Torticollis is a twisting of the neck that can have many causes. In newborns, it is often due to issues during birth or position in the uterus. Older children may experience torticollis after neck injuries or infections. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include stretching, medication, bracing, or surgery. Imaging like ultrasound, CT, or MRI can help identify conditions like muscle issues, infections, fractures, or tumors that are causing the neck twisting.
As part of a class presentation, we attempted to make this to briefly explain what Torticollis meas, the Types of presentation of Torticollis, and Management strategies for a Physiotherapist for Congenital Torticollis especially.
I hope this helps. :)
The pictures and information had been taken from internet, complied to make a brief presentation for the purpose of class presentation.
I do not own any content.
As part of a class presentation, we attempted to make this to briefly explain what Torticollis meas, the Types of presentation of Torticollis, and Management strategies for a Physiotherapist for Congenital Torticollis especially.
I hope this helps. :)
The pictures and information had been taken from internet, complied to make a brief presentation for the purpose of class presentation.
I do not own any content.
anatomy of atlanto-occipital joint atlanto-axial joint and lower cervical spine. kinematics (includes osteokinematics and arthrokinnematics) and kinetics
Whiplash describes a range of injuries to the neck caused by or related to a sudden distortion of the neck. The typical clinical picture in whiplash injury is that following the injury there is no obvious immediate pain.
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This PPT includes an absolute knowledge about the torticollis,with causes&management of same,which is taken from the various known books such as essential of orthopaedics by J.maheshwari and orthopadics physical assessment by David J. Magee.
The information about Tetanus is a basic content intended to share Students of Graduate and postgraduate in Life Sciences.
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BIRTH INJURIES IN NEWBORN: Definition of birth injuries , statistics, etiology, classification of birth injuries , head injuries: cephalhematoma and Caput succedaneum, skull fractures
, nerve injuries: erb's palsy and klumpke's palsy, bone injuries: clavicular and long bone fracture , intra-abdominal and soft tissue injuries, management and prevention of birth injuries
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Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
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Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
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STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
5. Introduction: What is Torticollis?
• Derived from the
Latin: tortus
(twisted) + collis
(neck or collar)
• Torticollis is a
symptom related
to turning or
bending of the
neck.
6. Introduction
• Many different causes are possible.
• In newborns, Torticollis usually results from
injury during labour and delivery or the
infant’s position in the utreus. Less often, it is
caused by birth defects.
• In older children, torticollis may result from
injuries to the neck muscles, common
infections, or other causes.
7. Introduction
• Torticollis refers to a symptom rather than a
distinct disease process
• It can be caused by a wide variety of
conditions (over 80 causes have been
described) which range from relatively simple
self limited to life-threatening
• May be congenital or acquired
• Occurs more frequently in children than in
adults
• The right side is affected in 75% of patients
8. What does it look like?
• Abnormal twisting of the neck. Usually, child’s
head is tipped toward one side, with the chin
pointing in the other direction.
• Painful spasms of the neck muscles may occur.
• Other symptoms may be present, depending
on the cause.
• For example, there may be a tender lymph
node (gland) if the cause is infection.
12. Congenital muscular torticollis (CMT)
• CMT refers to muscular disorders causing
torticollis at birth or shortly after due to
unilateral shortening of the
sternocleidomastoid muscle.
• More common in males and on the right side.
• The affected muscle develops fibrotic changes
which can be associated with a mass
(fibromatosis colli) or without a mass
13. Congenital muscular torticollis
• Presentation is usually during the first 4
weeks of life with torticollis and / or
nontender neck mass.
• Thought to be caused by intrauterine
and perinatal events. Risk factors for CMT
include overcrowding environments
,first-born, oligohydramnios, breech
presentation and difficult delivery.
14. Congenital muscular torticollis
Ultrasound (US) is the imaging modality of
choice for initial investigation.
• There is diffuse or focal enlargement of the
sternocleidomastoid muscle.
• Focal mass is usually hypoechoic and
homogenous (fig 3).
• The mass usually resolve within the first year
of life with conservative treatment.
15. Congenital muscular torticollis
• the condition is treated with physical
therapies, such as stretching to release
tightness, strengthening exercises to improve
muscular balance, and handling to stimulate
symmetry.
• A Collar is sometimes applied.
• About 5–10% of cases fail to respond to
stretching and require surgical release of the
muscle.
17. Acquired torticollis
the most common etiologies
1. self-limiting
2. Trauma,
3. infections
4. inflammatory conditions,
5. central nervous system tumors or lesions
18. 1- self-limiting
• A self-limiting spontaneously occurring
form of torticollis with one or more
painful neck muscles is by far the most
common ('stiff neck') and will pass
spontaneously in 1–4 weeks.
• Usually the sternocleidomastoid muscle or
the trapezius muscle is involved.
• colds or unusual postures are implicated;
however in many cases no clear cause is
found.
19. 2- Trauma
• Occipital condyle fracture and facet dislocation
may present with torticollis
• Atlanto-axial rotatory fixation (AARF) of C2
• Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma is a
rare disorder which might manifest with painful
torticollis followed by weakness and sensory
loss and is mostly common at the cervico-
thoracic level
• Subarachnoid hemorrhage
20. Trauma
• CT is the modality of choice in most
trauma cases.
• MRI is indicated in any case of
concern for ligamentous injury or
when there is a neurologic deficit.
21. 3- Infection and inflammation
• Head and neck and spinal column
infections may cause torticollis either
by muscular or ligamentous irritation
or from direct spinal disease.
22. Infectious and Inflammatory Causes of
Torticollis
• CNS related
– Meningitis
• Head and Neck related
– Upper respiratory infections
– Otitis media
– Mastoiditis/Bezold’s abscess
– Cervical adenitis
– Retropharyngeal abscess
• Spine related
– Vertebral osteomyelitis and/or discitis
– Epidural abscess
– Rheumatoid arthritis
23. Infection
• Lateral neck X RAY radiograph will show
increased soft tissue thickness anterior to the
C spine in retropharyngeal abscess
• US may show superficial lymphadenitis and
abscess.
• CT is used to visualize the deep neck spaces
and for pre-surgical planning.
• MRI is useful in spinal column infections due
to its increased sensitivity and its ability to
show soft tissue and epidural extension
25. 4- Tumors
• Tumors of the CNS, spine and neck may cause
torticollis
• • CNS tumors are usually in the posterior fossa
or C spine.
• The common presentation of C spine tumor is
pain due to dural irritation.
• Posterior fossa tumors ( CERBELLAR tumor)
may also have signs of increased intracranial
pressure.
26. 4- Tumors
• In any case of insidious development
of torticollis the possibility of a
tumor should be considered.
• MRI is the imaging modality of
choice
27. Other causes
• The use of certain drugs, such as
antipsychotics , Antiemetics ,
Neuroleptic Class and
Phenothiazines , can cause torticollis.
28. Treatment:
• Treatment for torticollis depends on
the cause:
• For newborns with torticollis, gentle
motion of the head and neck is
recommended to stretch the
muscles. Often, a physical therapist is
involved. To avoid injury, this should
be done only as recommended by a
doctor.
29.
30. • For older children with torticollis related
to infection or inflammation, treatment
may include:
• Antibiotics for the specific infection.
• Rest.
• Anti-inflammatory medications (such as
ibuprofen).
• Passive motion to keep the muscles from
getting stiff.
• Surgery if indicated
31. • If the cause is related to trauma
(even sleeping position) treatments
may include:
• Muscle relaxants - Valium (generic
name: diazepam) and Passive
motion.
• A soft collar or brace to support the
neck.
32.
33. Conclusion
• Torticollis is a clinical sign that might signify
an underlying disorder.
• In newborn infants with CMT, ultrasound is
preferred and often diagnostic.
• In older children CT is used to diagnose
traumatic insult, neck infection and vertebral
anomalies.
• MRI is used to diagnose inflammatory and
infectiouc spinal disorders and in cases in
which CNS or neck malignancy is suspected.