The vertebral column is composed of 33 vertebral segments that provide structure and protection to the spinal cord. It is divided into 5 regions - cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal. Each region has a specific number of vertebrae that allow the body to bend and twist while standing upright. The vertebrae are connected by ligaments like the anterior longitudinal ligament, posterior longitudinal ligament, and ligamentum flavum which help limit excessive movement and maintain the normal spinal curvature. Injuries or conditions can cause abnormal spinal curvatures. Each vertebra has distinguishing features but generally consists of a vertebral body, arch, and processes.

1. The vertebral column
-Anatomy descripcion
-Its function
-Joints

2. SpinalColumn
The vertebral column is generally composed of 33
vertebral segments.
Only the top 24 are moveable.
The sacral and coccygeal are fused.
Five parts:
-Cervical (The neck): 7 vertebraes
-Thoracic (The chest and ribs): 12 vertebraes
-Lumbar (The lower back): 5 vertebraes
-Sacral (Pelvic girdle): 5 vertebraes
-Coccygeal (Caudal): 4 vertebraes
It provides the main support
for your body, allowing you to
stand upright, bend, and
twist, while protecting the
spinal cord from injuries.
Descripcion:

3. Locatedintheaxial
skeleton
The adult spine has a S curvature.
The cervical and lumbar have a slight concave curve.
The thoracic and sacral regions have a gentle convex curve.
Excess body weight, weak muscles, and other forces can pull at
the spine’s alignment.
-An abnormal curve of the lumbar spine, lordosis, also called
sway back.
-An abnormal curve of the thoracic spine, kyphosis, also called
hunchback.
-An abnormal curve from side-to-side, scoliosis.

5. Movements in
sagittal view
(Flexion-
Lateral
Movements

6. Lateral
movements

7. Head view
In summary:
Flexion
Extension
Hyper-Extension
Rotation
Lateral Movements (Left-Right)

8. Most vertebrae are composed of:
-A body: Notes that C1 has lots its body
-A vertebrae arch (also called the neural arch or sometimes vertebral foramen):
made of pedicles (wall) and laminas (roof), that form a vertebral canal (also called a
neural canal) within wich lies the spinal cord.
-Processes: on the dorsal portion of most vertebrae that provides sites for muscle
attachment, articulation with other vertebrae and sometimes articulation with ribs.

9. Two types of vertebrae:
TYPICAL ATYPICAL
A basic anatomical structure composed of
all components.
The vertebrae whose structure is a little
bit different from that of the basic
anatomy due to vertebra function and
position.
Cervical Vertebrae
C3 to C6 C1,C2 and C7
Thoracic Vertebrae
T2 to T8 T1 and T9 to T12
Lumbar Vertebrae
L1 to L4 L5
Moreover, most vertebrae in an adults’ vertebral
column are typical while few are atypical.

10. CERVICAL
PORTION
The main function of the cervical spine is to support de weight of the head. (About 10
pounds).
The seven cervical vertebraes are numbered from C1 to C7.
The cervical part lets the skull realized different movements.

12. In Greek Mythology, Atlas was
a TITAN who was responsible for
bearing the weight of the
heavens on his shoulders, a
punishment bestowed on him
by ZEUS.

14. ATLAS
A ring-like structure and the absence of a body.
With the cervical axis, those two are called craniovertebral vertebrae.
The joints between the vertebral arches are known as a type of synovial joint.
Thus, there are 4 main features we need to consider about the Atlas:
-Short Anterior Arch -Long Posterior Arch -Lateral Masses -Transverse Processes
The most anterior part of the anterior
arch forms the anterior tubercle.
The anterior surface is convex and
projects outwards, in an anterior
direction.
The anterior tubercle
The anterior tubercle is extremely
important for the attachment of a
ligament, the anterior longitudinal
ligament.
Inferior view
THE ANTERIOR ARCH

15. The anterior longitudinal ligament is a strong, fibrous band that runs along
the anterolateral aspects of vertebrae and IV discs.
The anterior longitudinal ligament is thin over the
vertebrae, but thick over the IV discs.
It’s the only ligament to prevent
hyperextension of the vertebral
column.
It extends superiorly from the
pelvic (anterior surface) of the
sacrum to the anterior tubercle
of the Atlas.
Also extends superiorly above
the anterior tubercle, to connect
to the anterior surface of the
foramen magnum
Foramen magnum
Anterior
surface
Anterior
surface’s
sacrum

16. Either side of the midline, the anterior tubercle also
gives attachment to the superior oblique part of the
longus colli muscle.
Longus Colli Muscle is Greek
for long muscle of the neck.
It appears to be
somewhat
fusiform shaped
The longus colli muscle spans
superiorly from the anterior tubercle
of the atlas, as stated before,
inferiorly until the T3 vertebra.

17. The Superior Oblique Portion or
Upper Part of the Longus
Colli originates from the anterior
tubercles of the Atlas to the
transverse processes of the C3,
C4 and C5 vertebrae.
Inferior Oblique Portion or
Lower Part of the Longus
Colli originates from the
front of the bodies of T1, T2
and sometimes T3 and It
ascends obliquely
and laterally inserts to
the transverse processes of
C5 and C6.
Vertical Portion or Middle Part
of the Longus Colli originates
from the anterior arch of the T3-
T1/C7-C6 to insert in the
anterior tubercle of the C4-C2.

18. The Longus Colli
Muscle is involved in
moving the neck or
vertebral column in the
neck.
Neck flexion: bending the neck/head straight down
Neck rotation: turning the head to the left and right
Neck ipsilateral rotation/flexion: combining neck
flexion and rotation, allows a person to turn their
head to the side while their neck is bent forward
Neck Flexion
Neck extension

19. It extends posteriorly until the posterior most tubercle, the posterior tubercle of the atlas.
Posterior
Tubercle
Serves as a rudimentary spinous
process of the C1, since no
proper spinous process exists.
The posterior tubercle gives
attachment to a ligament,
known as the ligamentum
nuchae.
THE POSTERIOR ARCH

20. Is a large median ligament composed of
tendons and fascia located between the
posterior muscles of the neck.
It is a superior and posterior extension
of the supraspinous ligament.

21. It extends
from
the occipital
protuberance
to the spinous
process of
the C7
vertebra.
Limits flexion of the neck.
To sustain the weight of the head.
Provides an attachment for Trapezius and Splenius capitis.
Occipital
protuberance
Vertebrae CVII

22. The superior part consists
of medial fibers from the
cervical trapezius.
The part of the
ligamentum
nuchae that
attaches to muscles
The inferior part consists of
interweaving tendons from splenius
capitis and rhomboid minor.
Splenius Capitis BASE
APEX
Spine
Post tubercles
of C1-C6
Spine of C7
External Occipital Crest
Free
border

23. The supraspinous ligament is a thick, cord
like fibrous band that connects the apices of
the spinous processes.
It from the vertebrae
C7 to the S1
It is continuous with the ligamentum nuchae
above C7, and it continuous
with interspinous ligaments between the
spinous processes.

24. They’re thin, fibrous membranes that connect adjacent spinous
processes together
The interspinous ligaments are narrow in the thoracic region,
but thicker in the lumbar region.
Both the supraspinous
ligament and the interspinous
ligament prevent hyperflexion
of the vertebral column.
In the cervical region, they are very underdeveloped, and are
considered part of the ligamentum nuchae.
From C1 to the
S1

25. The ligamentum flavum also known as the yellow
ligament is a short but thick ligament that connects the
laminae of adjacent vertebrae from C2 to S1.
It consists of 80% elastin and 20%
collagen.
In the cervical region the
ligaments are thin, but broad and
long.
They're thicker in the thoracic
region.
It is the most thickest of the three
in the lumbar region.
Their marked elasticity
serves to preserve
-The upright posture.
-To assist the vertebral column in resuming it after flexion.
-It resists excess separation of adjacent vertebral lamina.
-Prevents buckling of the ligament into the spinal canal
during extension, which would cause canal compression.

26. The facet joint capsule is an area of
connective tissue that covers and
closes the facet joint.
Also known as the
zygapophysis or
zygapophyseal joint.
This connective tissue creates a sort of bulky seam that
holds the two bones forming the facet joint together.
The facet joint capsule resists forces of tension that are
developed across the joint when it rotates.
Each vertebra has four facet joints.
Two on the top (called superior facets) and two on the
bottom (called inferior facets).
On the inside of the joint cavity is a lining (called the
synovial lining) that makes synovial fluid.
It lubricates the bones that make up the facet joint, as
well as the space between them, which helps make for
smooth, frictionless motion in the joint.

27. The face joint capsule is richly supplied with nerves
which play a role in pain perception.
The American Journal of Neuroradiology say that
facet joints may be responsible for up to 45% of low
back pain cases and up to 55% cases of chronic neck
pain without disc herniation.
The next continuation we’ll talk in more detail
about the disc herniation and synovial fluid.

28. The Posterior Longitudinal
Ligament runs up and down
behind (posterior) the spine
and inside the spinal canal.
This ligament is composed of
smooth, shining, longitudinal
fibers, denser and more compact
than those of the anterior
ligament
The posterior longitudinal ligament, anterior
longitudinal ligament and ligamentum flavum are three
extremely important components of the spinal anatomy
because they prevent the hyper-flexion of the body
together.
It prevents the excesive
flexion of the body.
It becomes tectorial
membrane in the
craniovertebral region much
broader and stronger.

29. The Posterior Tubercle also brings attachment to some muscles
The Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor The Interspinalis Cervicis
The superior surface of the posterior arch provides attachment to the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane.
The Rectus Capitis Posterior Major

30. It is a broad, thin fibrous membrane.
It extends from the superior surface of the posterior arch,
superiorly till the posterior margin of the foramen magnum.
Both the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane and posterior atlanto-axial
ligament are continuations of the ligamentum flavum.
In the inferolateral
part of the
membrane allows
the passage of the
C1 spinal nerve
and vertebral

31. Anterior
Atlanto-
Occipital
membrane
Anterior
Arch of
Atlas
Anterior
Atlanto-
Axial
ligament
Intervertebral
Fibrocartilage
Anterior
Longitudina
l ligament
Posterior
Longitudinal
ligament
Posterior
Atlanto-Occipital
membrane
It is broad and composed of densely woven fibers.
It passes between the anterior margin of the foramen
magnum above, and the upper border of the anterior
arch of the atlas below.
It is a continuation of the anterior longitudinal ligament.
Anterior
Longitudinal
Ligament

32. The most bulky part of the Atlas.
To support the weight of the globe of the head.
They articulate with the occipital condyles of the base of the
skull, to form the atlanto-occipital joint.
LATERAL
MASSES
Occipital Condyles
Stuff that supports the joint
FIBROUS CAPSULE
Surround the joint
Thick posterolaterally and anteromedially
ANTERIOR ATLANTO OCCIPITAL
LIGAMENT/MEMBRANE
Anterior margin of foramen above to upper border of
anterior arch of atlas below.
Anteriorly strengthened by anterior longitudinal ligament.
Laterally continuous with the anterior part of capsular
ligament.
Blood supply:
Vertebral artery
Nerve supply:
C1 nerve

33. TRANSVERS
E
PROCESSES
They’re the lateral most structures of the Atlas.
They contain the most important part, the foramen
transversarium, that transmits the vertebral artery.
It also provides attachment to a large number of muscles.
They’re the point of articulation of the ribs (in the thoracic spine).
The transverse processes help
reinforce the framework of the
spinal canal, which is a long
space via which the spinal cord
goes through the base of the
skull till the lower back.

34. Rectus Capitis Lateralis Obliqus Capitis
Superior
Obliqus Capitis Inferior

35. Levator Scapulae Splenius Cervicis Rectus Capitis Anterior

36. The Longus Capitis
Movement Muscles Involved
Flexion Longus Capitis
Rectus Capitis Anterior
Extension
Rectus Capitis Posterior Major and
Minor
Oblique Capitis Superior
Semispinalis Capitis
Splenius Capitis
Trapezius
Lateral Flexion
Rectus Capitis Lateralis
Semispinalis Capitis
Splenius Capitis
Sternomastoid
Trapezius
*I will check these muscles in the muscles of the neck
The others muscles aren’t attach on the Atlas.

37. Inferior View

38. AXI
S
It is the largest and heaviest cervical segment.
The odontoid process (dens) articulates with the anterior arch of the atlas, around which the
atlas rotates and bends laterally.
In contrast to the other cervical vertebrae, C2 does not have a discrete pedicle.
It has a very large and prominent spinous process.
A superior, tooth-like projection.
The rotation of the head side-to-side allows that the atlas
bone rotates around the peg-like odontoid processes.
This is the reason why the second cervical vertebra is also
called the axis bone.
Axis (An imaginary center line which something rotates).
This structure and his movement made by the Atlanto-Axial
joint

39. The ligaments that surround these bones are:
-Articular Capsules.
-Posterior Atlanto-Axial ligament.
-Anterior Atlanto-Axial ligament.
-Transverse ligament of the atlas.
-Alar ligament.
-Apical ligament.
-Tectorial membrane.
It is a complex joint made up of three synovial joints and
constitutes the most mobile articulation of the spine.
The two alar ligaments and transverse ligaments are the three
synovial joints.

40. Two capsules. They’re thick and loose.
They connect the margins of the Lateral
Masses of the atlas with those of the
Posterior Articular Surfaces of the Axis.
Each is strengthened

41. A broad, thin membrane.
It’s attached, above, to the lower border of the posterior
arch of the atlas; below, to the upper edges of the
lamina of the axis.
It is a continuation of the Ligamentum Flavum.
It is in relation, behind, with the obliqus
capitis inferior muscle.
The posterior
Atlanto-Axial
ligament
It contributes the stabilization of the atlanto-axial joint
movement that overall allows 10-15° of
flexion/extension and 30° of axial rotation.

42. A strong membrane, fixed.
It is above, to the lower border of the anterior
arch of the atlas; below, to the front of the body
of the axis.
It is a continuation upward of
the Anterior longitudinal ligament.Anterior
Atlanto-Axial
ligament The ligament is in relation, in front, with
the longi capitis.
The Anterior Atlanto-Axial Ligament
The Posterior Atlanto-Axial Ligament
They formed a complex structure called Atlanto-Axial
Ligament Complex (Axis).

43. It is actually a collection of 3 ligaments.
-The transverse ligament of the atlas.
-Superior. longitudinal band.
-Inferior longitudinal band.
The superior and inferior longitudinal bands are simply
superior and inferior extensions from the middle of the
transverse ligament of the atlas.
A cross-shaped structure of ligaments, and hence the
name, cruciate (cross like).
The superior longitudinal band extends superiorly from the
transverse ligament of the atlas, attaching on the clivus deeper
through the foramen magnum than the apical ligament.
The inferior longitudinal ligament extends inferiorly from the inferior border of the transverse ligament of
the atlas towards the body of the axis.

44. The lateral mass contains a small tubercle for the attachment of a
ligament known as the transverse ligament of the atlas.
It extends from the medial surface of one lateral mass to the medial surface of the
lateral mass on the opposite side.
The transverse ligament of the atlas bounds
the odontoid process posteriorly.
This is known as the median atlanto-axial
joint, formed between the odontoid process.
Non-elastic, fails suddenly with quick force.
Prevents excesive anterior shift.

45. A pair strong of cord like
ligaments.
Arise from either side of the odontoid process and attach to
the medial aspect of the occipital condyles.
Taut in flexion, limit rotation
and side flexion to the opposite
side.
Play a role in stabilizing C1 and
C2, especially in rotation.

46. A fibrous cord in the triangular interval between
the alar ligaments.
Arises from the tip of the odontoid process on the
Axis (usually from a small coronal groove located
there) and inserts into the anterior rim of the
foramen magnum at the basion (mid-point).
A vestigial structure
Being intimately blended with the deep portion
of the anterior atlanto-occipital membrane and
superior crus of the transverse ligament of the
atlas.

47. They are interposed
between the transverse
processes.
Cervical region: They consist of a few irregular,
scattered fibers.
Thoracic region: They are rounded cords intimately
connected with the deep muscles of the back.
Lumbar region: They are thin and membranous.
Limit lateral
flexion of the spine.

48. Strong broad structure which covers the Odontoid process and it's ligaments.
Continuous with the Posterior longitudinal ligament and found on the
internal surface of the vertebral canal.
Arises from the posterior surface of the body of the Axis and, expanding as it
ascends, is attached to the basilar groove of the occipital bone, in front of the
foramen magnum.
Its anterior surface is in relation with the Transverse ligament of the atlas
and its posterior surface with the dura mater. As it enters the cranial cavity it
becomes continuous with the dura mater.
Contributes to the stability of the upper cervical spine. Limits Flexion C0-C1
and C1-C2 and rotation C0-C1.

50. There are six cervical discs.
The first disc is between the axis (C2) and C3.
The disc, comprised of an annulus fibrosus, a
nucleus pulposus and two cartilaginous endplates.
To serve as the spine's shock absorbing system, which protect
the vertebrae, brain, and other structures (i.e. nerves).
The discs allow some vertebral motion: extension and flexion,
and lateral bending.
Individual disc movement is very limited.Links adjacent vertebral bodies together.
A type of cartilaginous joint, known as a symphysis.

51. The annulus fibrosus
encloses the nucleus
pulposus.
Outer structure that
encases the nucleus
pulposus.
Characterized by high tensile
strength and its ability to
prevent intervertebral
distraction.
Remains flexible enough
to allow for motion.
Composed of type I collagen that is obliquely oriented, water, and proteoglycans.
Fibroblast-like cells
Responsible for producing type I collagen and proteoglycans

52. It contains a hydrated gel–like matter that resists compression.
Composed of type II collagen (50%
approximately) type I (20%)
, water, and proteoglycans.
Aggrecan is a proteoglycan primarily
responsible for maintaining water content
of the disc interact with water and resist
compression.
Chondrocyte-like cells
Responsible for producing type II collagen and proteoglycans survive in hypoxic conditions.
Approximately 88% water

53. Most flexion–extension takes place
at the joints C3–C4, C4–C5 and
especially C5–C6.
Lateral flexion and axial
rotation occur mainly at C2–C3,
C3–C4, C4–C5.

54. Here some pictures of the
anatomy in this portion that
is called the cervical spine.
Also known as Joints of Luschka.
The uncovertebral joints are present from C3 to C7. Formed between uncinate processes below, and the
uncus above.
They allow for flexion and extension and limit lateral flexion in the cervical spine.
Thought to reinforce the intervertebral disc postero -laterally and therefore provide protection for structures
at risk of disc herniation.
Prevents posterior linear translation movements of the vertebral bodies.
Important in providing stability and guiding the motion of the cervical spine.
Uncinate processes

61. THORACIC PORTION
12 vertebrae connected with
intervertebral discs. T1-T12.
Presence of facets for the joints with
the ribs (all except the 11th and 12th
vertebra).
The main function of the thoracic
spine is to hold the rib cage and
protect the heart, lungs and
oesophagus.
The typical: T2 to T9. The atypical: T1, T10, T11, T12.

62. Has on either side of the body, an entire articular fact for the head of the first rib,
and a demi-facet for the upper half of the head of the second rib.
The spinous process is thick, long, and almost horizontal.
The transverse processes are long, with the upper vertebral notches deeper than
any of those found on the other thoracic vertebrae.
A single pair of whole facets is present which articulate with the 10th rib.
Each have a single pair of entire costal facets, which are located on the pedicles.

63. It is larger than the 1st Thoracic vertebrae.
The thoracic spinal nerve 2 passes through underneath T2.
The thoracic spinal nerve 3 passes through underneath T3.
The thoracic spinal nerve 4 passes through underneath T4.
The trachea branches into the two main bronchi at the level of T5.
The thoracic spinal nerve 5 passes through underneath T5.
The thoracic spinal nerve 6 passes through underneath T6.
The thoracic spinal nerve 7 passes through underneath T7.
The T8 and T9 vertebrae are found at the same level as the
xiphoid process.
The thoracic spinal nerve 8 passes through underneath T8.
The thoracic spinal nerve 9 passes through underneath T9.

64. Anterior components of thoracic vertebrae:
-Body. (1)
-Pedicle.(2)
-Superior and Inferior Costal Facets.(3)
Posterior components of thoracic vertebrae:
-Spinous Processes.(4)
-Transverse Processes.(5)
-Superior and Inferior articular facets.(6)
-Transverse costal facets.(7)
-Lamina.(8) -Intervertebral foramen.(9)
-Superior and Inferior Vertebral Notch.(10)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
*T1,T10,T11,T12 these facets are called costal demi facets
In the other hand T2-T9: costal facets
(3)
(3)
(3)
(4)
(4)
(5)
(7)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(6)
(6)
(10)
(10)
Inferior
Articular
Facet
(6)

65. With the ribs:
Each vertebra contains three points articulations with ribs.
The superior demi facet that is called the costovertebral joint.
The transverse costal facet articulates again with the same rib
of the superior demi facet with the costovertebral joint.
The inferior demi facet articulates with the rib below.
For example, the superior demi facet and costal facet on
the transverse process of T5 will articulate with the fifth
rib.
The inferior demi facet of T5 will articulate with the
sixth rib.

66. The articulations that connect the heads of the ribs with the
bodies of the thoracic vertebrae.
Joining of ribs to the vertebrae occurs at two places, the
head and the tubercle of the rib.
A number of small ligaments also support
the costovertebral joints.
At the same time we’ll see the two types of joints that are attach with the thoracic spine.
Those that are present throughout the vertebral column:
Between vertebral bodies – adjacent vertebral bodies
are joined by intervertebral discs.
Between vertebral arches – formed by the articulation
of superior and inferior articular processes from
adjacent vertebrae.
For Example:
-Anterior and Posterior Longitudinal Ligaments.
-Ligamentum Flavum.
-Interspinous Ligament.
-Supraspinous Ligament.
-The Facet Joint Capsule.

67. Radiate ligament of head of rib – three
bands which connect the rib head to the two
vertebral bodies and intervertebral disc.
Costotransverse ligament – Connects the
neck of the rib and the transverse process.
Those unique of the thoracic spine:

68. Lateral costotransverse ligament –
Extends from the transverse process
to the tubercle of the rib.
Superior costotransverse ligament –
Passes from the upper border of the
neck of the rib to the transverse
process of the vertebra superior to it.
Here some pictures of the thoracic
spine.

71. LUMBAR
PORTION
Most people have five bones (vertebrae) in the lumbar
spine, although it is not unusual to have six.
Is the third major region of the spine.
They are the largest
of the vertebrae
because of their
weight-bearing
function supporting
the torso and head.

72. A strong band of connective tissue.
One of the three vertebropelvic ligaments.
They join the 4th and 5th
lumbar vertebrae (L4 and
L5) to the iliac bone crest
at the back of the pelvis.
The portion of the iliolumbar ligament originating from the L-5
transverse process is made up of two bands (anterior and posterior).
It’s broad and flat and has two different anatomic varieties.
It has two different anatomic varieties.
Type 1 originates from the anterior aspect of the inferolateral portion of the L-5 transverse
process and fans out widely before inserting on the anterior portion of the iliac tuberosity.
Type 2 originates anteriorly, laterally, and posteriorly from inferolateral aspect of the L-5
transverse process and fans out before inserting on the anterior portion of the iliac tuberosity.

73. It originates from the apex of the L-5 transverse process and is
fusiform.
It’s thinner than the anterior, with a smaller insertional base on the iliac crest,
which explains its lesser resistance to torsional overloading.
It plays an important role in restraining
movement in lumbosacral and the
sacroiliac joints.
The ililumbar ligament strengthen the
lumbosacral joint assisted by:
-The lateral lumbosacral ligament vertebral
joint.
-The posterior and anterior longitudinal
ligaments.
-The ligamenta flava.
-The interspinous and supraspinous
ligaments.
Iliolumbar ligament

74. Psoas Major Intertransversarii Lateralis Quadratus Lumborum

75. Interspinales Lumborum Multifidus Rotadores

76. SpinalisLongissimus LumborumIliocostalis
-Posterior longitudinal
ligaments.
-Anterior longitudinal
ligaments.
-Intertransverse
ligaments.
-Interspinous ligaments.
-Supraspinous
ligaments.
Here some images of the
Lumbar Spine.

80. SACRO-
COCCYGEAL
PORTION
SACRU
M-5 fused vertebrae (S1-S5).
-Forms posterior wall of the pelvis.
-Articulates with L5 superiorly, and with
articulate surfaces of the hip bones laterally.
COCCYX
-Tailbone.
-Fused vertebrae (3-5).
-Articulate superiorly with sacrum.

81. The superior lateral surface on either side of the
sacrum articulates with the inner aspects of the pelvis.
This area forms the capsular, synovial
Sacroiliac joint.
It transmits all the forces of the upper body to the pelvis and legs.
There are many more ligaments in the back of the
sacroiliac joint than in the front.
In back, the ligaments are:
-The interosseous sacroiliac ligament.
-The posterior sacroiliac ligament.
-The iliolumbar ligament.
-The sacrotuberous ligament.
-The sacrospinous ligament.
In front:
-The anterior longitudinal ligament.

82. Located between the ilium and sacrum.
It helps maintain joint congruency and is located where
most of the weight transfer from the spine to the hip
(and lower extremity) occurs.
Short, strong, fibers connecting tuberosities
of the sacrum and ilium.

83. There are two parts:
Short sacroiliac ligaments:
Composed of horizontal fibers extending
from the sacrum to the posterior part
of the iliac bone.
Long sacroiliac ligaments:
Composed of fibers extending vertically
from the sacrum to the posterior
superior iliac spine.
Series of flat band.
It stabilizes sacroiliac joint.
It limits anterior rotation/displacement of
pelvic girdle.

84. It extends from the lateral part of the
Sacrum and Coccyx and the posterior
inferior iliac spine.
It is largely comprised of strong collagen fibers.
It diminishes the range of
sacroiliac joint motion.

85. It is attached to the ischial spine (a bone prominence in the
lower pelvis) and the lateral (side) regions of the sacrum (at
the bottom of the spine) and coccyx, or tailbone.
The sacrospinous ligament borders the sacro tuberous
ligament and shares fiber space with this ligament.
The sacrospinous and sacro tuberous ligaments work together
to limit the upward tilt of the sacrum, called nutation.
Here some pictures.

87. The vertebral Column Descripcion
Movements
Spinal Overview
Types of vertebrae
Typical Atypical
Cervical Portion
C1 or Atlas
Anatomy
Short Anterior Arch
Long Posterior Arch
Lateral Masses Transverse Processes
Anterior Tubercle
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
Longus Colli Muscle
Posterior Tubercle
Ligamentum Nuchae
Supraspinous Ligament
Interspinous Ligament
Ligamentum Flavum
Facet Joint Capsule
Posterior Longitudinal
Ligament
The Rectus Capitis
Posterior Minor
Muscle
The Interspinalis Cervicis
The Rectus Capitis
Posterior Major Muscle
The Anterior Atlanto-Occipital
Ligament Membrane The Posterior Atlanto-
Occipital
Ligament MembraneAtlanto-
Occipital
Joint
Rectus Capitis
Lateralis Muscle
Obliqus Capitis
Superior Muscle
Obliqus Capitis
Inferior Muscle
Levator Scapulae
Splenius Cervicis
Rectus Capitis Anterior
The Longus Capitis

88. C2 or Axis
Anatomy
Dens
Atlanto-Axial Joint
Articular Capsule
Posterior Atlanto-Axial Ligament
Anterior Atlanto-Axial Ligament
The Cruciate Ligament
The Transverse Ligament
Alar Ligament Apical Ligament
Intertransversal Ligament
Tectorial Membrane
Intervertebral Discs (Cervical Portion)
Annulus Fibrous
Nucleus Pulposus
C3-C7 Spinal Column Uncovertebral Joints Summary Typical C.V.
Atypical C.V.
C3-C6
C1-C2 and C7

89. Thoracic Portion
Lumbar Portion
Typical T.V
Atypical T.V 1st Thoracic Vertebrae 10th Thoracic Vertebrae 11th 12th Thoracic
Vertebrae
2nd Thoracic Vertebrae 3th Thoracic Vertebrae 4th Thoracic Vertebrae
5th Thoracic Vertebrae 6th 7th Thoracic
Vertebrae
8th 9th Thoracic
Vertebrae
Anatomy
Joints Costovertebral
Joints
Summary
Iliolumbar Ligament
Psoas Major Muscle
Intertransversarii
Lateralis Muscle
Quadratus
Lumborum Muscle
Interspinales
Lumborum Muscle
Multifudus MuscleRotadores Muscle
Iliocostalis Muscle
Longissimus
Lumborum Muscle
Spinalis Muscle
Posterior
Longitudinal
Ligament
Anterior
Longitudinal
Ligament
Interspinous
Ligament
Supraspinous
Ligament
Intertransverse
Ligament
Summary
Typical
Atypical
L1-L4
L5
-Anterior and Posterior Longitudinal Ligaments.
-Ligamentum Flavum -Interspinous Ligament –Intervertebral
Discs
-Supraspinous Ligament -The Facet Joint Capsule.
-Radiate Ligament -Costotransverse Ligament

90. SacroCoccygeal Portion
Sacrum
Coccyx
Sacro-Iliac Joint
The Intersseous Sacro-Iliac Ligament
Posterior Sacro-Iliac Ligament
Sacrotuberous Ligament
Sacrospinous Ligament
Summary