The spine is made up of 33 vertebrae divided into 5 regions that provide structure and protection to the spinal cord. Between each vertebra is an intervertebral disc that acts as a shock absorber and allows flexibility. The disc has a tough outer layer and soft inner nucleus that provide support and cushioning. Common spinal procedures address deformities, disc disorders, spondylolisthesis, and tumors and can involve fusion techniques to correct issues.

1. Spine Anatomy
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2. The spine or vertebral column
Main functions of spine:
• Supporting the majority of body weight
• Supporting the head, trunk, and upper
extremities against the forces of gravity
• Protection to the spinal cord
• Shock absorption
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3. Design of spine
33 vertical segments, divided into 5 regions:
• Cervical vertibrae (7)
• Thoracic vertibrae (12)
• Lumbar vertibrae (5)
• Sacral vertibrae (5, fused)
• Coccygeal vertibrae (4, fused)
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5. Atlanto-occipital joint and atlanto-
axial joint
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7. Thoracic vertebrae
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10. Lumber vertebrae
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11. Facet joint
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12. Sacral and coccyx
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13. The cauda equina
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15. Intervertebral disc
• Between the individual vertebrae in the
cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions (not in
the sacrum and coccyx) are oval shaped pads
made of fibrocartilage called intervertebral
discs
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16. Function
• They provide cushioning for the vertebrae and reduce the
stress caused by impact. By keeping the vertebrae separated
from each other, they act as a type of shock absorber for the
spine.
• They help protect the nerves that run down the spine and
between the vertebrae.
• They increase the flexibility of the spine and allow us to bend
over at the waist without rubbing the vertebrae into each
other.
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17. Structure
The discs have a tough outer covering of cartilage that
provides support (the annulus fibrosus) and a soft, jellylike
center that provides the cushioning (the nucleus pulposus).
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18. Spinal Procedures
• Deformity- Scoliosis, Kyphosis, Lordosis
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19. Disc disorders
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20. • Listhesis- Various grades of spondylolisthesis
and retrolisthesis
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21. • MIS (minimally invasive spine surgery)-
Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion (ALIF) with
Instrumentation
Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion (PLIF)
Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion (TLIF)
Direct Lateral Interbody Fusion (DLIF)
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23. • Spinal Tumors
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24. Thank you..!!
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