The document discusses different types of drains used in medical procedures including closed and open drains. Closed drains have lower infection rates but limit mobility while open drains are softer and more comfortable. Examples of closed drains include pigtail catheters and urinary catheters while open drains include Penrose and corrugated drains. Potential problems with all drains include tissue trauma, erosion, herniation, leaks, bacterial infection, and fluid/electrolyte loss.

1. Drains 1-Rubber 2-Silicone 1- Active 2- Passive 1-Closed 2-Open

2. List of Things to Drain · Blood · Bile · Pus · Urine · Bowel anastomotic leaks · Saliva · Serum/lymph · Pancreatic secretion

3. Closed .Lower infection rate. · Reduce risk of contaminating staff and other patients. · Reduce nursing time · more accurate measurement of drainage output. · Protect surrounding skin from irritating discharges.

4. Open Penrose for its softness and lower tendency to be blocked. · Greater patient comfort and mobility

5. Types of open drains 1. Corrugated Drain 2. Penrose Drain 3. Yeates drain

6. A corrugated drain PVC

7. 5-1-2-Penrose drain Latex rubber, silicone

8. A Penrose drain A Penrose drain, made of soft, pliable rubber, is used to drain incisions .

9. Yeates drain series of approx 2mm diameter PVC tubes attached side by side

10. CLOSED PASSIVE DRAINS 1. Pig-tail Catheters 2. Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drains 3. Urinary Catheter 4. Intercostal Catheter

11. Pigtail drain renal pelvis (i.e. as a nephrostomy tube).

12. Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drains more side - holes

13. Other CLOSED PASSIVE DRAINS Urinary Catheter see - Urological Catheters Intercostal Catheter see - Intercostal Catheter

14. CLOSED SUCTION (active) DRAINS : 1. Bellovac® 2. Blake® drain 3. Exudrain® 4. Hemovac® 5. Jackson-Pratt®

15. Bellovac

17. Blake drain

18. Exudrain

19. Hemovac (Davol) (redivac)

20. Hemovac (Davol) (redivac)

21. Jackson-pratt drain

22. Jackson-pratt drain

23. Sump Suction Drains

24. sump drain

25. 1-Mechanical Problems of drains .Trauma to tissues · Erosion of adjacent tissues- may lead to perforation or fistula formation ,haemorrhage · Herniation of viscera through the drain tract. · Anastomotic leak- drains are sometimes placed near anastomoses

26. 2-PHYSIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS · Bacterial colonization and sepsis- · Loss of fluid and electrolytes Pain- Pneumothorax pneumoperito- ·· Restricted mobility

27. 3-DRAIN MALFUNCTION 1.Blocked Drain 2. Leaking Drain 3. Loose Drain 4. Drain retraction 5. Drain falling out 6. Broken Drain/ Tubing 7. Inflamed Drain Exit Site 8. Atypical Drainage Fluids; anastomotic leaks, or drain erosion into adjacent structures e.g. bowel, bladder, or blood vessels. 9. High Drainage Output 10. Vacuum Failure for Suction Drains