral artery and veins
verterbral artery passes through the transverse process of C1 to C6
not C7.
The vertebral body is short in height ,square shaped when
viewed from above -- concave superior surface and a convex
inferior surface
spinous process is short and bifid
vertebral foramen is triangular
and large
13. ATYPICAL CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
• The first , second and seventh cervical vertebrae
• The first and second cervical vertebrae- the atlas and
axis-
specialized to accommodate movement of the head.
• The seventh cervical vertebrae – (vertebrae
prominens ) named cos it had the longest spinous
process, and its not bifid .
15. Atlas
…Doesn’t Have body
&spinous process
…Its ring-like, has anterior and
a posterior arch and two
lateral masses.
…Each lateral mass has
superior articular
facet&inferior articular facet.
… Superior articular facet
articulate with occipital
condoyle- atlanto-occipital
joint.
…Inferior articular facet
articulate with axis superior
facet -atlanto-axis joint.
…Transverse process project
laterally from lateral mass
which is pierced by foramen
transversorium
16. Atlas
…The vertebral body of C1
fuses onto the body of C2
during development to
become the dens of CII.
As a result, there is no
intervertebral disc between
Atlas and Axis.
…
…
…
18. AXIS
…The second cervical
vertebra
(C2) of the spine is
named the axis
…The most distinctive
characteristic
of this bone is the
strong odontoid
process ("dens") which
rises perpendicularly
from the upper surface
of the body
19. …Dens provide attachment at its apex to apical
ligament& on each side to alar ligament.
…Anterior surface of body gives attachment to
ant. Longitudinal ligament.
…Posterior surface of body gives attachment to
vertical limb of cruciate ligament , membrana
tectoria, post.longitudinal ligament.
20. Cervical Vertebrae C3 – C6
Sulcus for
Spinal Nerve
Transverse
Body Process
Transverse
Pedicle
Lateral
Mass
Lamina
Axial View
Foramen
Superior
Articular Facet
Vertebral
Foramen
Bifid Spinous Process
21. C3-c6 vertebra
… The body of these four vertebrae is small, and
broader from side to side than from front to back.
… The pedicles are directed laterally and backward,
and are attached to the body midway between its
upper and lower borders, so that the superior
vertebral notch is as deep as the inferior.
… The laminae are narrow, and thinner above than
below; the vertebral foramen is large, and of a
triangular form.
… The spinous process is short and bifid, the two
divisions being often of unequal size.
… The superior and inferior articular processes of
neighbouring vertebrae often fuse on either or
both sides to form an articular pillar, a column
of bone which projects laterally from the junction
of the pedicle and lamina.
… The transverse processes are each pierced by
the foramen transversorium, which, in the upper six
vertebrae, gives passage to the vertebral
artery and vein, as well as a plexus of sympathetic
nerves. Each process consists of an anterior and a
posterior tubercle. These two parts are joined, outside
22. Vertebra Prominens (C7)
C7 is referred to as the VERTEBRA
PROMINENS because it has a longer
and larger spinous process than the
other cervical vertebrae.
This spinous process is not usually bifid.
C7 may possess a cervical rib
Spinous
Process
Axial View
23. The Motion Segment
• The FUNCTIONAL UNIT of the spine
• Composed of:
- Two adjacent
- The intervertebral disc
– Connecting ligaments
- Two facet joints and
capsules
25. Occipitocervical Joint
Occipital
Condyles
Foramen
Magnum
articulate with
C1 superior
facets
The atlanto-occipital joint (synovial joint) allows the head to nod up
and down on the vertebral column.
Motion at the occiput-C1 segment is restricted primarily to flexion-
extension due to bony structures, ligamentous constraints, and the
absence of an intervertebral disc
26. Atlantoaxial Joint
Dens
JOINT between the atlas (C1) and the
axis (C2); has a range of motion in the
transverse plane for rotation.
The DENS of C2 acts as a
pivot point for the rotation of
C1.
The articulating surfaces of the two
vertebrae form ZYGAPOPHYSEAL
(FACET) JOINTS that allow flexion-
extension, side bending, and
rotational movements.
C1
C2
Zygapophyseal
joints
27. The Facet Joints
Also called ZYGAPOPHYSEAL JOINTS.
The facet joints are formed by the
articular processes of adjacent vertebrae.
The inferior articular process of a vertebra
articulates with the superior articular
process of the vertebra below.
These are synovial gliding joints
Facet joints are oriented in different
planes depending on their anatomic
location.
28. Uncovertebral Joints
Uncovertebral
The bony elevations on the
superior lateral margins of the cervical
vertebrae are called UNCINATE
PROCESSES.
These joints articulate with the
inferior, lateral aspect of the vertebra
above to form the UNCOVERTEBRAL
JOINTS, also known as the JOINTS
OF LUSCHKA. These are fibrous joints
The uncovertebral joints are not true
joints
JointUncinate
Process
29. Movements of Joints
• Approximately 50% of flexion-
extension motion occurs at
occiput-C1
• Approximately 50% of rotation
occurs at C1-C2
• Lesser amounts of flexion-
extension, rotation, and lateral
bending occur segmentally
between C2-C7
30. Cervical Spine Anatomy
• Ligaments
– The cervical spine
also features a
complex
arrangement of
ligaments to
supplement its
structure and
mobility
32. Anterior Longitudinal
Ligament (ALL)
•Extending from the axis (C2)
anteriorly to the sacrum.
•Is broader at the level of each
vertebral body than at the level of the
discs where the fibers adhere to the
annulus fibrosus.
•Attaches to each vertebral body
superiorly and inferiorly at the levels of
the end plates.
33. • Is weaker than the ALL.
• It runs from the axis (C2) caudally to
the sacrum.
•The PLL is narrow at the levels of the
vertebrae, but the fibers extend laterally at
the disc levels. These fibers may help to
contain herniated disc material.
•Like the ALL, the PLL is attached to
the vertebra at the superior and inferior
margins, and to the annular fibers of the
intervertebral disc.
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Posterior longitudinal ligament
34. LIGAMENTUM FLAVUM
Also called the YELLOW
LIGAMENT
Consists of elastic fibers
oriented vertically that extend from
the anterior inferior surface of the
lamina above to the superior
posterior surface of the lamina
below.
The ligamentum flavum tends to
thicken as it progresses down the
spine, beginning at the axis (C2)
and extending to the sacrum.
Ligamentum
flavum
36. THE LIGAMENTUM NUCHAE
• is a triangular,
• sheet-like structure in the median sagittal plane:
• base :attached to the skull, from the external occipital protuberance to the
foramen magnum
• apex :attached to the tip of the spinous process of vertebra CVII
• the deep side of the triangle is attached to the posterior tubercle ofvertebra
CI and the spinous processes of the other cervical vertebrae.
• supports the head and resists flexion and facilitates returning the head to
anatomical position.
37. INTERSPINOUS LIGAMENTS
• pass between adjacent vertebral
spinous processes
• They attach from the base to the
apex of each spinous process and
blend with the supraspinous
ligament posteriorly and the
ligamenta flava anteriorly on each
side.
39. Intervertebral Disc
• Fibrocartilaginous joint of the
motion segment
• Make up ¼ the length of the
spinal column
• Present at levels C2-C3 to L5-
S1
• Allows compressive, tensile,
and rotational motion
• Largest avascular structures
in the body
40. Intervertebral Disc
Annulus
• Annulus Fibrosus
- Outer portion of the disc
- Made up of lamellae
• Layers of collagen fibers
• Arranged obliquely 30°
• Reversed contiguous
layers
- Great tensile strength
Fibrosus
42. Intervertebral Disc
Blood Supply
•Intervertebral discs have no
significant vascular structures.
•They receive their blood supply by
diffusion through the vertebral body
endplates.
• A network of vessels located
centrally in the endplate allows
nutrients to diffuse into the nucleus
pulposus and annulus fibrosus.
47. STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID MUSCLE
Muscle Origin Insertion Action Nerve
Two heads:
Sternal
head –
manubrium
sterni
Clavicular head
- Medial 2/3 of
the clavicle
Mastoid
process of
the of the
temporal
bone and
lateral half
of the
superior
nuchal line.
Bilateral:
Flex the
neck
Single:
Flex the
head and
laterally
rotate to
the
opposite
side
1.Spinal
accesory
nerve
2.Anterior
primary rami
of spinal
nerves C2
and C3.
Two heads:
Sternal
head –
manubrium
sterni
Clavicular head
- Medial 2/3 of
the clavicle
49. TRAPEZIUS
Origin Insertion Action Nerve
External occipital
protruberance,
the medial half of
the superior
nuchal line, the
ligamentum
nuchae, and the
lower cervical
and all the
thoracic spines
Fibers originating
from the head
insert into the
lateral third of
the clavicle, and
the remaining
fibers insert into
the acromion
process and
spine of the
scapula
Contract to rotate
and elevate the
scapula. Its
cervical portion,
acting bilaterally,
can extend the
head and singly,
it can rotate the
head and face to
the opposite side
1.Spinal
accessory nerve
2.Anterior
primary rami of
the spinal nerves
C3 and C4.
15
51. Scalenius
Muscle Origin Insertion Action Nerve
Scalenius
posterior
Transverse
processes of
C5 and C6
Superior
aspect of the
second rib
Flexes the
neck
APR of C5 to
C8
Scalenius
Medius
Transverse
processes of
C2 to C7
Superior
aspect of the
first rib
Flexes the
neck
APR of C3
and C4
Scalenius
anterior
Transverse
processes of
C3 to C6
Scalene
tubercle of
the first rib
Participates
in forced
inspiration
by elevating
the ribs and
sternum
APR of C5 to
C8
53. PLATYSMA
Muscle Origin Insertion Action Nerve
Platysma Superficial
fascia of the
deltoid and
pectoral
Regions
Inferior
border of
the
mandible,
some fibers
sweep
upward and
blend with
Risorius
Stretches
tight the
skin of the
neck,
depresses
the mandible
Facial nerve
55. SPLENIUS CAPITIS
Origin Insertion Action Nerve
Lower part of
the ligamentum
nuchae, lower
cervical spines
Mastoid process
and the superior
nuchal line
Bilateral:
Extends the
head
Individual:
Flexes the head
laterally
Cervical spinal
nerves
57. Digastric
Muscle Origin Insertion Action Nerve
Supply
Digastric
(Posterior
belly)
Digastric notch
of the temporal
bone at the
base of the
skull
Intermediate
tendon
Raises the
hyoid bone
Facial nerve
Digastric
(anterior
belly)
Intermediate
tendon
Digastric
fossa of the
mandible
Elevates the
hyoid bone
Nerve to the
mylohyoid
muscle
20
59. OMOHYOID
Muscle Origin Insertion Action Nerve Supply
Omohyoid Inferior belly:
Superior border
of the scapula
Superior belly:
Intermediate
tendon
Inferior belly:
Intermediate
tendon
Superior
belly:
Lower border
of the body of
the hyoid
bone
Depresses the
hyoid bone and
larynx
Ansa cervicalis
(APR of C1, C2,
C3)
60. STERNOHYOID
Muscle Origin Insertion Action Nerve Supply
Sternohyoid Manubrium of
the sternum,
posterior
aspect
Lower border
of the body of
the hyoid bone
Depresses the
hyoid bone
and larynx
Ansa cervicalis
(APR of C1, C2,
C3)
61. STERNOTHYROID
Muscle Origin Insertion Action Nerve Supply
Sternothyroid Manubrium of
the sternum,
posterior
aspect
Oblique line
of thyroid
cartilage
Depresses the
larynx
Ansa
cervicalis
(APR of C1,
C2, C3)
62. Others Muscles of Neck
Muscle Origin Insertion Action Nerve Supply
Mylohyoid Mylohyoid line
on the medial
aspect of
mandibular
body
Median raphe
and body of
hyoid
Elevates the
hyoid bone,
base of the
tongue, and
floor of the
Mouth
Nerve to
mylohyoid
muscle
Stylohyoid Styloid
process
Greater horn
of hyoid bone
Elevates
hyoid bone
Facial nerve
Geniohyoid
muscle
Inferior
border genial
tubercle of
the mandible
Body of hyoid
bone
Elevates hyoid
bone, protracts
hyoid bone
APR of C1
Thyrohyoid Oblique line of
thyroid
cartilage
Body and
greater horn of
hyoid bone,
lower border
Depresses the
hyoid bone
Thyrohyoid
branch of the
hypoglossal
nerve
64. Spinal Nerve Structures
Spinal Cord
• Contained in epidural space
• Network of sensory and motor
nerves
• Firm, cord-like structure
• Extends from foramen magnum to
L1
• Terminates at the
conus medularis
• The cauda equina begins
below L1
• Filum terminale extends from
conus medularis to the coccyx
Foramen
magnum
Conus
medularis
Cauda
equina
65. • The spinal cord is enclosed
in three protective
membranes—the pia,
arachnoid, and dura mater.
• The pia and arachnoid
membranes are separated
by the subarachnoid space,
which contains
cerebrospinal fluid.
66. SPINAL NERVES
31 pairs of spinal
nervesattached by the
anterior ( motor ) and
posterior (sensory )
roots
Each root is
attached bya series of
rootlets, which extend
the whole length of the
corresponding segment
of the cord.
Each posterior
nerve root possesses
a posterior/dorsal
root ganglion, the
cells of which give
rise to peripheral and
central nerve fibers.
68. Spinal Nerves
Spinal Epidural
cord space
Dura mater and
Arachnoid layers
Dorsal root
Subarachnoid
space
Dorsal root
ganglion
Ventral Peripheral
root nerve
69. Cervical Spine Anatomy
• Neural elements
– 8 pair of cervical
nerves
– Exit the spinal canal
superior to the
vertebrae for which
they are numbered
• C1 nerves exit the
canal between Occ
& C1
• C2 nerves exit the
canal between C1 &
C2
• C8 nerves exit the
canal between C7 &
T1
70. Cervical Plexus
Formed by the anterior (ventral) rami of the cervical
nerves C1-C4 with contribution C5.
Supplies the skin and muscles of the head, neck and
superior part of the shoulders and chest.
Phrenic nerves arise from the cervical, innervate for
the diaphragm muscles.
Runs in series with brachial plexus on scalenus
medius under the prevertebral Fascia and upper
part of the sternocleidomastoid.
73. Terminal Branches
Superficial branches (Sensory)
2. Lesser occipital (C2) –skin of scalp posterior and
superior to ear.
3. Great auricular (C2-C3) –skin anterior, inferior, and
over ear and over parotid gland.
4. Transverse cervical (C2-C3) –skin over anterior
aspect of neck.
5. Supraclavicular (C3-C4) –skin over superior portion
of chest and shoulder.
75. Deep Branches (Motor)
2. Ansa cervicalis (superior root) –infrahyoid and
geniohyoid muscles of the neck.
3. Ansa cervicalis (inferior root) –infrahyoid muscles
of neck.
4. Phrenic nerve –diaphragm
5. Segmental branches –prevertebral muscles of the
neck, levator scapulae and middle fiber of scalene.
Terminal Branches
76.
77. Arteries of the Cranial and Cervical Region
Two VERTEBRAL
ARTERIES, one located on each
side the cervical vertebrae. These
arteries are branches of the right
Foramen
lacerum
and left subclavian vs. that exit from
aorta.
They ascend through the
transverse foramen of C6 through
C1,entering the skull through the
foramen magnum where they join
together to form the BASILAR
ARTERY.
Anterior to the cervical
vertebrae are the CAROTID
ARTERIES, which ascend through
the FORAMEN LACERUM and
join with the vertebral arteries to
form the CIRCLE OF WILLIS.
Vertebral
artery
Carotid
artery
78. Veins of the Cervical and Thoracic Region
The most important venous structures in the
cervical spine are the internal and external
JUGULAR VEINS. The internal jugular veins follow
a path similar to the carotid arteries. They should
always be considered during any anterior cervical
spine procedure.
External
jugular
Anterior
jugular
Internal
jugular
![ANATOMY OF
CERVICAL
SPINE
Dr. MD. NURNOBI HOSSAIN
IMO[Orthopaedics and Traumatology]
KHWAJA YUNUS ALI MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/anatomyofcervicalspine-191015190050/85/Anatomy-of-cervical-spine-1-320.jpg)
