this is a presentation on atlanto-axial and atlanto-occipital joints. after reading this, most of you will know about atlas and axis, joint type, anatomy of joint, movements allowed by joint and its clinical considerations.
Atlanto occipital and atlanto axial jointShubham Singh
Anatomy:
>Atlas is the topmost vertebra and chief peculiarity of atlas is that it has no body, it is ring like and consist of anterior and posterior arch and two lateral masses.
>Axis, the 2nd cervical vertebra has a concave under side and convex from side to side. The most distinctive characteristic of this bone is strong odontoid process, the dens.
TheJoint:
>Atlanto-occipital joint (articulation between the atlas and the occipital bone) consists of a pair of condyloid joints.
>The atlanto-occipital joints are synovial socket-type joints
Ligaments:
> Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane: extend from anterior arch of atlas to posterior margin of foramen magnum.
>Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane: extend from anterior arch of atlas to anterior margin of foramen magnum.
>The ligamentam flavam join laminae of adjacent vertebral arches.
>The interspinous ligaments expand to form the ligamentum nuchae which inserts along the posterior foramen magnum and external occipital condyle.
> The following four ligaments stabilize these joints:
1.Apical ligament: Connects the dens to the foramen magnum of the occipital bone.
2.Alar ligaments: Connect the dens to the lateral margins of the foramen magnum.
3.Cruciate ligament: Attaches the dens to the anterior arch of the atlas and the body of the axis to the foramen magnum of the occipital bone.
4.Tectorial membrane: Starts at the skull and becomes the posterior longitudinal ligament.
>Atlanto-axial articular capsules are thick and loose, and connect the margins of the lateral masses of the atlas with those of the posterior articular surfaces of the axis.
Muscles:
>Flexion is produced mainly by the action of longis capitis, rectus capitis anterior and sternocleidomastoid (anterior fibres)
>Extension by the rectus capitis posterior major and minor, the obliquus capitis superior, the semispinalis capitis, splenius capitis, longissimus capitis, sternocleidomastoid and upper fibres of the trapezius
>The recti lateralis are concerned in the lateral movement, assisted by the trapezius, splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, and the sternocleidomastoid of the same side, all acting together.
Movements:
>Flexion and extension in the Sagittal axis, which give rise to the ordinary forward and backward nodding of the head.
>Lateral flexion to one or other side in the Frontal axis(titling of head
>Lateral AAJ Movement: It is a synovial joint which allows only gliding
>Medial AAJ Movement: This joint allows the rotation of the atlas the axis i.e round the dens.
Clinical anatomy:
> Headaches can arise from many different sources including dysfunctional muscles, tears in the ligaments, misalignment of the vertebral bodies, injury to cervical facets and degenerative discs.
>Excessive flexion could rupture the supraspinous ligament.
>Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane ossification cause migraine headaches due to compression of artery.
features and characteristics of the typical and the A typical cervical vertebrae, typical and A typical cervical vertebrae, attachments of cervical vetebrae, atlas and axis features
Atlanto occipital and atlanto axial jointShubham Singh
Anatomy:
>Atlas is the topmost vertebra and chief peculiarity of atlas is that it has no body, it is ring like and consist of anterior and posterior arch and two lateral masses.
>Axis, the 2nd cervical vertebra has a concave under side and convex from side to side. The most distinctive characteristic of this bone is strong odontoid process, the dens.
TheJoint:
>Atlanto-occipital joint (articulation between the atlas and the occipital bone) consists of a pair of condyloid joints.
>The atlanto-occipital joints are synovial socket-type joints
Ligaments:
> Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane: extend from anterior arch of atlas to posterior margin of foramen magnum.
>Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane: extend from anterior arch of atlas to anterior margin of foramen magnum.
>The ligamentam flavam join laminae of adjacent vertebral arches.
>The interspinous ligaments expand to form the ligamentum nuchae which inserts along the posterior foramen magnum and external occipital condyle.
> The following four ligaments stabilize these joints:
1.Apical ligament: Connects the dens to the foramen magnum of the occipital bone.
2.Alar ligaments: Connect the dens to the lateral margins of the foramen magnum.
3.Cruciate ligament: Attaches the dens to the anterior arch of the atlas and the body of the axis to the foramen magnum of the occipital bone.
4.Tectorial membrane: Starts at the skull and becomes the posterior longitudinal ligament.
>Atlanto-axial articular capsules are thick and loose, and connect the margins of the lateral masses of the atlas with those of the posterior articular surfaces of the axis.
Muscles:
>Flexion is produced mainly by the action of longis capitis, rectus capitis anterior and sternocleidomastoid (anterior fibres)
>Extension by the rectus capitis posterior major and minor, the obliquus capitis superior, the semispinalis capitis, splenius capitis, longissimus capitis, sternocleidomastoid and upper fibres of the trapezius
>The recti lateralis are concerned in the lateral movement, assisted by the trapezius, splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, and the sternocleidomastoid of the same side, all acting together.
Movements:
>Flexion and extension in the Sagittal axis, which give rise to the ordinary forward and backward nodding of the head.
>Lateral flexion to one or other side in the Frontal axis(titling of head
>Lateral AAJ Movement: It is a synovial joint which allows only gliding
>Medial AAJ Movement: This joint allows the rotation of the atlas the axis i.e round the dens.
Clinical anatomy:
> Headaches can arise from many different sources including dysfunctional muscles, tears in the ligaments, misalignment of the vertebral bodies, injury to cervical facets and degenerative discs.
>Excessive flexion could rupture the supraspinous ligament.
>Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane ossification cause migraine headaches due to compression of artery.
features and characteristics of the typical and the A typical cervical vertebrae, typical and A typical cervical vertebrae, attachments of cervical vetebrae, atlas and axis features
The sciatic nerve is the longest and largest nerve in the human body. It runs from the lower back through the back of the leg, and down to the toes. Any type of pain and/or neurological symptoms that are felt along the sciatic nerve is referred to as sciatica.
Vertebral Column is a complex structure of the Human body. It does not only provides protection for spinal cord but also provide mobility and stability of the trunk and the extremities. To learn structure of Vertebral Column and more Online Medical Resource, Visit at http://gisurgery.info
The sciatic nerve is the longest and largest nerve in the human body. It runs from the lower back through the back of the leg, and down to the toes. Any type of pain and/or neurological symptoms that are felt along the sciatic nerve is referred to as sciatica.
Vertebral Column is a complex structure of the Human body. It does not only provides protection for spinal cord but also provide mobility and stability of the trunk and the extremities. To learn structure of Vertebral Column and more Online Medical Resource, Visit at http://gisurgery.info
to download this presentation from this link.
https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/12/joints-of-upper-limb.html
anatomy of the upper limb joints. shoulder, elbow, wrist hand
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
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- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
3. CONTENTS
ATLAS AND AXIS
ATLANTO-OCCIPITAL JOINT
o Ligaments
o Movements
o Muscles help in movements
o Clinical aspects
ATLANTO-AXIAL JOINT
o Ligaments
o Movements
o Muscles help in movements
o Clinical aspects
BLOOD SUPPLY AND INNERVATIONS
5. ATLAS AND AXIS ANATOMY:
The atlas is the topmost
vertebra and chief
peculiarity of atlas is that it
has no body, it is ring like
and consist of anterior and
posterior arch and two
lateral masses.
Axis, the 2nd cervical
vertebra has a concave
under side and convex from
side to side. The most
distinctive characteristic of
this bone is strong odontoid
process, the dens.
6.
7.
8.
9. DEFINITION
The atlanto-occipital
joint (articulation
between the atlas and
the occipital bone)
consists of a pair
of condyloid joints.
The atlanto-occipital
joints are synovial
socket-type joints; the
sockets are shallow in
infancy and deepen with
age.
10. LIGAMENTS
The ligaments
connecting the bones
are:
Two articular capsules
Posterior atlanto-occipital
membrane:
extend from anterior
arch of atlas to posterior
margin of foramen
magnum.
Anterior atlanto-occipital
membrane: extend from
anterior arch of atlas to
anterior margin of
foramen magnum.
11.
12. SECONDARY LIGAMENTS
The ligamenta flava
join laminae of adjacent
vertebral arches.
The interspinous
ligaments expand to
form the ligamentum
nuchae which inserts
along the posterior
foramen magnum and
external occipital
condyle.
13.
14. MOVEMENTS
The movements permitted in this joint are:
flexion and extension in the Sagittal axis,
which give rise to the ordinary forward and
backward nodding of the head.
slight lateral motion, lateral flexion to one
or other side in the Frontal axis(titling of
head).
It's where the nodding action of the head
occurs.
15.
16.
17. MUSCLES HELP IN MOVEMENT
o Flexion is produced
mainly by the action of
longi capitis ,rectus
capitis anteriores and
sternocleidomatoid(ante
rior fibers)
o Extension by the rectus
capitis posteriore
major and minor,
the obliquus capitis
superior,
the semispinalis
capitis, splenius capiitis,
longissimus
capitis, sternocleidomas
toideus and upper fibers
of the trapezius
18. MUSCLES HELP IN MOVEMENT
The recti laterales
are concerned in
the lateral
movement,
assisted by the
trapezius, splenius
capitis,
semispinalis
capitis, and the
sternocleidomasto
ideus of the same
side, all acting
together.
19. CLINICAL ASPECTS
Headaches can arise from many different sources
including dysfunctional muscles, tears in the
ligaments, misalignment of the vertebral bodies,
injury to cervical facets and degenerative discs.
The joint bewteen the two structures is susceptible to
traumatic injury and degeneration.
Excessive flexion could rupture the supraapinous
ligament.
Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane ossification
cause migraine headaces due to compresion of artery.
21. DEFINITION:
The joint formed b/w atlas
and axis in the upper part
of the neck.
Synovial in nature.
Atlanto-axial joint is of
complicated nature and
consist of three distinct
joints;
One is found between the
dens of the axis and the
anterior arch of the atlas.
Two are located between
the lateral masses of the 1st
cervical vertebra and the
superior articular facets of
the 2nd cervical vertebra.
22.
23.
24.
25. LIGAMENTS
The following four ligaments
stabilize these joints:
Apical ligament: Connects the
dens to the foramen magnum of
the occipital bone.
Alar ligaments: Connect the
dens to the lateral margins of
the foramen magnum.
Cruciate ligament: Attaches the
dens to the anterior arch of the
atlas and the body of the axis to
the foramen magnum of the
occipital bone.
Tectorial membrane: Starts at
the skull and becomes the
posterior longitudinal ligament.
26.
27. ARTICULAR CAPSULE
The atlanto-axial articular
capsules are thick and
loose, and connect the
margins of the lateral
masses of the atlas with
those of the posterior
articular surfaces of the
axis.
Each is strengthened at its
posterior and medial part
by an accessory ligament.
28. MOVEMENTS:
Lateral AAJ Movement:
It is a synovial joint which allows only gliding. The
opposed articular surfaces of the atlas and axis are not
reciprocally curved but are flat; when therefore, the
upper facet glides forward on the lower it also
descends; the fibers of the articular capsule are
relaxed in a vertical direction, and will then permit
movement in an antero-posterior direction.
Medial AAJ Movement:
This joint allows the rotation of the atlas (and, with
it, the skull) upon the axis i.e round the dens. The
extent of rotation being limited by the alar ligaments.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33. INTERSTING FACT
Owl can
rotate its head
upto 270°.
This rotation
compensate
for their
ooccular
immobility.
34.
35. MUSCLES HELP IN MOVEMENTS:
The principal muscles by
which these movements
are produced are the
Sternocleidomastoideus
and Semispinalis capitis of
one side, acting with the
Longus capitis, Splenius,
Longissimus capitis,
Rectus capitis posterior
major, and Obliqui capitis
superior and inferior of the
other side.
36. MUSCLES ORIGIN INSERTION MOVEMENTS
obliquus capitis
inferior
spinous process
of the axis
transverse
process of atlas
rotates the
head to the
same side
obliquus capitis
superior
transverse
process of atlas
occipital bone
above inferior
nuchal line
extends the
head, rotates
the head to the
same side
rectus capitis
posterior major
spinous process
of axis
inferior nuchal
line
extends the
head, rotate to
same side
rectus capitis
posterior minor
posterior
tubercle of atlas
inferior nuchal
line medially
extends the
head
37.
38. CLINICAL ASPECTS:
Death by judicial hanging may
be due to the rupture of the
transverse ligament of atlas or
fracture of the dens of axis. As a
result, the atlas is dislocated
from the axis and compresses the
spinal cord with fatal outcome.
Fractures of the dens make up
about 40% of axis fractures.
When the transverse ligaments
of the atlas ruptures the dens is
set free resulting in atlanto-axial
subluxation or incomplete
dislocation of the medial-atlanto
axial joint.
39.
40. CLINICAL ASPECTS:
Pathological softening of the transverse and
adjacent ligaments usually resulting from
disorders of connective tissue may also cause
atlanto-axial subluxation.
Down syndrome exhibits laxity or agenesis of
the ligament.
Dislocation owing to transverse ligament
rupture or agenesis is more likely to cause
spinal cord compression than that resulting
from fracture of the dens.
41.
42. CLINICAL ASPECTS:
Sometimes inflammation in the craniovertebral area
may produce softening of the ligaments of the
craniovertebral joints and cause dislocation of the
atlanto-axial joints.
Alar ligaments are weaker than the transverse ligament
of the atlas. Consequently combined flexion and
rotation of the head may tear one or both alar
ligaments.
Although uncommon, atlanto-axial rotation may
compress the C2 spinal nerve. This may be followed by
prolonged severe headaches and excruciating cervico-occipital
pain.
46. BLOOD SUPPLY:
No blood supply, very
dependent certain
physiological factors
for health and
restoration after injury
however vertebral
artery (important
source of brain blood
supply) passes through
cervical vertebrae and it
may supply these areas.
48. POINTS TO BE NOTE
Bursa: it is a fluid filled sac that helps reduce friction.
Ligamentum flavumat craniovertebral region has less
elastic fibers, and more collagen fibers for providing
greater stability and called posterior atlanto-axial and
atlanto-occipital membranes.
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament become tectorial
ligament in the craniovertebral region much broader
and stronger.
The Anterior Longitudinal Ligament becomes anterior
atlanto-occipital membrane and the anterior
atlantoaxial membrane in the craniovertebral region.
53. What Is the superior continuation of
posterior longitudenal ligament?
a)Ligamentum flavum
b)Accessory ligament
c)Membrana tectorai
d)Crucite ligamentum
e)Supraspinous ligament
54. What type of movement AAJ and AOJ do
respectively?
a)Flexion ,extention and rotation
b)Gliding and rotation
c)Rotation and flexion,extention
d)Tilting and rotation
55. Which one is rudimentary of notochord?
a)Accessory ligament
b)Crucite ligament
c)Transverse ligament
d)Apical ligament
56. COMMON SITE OF FRACTURE OF AXIS?
a)Posterior arch
b)Anterior arch
c)Spinous process
d)Odontoid process