1.INTRODUCTION
Shoulder joint is formed by scapula and clavicle (which is also called as shoulder girdle)and proximal humerus.
2.BONES OF SHOULDER JOINT
3.Joints of the Shoulder Complex
Glenohumeral
Acromioclavicular
Sternoclavicular
Scapulothoracic
4.Muscles of the Shoulder
5.Gateways to the Posterior Scapular Region
6. Movements
Vertebral Column is a complex structure of the Human body. It does not only provides protection for spinal cord but also provide mobility and stability of the trunk and the extremities. To learn structure of Vertebral Column and more Online Medical Resource, Visit at http://gisurgery.info
1.INTRODUCTION
Shoulder joint is formed by scapula and clavicle (which is also called as shoulder girdle)and proximal humerus.
2.BONES OF SHOULDER JOINT
3.Joints of the Shoulder Complex
Glenohumeral
Acromioclavicular
Sternoclavicular
Scapulothoracic
4.Muscles of the Shoulder
5.Gateways to the Posterior Scapular Region
6. Movements
Vertebral Column is a complex structure of the Human body. It does not only provides protection for spinal cord but also provide mobility and stability of the trunk and the extremities. To learn structure of Vertebral Column and more Online Medical Resource, Visit at http://gisurgery.info
Upper Limb Anatomy (Brachium, Antibrachium & Hand)
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
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features and characteristics of the typical and the A typical cervical vertebrae, typical and A typical cervical vertebrae, attachments of cervical vetebrae, atlas and axis features
Seven cervical vertebrae
Identified by the presence of foramen in their transverse processes called foramen transversarium
3rd to 6th are typically have common features
1st, 2nd,and 7th are atypical
Ring-shaped and has no body and no spine
Consists of:
Right and left lateral masses
Short anterior arch and a long curved posterior arch
(c) Right and left transverse processes
this is a presentation on atlanto-axial and atlanto-occipital joints. after reading this, most of you will know about atlas and axis, joint type, anatomy of joint, movements allowed by joint and its clinical considerations.
Upper Limb Anatomy (Brachium, Antibrachium & Hand)
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
www.facebook.com/drraiammar
www.twitter.com/drraiammar
www.instagram.com/drraiammar
www.linkedin.com/in/drraiammar
www.themedicall.com/blog/auther/drraiammar/
For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com
www.drraiammar.blogspot.com
YOUTUBE CHANNEL :
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ANY QUESTION ??
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drraiammar@gmail.com
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features and characteristics of the typical and the A typical cervical vertebrae, typical and A typical cervical vertebrae, attachments of cervical vetebrae, atlas and axis features
Seven cervical vertebrae
Identified by the presence of foramen in their transverse processes called foramen transversarium
3rd to 6th are typically have common features
1st, 2nd,and 7th are atypical
Ring-shaped and has no body and no spine
Consists of:
Right and left lateral masses
Short anterior arch and a long curved posterior arch
(c) Right and left transverse processes
this is a presentation on atlanto-axial and atlanto-occipital joints. after reading this, most of you will know about atlas and axis, joint type, anatomy of joint, movements allowed by joint and its clinical considerations.
Bones of Trunk (Human Anatomy)
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
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www.themedicall.com/blog/auther/drraiammar/
For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com
www.drraiammar.blogspot.com
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Atlanto occipital and atlanto axial jointShubham Singh
Anatomy:
>Atlas is the topmost vertebra and chief peculiarity of atlas is that it has no body, it is ring like and consist of anterior and posterior arch and two lateral masses.
>Axis, the 2nd cervical vertebra has a concave under side and convex from side to side. The most distinctive characteristic of this bone is strong odontoid process, the dens.
TheJoint:
>Atlanto-occipital joint (articulation between the atlas and the occipital bone) consists of a pair of condyloid joints.
>The atlanto-occipital joints are synovial socket-type joints
Ligaments:
> Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane: extend from anterior arch of atlas to posterior margin of foramen magnum.
>Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane: extend from anterior arch of atlas to anterior margin of foramen magnum.
>The ligamentam flavam join laminae of adjacent vertebral arches.
>The interspinous ligaments expand to form the ligamentum nuchae which inserts along the posterior foramen magnum and external occipital condyle.
> The following four ligaments stabilize these joints:
1.Apical ligament: Connects the dens to the foramen magnum of the occipital bone.
2.Alar ligaments: Connect the dens to the lateral margins of the foramen magnum.
3.Cruciate ligament: Attaches the dens to the anterior arch of the atlas and the body of the axis to the foramen magnum of the occipital bone.
4.Tectorial membrane: Starts at the skull and becomes the posterior longitudinal ligament.
>Atlanto-axial articular capsules are thick and loose, and connect the margins of the lateral masses of the atlas with those of the posterior articular surfaces of the axis.
Muscles:
>Flexion is produced mainly by the action of longis capitis, rectus capitis anterior and sternocleidomastoid (anterior fibres)
>Extension by the rectus capitis posterior major and minor, the obliquus capitis superior, the semispinalis capitis, splenius capitis, longissimus capitis, sternocleidomastoid and upper fibres of the trapezius
>The recti lateralis are concerned in the lateral movement, assisted by the trapezius, splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, and the sternocleidomastoid of the same side, all acting together.
Movements:
>Flexion and extension in the Sagittal axis, which give rise to the ordinary forward and backward nodding of the head.
>Lateral flexion to one or other side in the Frontal axis(titling of head
>Lateral AAJ Movement: It is a synovial joint which allows only gliding
>Medial AAJ Movement: This joint allows the rotation of the atlas the axis i.e round the dens.
Clinical anatomy:
> Headaches can arise from many different sources including dysfunctional muscles, tears in the ligaments, misalignment of the vertebral bodies, injury to cervical facets and degenerative discs.
>Excessive flexion could rupture the supraspinous ligament.
>Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane ossification cause migraine headaches due to compression of artery.
deals with the anatomy of LS spine coccyx and sacrum. The sacrum and coccyx are two anatomical structures located near the bottom of your vertebral spinal column, below the fifth lumbar vertebra (L5).Below the sacrum is the coccyx, commonly known as the tailbone. The sacrum and coccyx are weight-bearing spinal structures.
X ray of the upper limbs radiology raining resource nchanji nkeh kenethNchanji Nkeh Keneth
X-Ray of the Upper Limbs. The Shoulder Girdles, Shoulder Joints, The Humerus, Elbow Joint, the Forearm, the Wrist and the hand. Indications and Radiographic Findings
Skull x ray and pathologies radiology training resource nchanji nkeh kenethNchanji Nkeh Keneth
The Human Skull Anatomy. Skull Injuries. Skull X Ray, Indications, Basic Projections. Pathological Findings on Skull X-ray. Reading Skull radiographs. radiation Protection in Skull radiography
Overview of medical imaging, radiology training resource nchanji nkeh kenethNchanji Nkeh Keneth
Overview of Medical Imaging (radiology). Historical Evolution of Medical Imaging. Definition of Key Concepts. Division of Medical Imaging. Aspects of Radiation Protection. Medical Imaging Training and research.
X-Ray of the Dorso-Lumbar Spine. Skeletal Anatomy and Pathologies. Radiographic Findings on Lumbo-Sacral Spine and Dorsal Spine. Radiographic Projections. Pediatric and Adult SPinal Disorder. Radiology Useful Training Resource for Medics and Paramedics
Gestational trophoblastic disease radiology training nchanji nkeh kenethNchanji Nkeh Keneth
Molar Gestation. Overview, Types of Molar Pregnancy. Radiologic evaluation of Molar Pregnancy. Ultrasound scan Findings in Gestational Trophoblastic Disease. Radiology Training Resource for Medics and Paramedics
Chest x ray cxr and pathologies radiology training resource nchanji nkeh kenethNchanji Nkeh Keneth
Comprehensive Chest X ray. basics of Chest Gross Anatomy. Chest X-ray Projections, Radiographs, Pathologies and Critique of the Chest Radiograph. Chest X-Ray findings among Covid-19 patients
Electrocardiography fundamentals, common cardiovascular diseases, use of ECG in the detection of MI, abnormal bllod electrolyte levels, abnormal rhythms of the heart, tachcardia and bradycardia, prevention of heart diseases, the relevance of sports and exercise, CVD among women and prevention
Understanding cholera, prevalence, causative agent of cholera, risk factors, how to detect cholera, preparation of home made ORS solution, cholera and breast feeding, myths about cholera, diagnosis, and treatment.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
9. Osteology
Typical Vertebrae
Body
• Superior and inferior surfaces of body (plateaus)
• Thickened around the rim, location of epiphyseal plates
• Cartilaginous end-plates
Vertebral Arch
• Pedicles, Laminae
• Transverse Processes
• Spinous Process
• Facets – superior articular and inferior articular
Spinal Foramen
Intervertebral Foramen
17. Arthrology
Intervertebral Discs
Fibrocartilaginous joints
Increase in size from C to L (3mm to 9
mm)
Ratio remains the same
Make up 20-30% of length of column
21. Arthrology
Two Components
Outer rim of fibrocartilage called the
anulus fibrosus (attaches to cartilaginous
end plate)
Connects vertebral bodies in a
fibrocartilaginous joint (no capsule, little
motion)
22. Arthrology
Anulus encloses a central mass called
the nucleus pulposus
About 80-90% water, less with increased
age
Contains a mucopolysaccharide matrix
Changes shape, releases and absorbs
water. Thicker in AM than PM
Neither blood vessels or nerves
penetrate nucleus
23. Arthrology
Structure deforms when pressure is put on
vertebral column as in weight bearing
Acts as a shock absorber
Annulus totally encloses the nucleus and
keeps it under constant pressure
As you get older, the H2O content decreases
and the nucleus becomes more
fibrocartilaginous, therefore less easily
deformable and more easily damaged
24. Arthrology
Nucleus, when under extreme pressure, can
herniate or extrude from the disc in a posterior
or posterior-lateral direction
Usually occurs in cervical or lumbar region
Nucleus can put pressure on spinal nerve
causing refereed symptoms (motor and
sensory)
Can cause pressure on cord itself if true
posterior
27. Arthrology
Facet Joints (Typical)
Superior articular facets of one vertebrae with
inferior facets of vertebrae above
Synovial gliding joints
Surrounded by joint capsule and small
capsular ligaments
The type and amount of motion in any given
part of the spine is dictated by the orientation
of the articular facets as well as the fluidity,
elasticity and thickness of the intervertebral
discs
30. Major Ligaments of the Spine
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament - ALL
Dense band along anterior and lateral surface
of the vertebral bodies from C2 to sacrum
• Superficial - bridge several vertebrae
• Deep – short, run from V to V, blends with fibers of
anulus fibrosus
• Limits extension of V column
From C1 to skull, called Atlanto-Occipital
Membrane
34. Major Ligaments
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
• Runs along posterior surface of vertebral
bodies (anterior to spinal canal)
• C2 to Sacrum
• Short fibers attach ligament to posterior disc,
reinforce disc posteriorly
Superiorly, continues to occiput, called
Tectorial Membrane
Limits flexion
37. Ligaments
Supraspinous
• Spinous process to spinous process – tip to
tip
• C7 to sacrum
Limits flexion
In cervical region, becomes much thicker
with a greater elastic content
Called Ligamentum Nuchae
43. Ligaments
Ligamentum Flavum
Connects lamina of one to lamina of the
other
Found from axis to sacrum
Limit flexion
Continuation to the skull is called
Posterior Atlanto-Occipital
membrane
47. Special Joints of Spine
Lumbo-Sacral
• L5 and S1 (or sacrum)
• Drastic change from lordotic to kyphotic curve
• Strong “shearing forces”
• The sacral segment is inclined anteriorly and inferiorly
forms an angle with the horizontal called the lumbo-
sacral angle
Angle can be increased significantly with an
increase in lumbar curve
During flexion/extension the greatest mobility
of the spine occurs between L5 and S1
50. L5/S1
Spondylolysis – a developmental
anomaly of the lamina wherin a bony
defect separates the sup. and inf.
Articular processes thus separating the
post. Part of the neural arch from the
ant. Arch and the vertebral body
Usually asymptomatic, very common in
males
55. S-I Joint
Review Hip Bone AKA Innominate AKA
Os Coxae
Ilium, Ischium and Pubis
Fuse at Puberty
Acetabulum
Pelvis = 2 coxal bones the sacrum and
coccyx
60. S-I
Auricular surface of ilium with auricular
surface of sacrum-Little movement
Joint under relatively constant pressure
to rotate anteriorly based on anatomical
design
Upper part of joint is not synovial, is
fibrous held in place by tough
Interrosseous S-I ligaments – helps limit
anterior motion
64. S-I – Synovial Aspect of Joint
Major Ligaments – mostly designed to prevent ant.
motion
Posterior S-I – runs down and medially from ilium to
sacrum
Iliolumbar – L4 and 5 transverse processes to
posterior iliac crest
Anterior S-I – ilium to sacrum
Sacrotuberous – iliac tuberosity and post. Surface
of lower sacrum to ischial tuberosity
Sacrospinous – lateral borders of lower sacrum and
coccyx to attach to the spine of ischium
67. Pubic Symphysis
Anterior connection of pelvis
Fibrocartilaginous joint
Limited motion
Motion increase dramatically during
pregnancy, especially at the time of birth
Similar increase in SI joint mobility at this
time
Superior and Inferior Pubic Ligaments
69. Atlanto-Axial Joint
Atlas and Axis
Pivot
Two convex superior facets of axis with two
concave inferior facets of the atlas
Atlas also posses a facet on the internal
surface of the anterior arch which articulates
with the dens of the axis
Major ligaments from spine support – Ant.
Atlanto-Occipital, Tectorial Membrane,
Post. A-O
73. A-A Joint
Alar – from dens to occiput
Transverse - around dens
Cruciate
• Sup. Longitudinal Band
• Inferior Longitudinal Band
• Transverse
74. Atlanto-Occipital Joint
Two concave superior facets of atlas
articulate with two convex surfaces of
occipital condyles of the skull
Supported by major ligaments
Small saddle joint
Very limited motion – nodding type
motions in all directions.