This document provides an overview of line balancing. It defines line balancing as assigning tasks to workstations to equalize workloads and cycle times. The objectives of line balancing include equalizing workloads, identifying bottlenecks, establishing production speeds, determining staffing needs, and reducing costs. Common methods are described along with concepts such as precedence diagrams, work content, and cycle times. A simple example is provided to demonstrate how to balance a line to increase efficiency from 79% to 84% by redistributing tasks among five workstations. The document emphasizes eliminating waste to further improve efficiency.
method study is the branch of an industrial Engg. specially the sub branch of mechanical engg.
those who r the college students of engg. specially mechamnical 8mechanical can download this .it is very helpful for presentation purpose
method study is the branch of an industrial Engg. specially the sub branch of mechanical engg.
those who r the college students of engg. specially mechamnical 8mechanical can download this .it is very helpful for presentation purpose
This presentation is on the based on case study done by using line balancing technique which a prime concern for an industrial engineer. This shows an efficient line balancing for a better production line performed at Runner Automobiles Ltd, Bangladesh.
Operations Management : Line BalancingRohan Bharaj
This presentation gives us details about the different methods of Line Balancing.
It also gives an example of Ford Motors and how Line Balancing helped Ford become a powerhouse in the early 1900s
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
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adversary training.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
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Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
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• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
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The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
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Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
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Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
2. A SIMPLE LINE FOR PRODUCTION OR ASSEMBLY
Workstatio
n 1
Workstatio
n 2
Workstatio
n 3
Workstatio
n 4
Input Out
put
3. ACTIVITY CLASSIFICATION
Value Adding:
Any process that changes the
nature, shape or characteristics
of the product, in line with
customer requirements e.g.
machining, assembly
Non-Value Adding, but
unavoidable with current technology or
methods:
Any work carried out that does not increase
product value e.g. inspection, part movement,
tool changing, maintenance
Waste:
All other meaningless, non-essential
activities that do not add value to the
product you can eliminate immediately
e.g. looking for tools, waiting time
5. UNBALANCED LINE : SIMPLE EXAMPLE
1 2 3 4
25 mins5 mins 15 mins 10 mins
Constraint
Overburden
This operator
must WAIT for
operator 2
Overproduction which
causes the other 6 wastes
Waiting
Over-processing
Inventory
defects
Transportation Motion
This operator
must WAIT for
operator 3
5
10
15
20
25
1 2 3 4
mins
6. LINE BALANCING: DEFINITION
Line Balancing is the process of assigning tasks to
workstations in such a way that the workstations have
approximately equal time requirements.
7. LINE BALANCING: OBJECTIVES
Main Objectives:
to equalize the work load among the operators
to identify the bottleneck operation
to establish the speed of the production line
to determine the number of workstations
to determine the labor cost of production and pack out
to establish the percentage workload of each operator
to assist in plant layout
to reduce production cost
8. LINE BALANCING: METHODS
•There are many ways or methods for balancing the lines.
•The common thing for all this methods is:
using both the operator and the machine in the most
efficient way, at the same time providing flexibility in
production.
9. BALANCED LINE: SIMPLE EXAMPLE
5
10
15
20
25
Redistribute the work
1 2 3 4
15 mins15 mins 15 mins 10 mins
Promotes one-
piece FLOW
Avoids
overburden
Minimises the 7
wastes
Reduces
Variation
10. CONCEPTS
Bottleneck: The work station taking the longest time.
Required Cycle Time: Takt Time
Current Cycle Time: The same as Bottleneck Time.
Flow Time (Total Work Content): Time to complete all
stations.
1 2 3
2min 5min 3min
Flow time= 2+5+3=10min
Current cycle time = 5min
Bottleneck
11. CONCEPTS
Precedence diagram: Network showing order of tasks
and restrictions on their performance.
A
B
H
D
E
F
G
Total work content: Sum of the task times for all the
production tasks for the product.
Minimum number of work stations=
The quotient should be rounded to the next highest
integer.
12. 9-12
LINE BALANCING: PREREQUISITES
Determine minimum rational work elements.
(Smallest feasible division of work)
Determine cycle time.
Calculate the theoretical minimum number of
work stations.
Draw Precedence Diagram
13. LINE BALANCING: A SIMPLE ALGORITHM
1. Identify tasks whose predecessors have been assigned to a
workstation (available tasks).
2. Determine from available tasks, those that fit, i.e., those whose
tasks times time remaining to be filled at this work station.
3. Choose a task that fits by some decision rule
task with largest time
task with most successors
task with greatest sum of task times of its predecessors.
4. Continue steps 1 to 3 until no task fits, then go on to next
workstation.
5. Continue steps 1 to 4 until all tasks are assigned
14. LINE BALANCING: EXAMPLE
Task Task Time (sec) predecessors
A 70 -
B 80 A
C 40 A
D 20 A
E 40 A
F 30 B,C
G 50 C
H 50 D,E,F,G
Total: 380
A B C,D E,F G H
70 min 80 min 70 min 50 min60 min
50 min
Wanted Total Product is 320 Units Per Day
15. LINE BALANCING: EXAMPLE
Current Conditions:
Current Cycle Time= Bottleneck Time = 80 sec
Current No. of Workstations: 6
Total Product Per Day = (total time available per day)/(cycle time)
= (8×3600)/(80) = 360 units
16. LINE BALANCING: EXAMPLE
According To The Problem:
Cycle Time = (8×3600)/320 = 90 sec
Total Work Content = 380 sec
No. of Workstations = 380/90 = 4.22 5
17. LINE BALANCING: EXAMPLE
Precedence Diagram:
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
70 sec 50 sec
50 sec
30 sec
40 sec
20 sec
40 sec
80 sec
18. LINE BALANCING: EXAMPLE
Task Task
Time
Task time +
follower
task times
A 70 380
C 80 170
B 40 160
G 20 100
E 40 90
F 30 80
D 50 70
H 50 50
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
70 sec
50 sec
50 sec
30 sec
40 sec
20 sec
40 sec
80 sec
Workstation
1
Workstation
2
Workstation
3
Workstation
5
Workstation
4
A C B E H
D
90 sec 90 sec 80 sec 70 sec 50 sec
G F
19. LINE BALANCING: EXAMPLE
Comparing Line Efficiency:
Line Efficiency =(Total Work Content)/(No. of Workstations ×Cycle Time)
Case 1: Line Efficiency = (380)/(6×80) = 79%
Case 1: Line Efficiency = (380)/(5×90) = 84%84%
20. 1 min.2 min.1 min.1 min.
30/hr. 30/hr. 30/hr. 30/hr.
1 min.
1 min.
1 min.1 min.
60/hr.
30/hr. 30/hr.
60/hr.
1 min.
30/hr.
30/hr.
Bottleneck
Parallel Workstations
PARALLEL WORKSTATIONS
21. ELIMINATE WASTE : EXAMPLE
30
25
20
15
10
1 2 3
5
Cycle Time (25 hrs)
15
30
17
total work content = 15 + 30 + 17 = 62 hrs
Line Efficiency = = 69%
(3 x 30)
62 hrs
22. ELIMINATE WASTE : EXAMPLE
1 2 3
25 25
12
Cycle time(25 hrs)
30
25
20
15
10
5
Line Efficiency = = 83%
(3 x 25 hrs)
62 hrs
No. of workstations = Total Work Content
cycle time
25 hrs
62 hrs
= 2.48
→ 3 workstations
30
25
20
15
10
1 2 3
5
Takt (25 hrs)
15
30
17
24. ELIMINATE WASTE : EXAMPLE
1 2 3
5
30
25
20
15
10
Non value added activity
Value added activity
Cycle time (25 hrs)
The operators cycle is broken down into elements.
These elements are put into three main categories, these being :
1. Working (man or machine)
2. Walking
3. Waiting
25. ELIMINATE WASTE : EXAMPLE
1 2 3
5
30
25
20
15
10
Operator other
freed up for
process or
improvement
team