This presentation gives us details about the different methods of Line Balancing.
It also gives an example of Ford Motors and how Line Balancing helped Ford become a powerhouse in the early 1900s
Cellular layout helps us in increasing the productivity with minimizing the cost.
It is the latest technique to minimize the cost and increase the profits without affecting the organization. The concept of LEAN management.
Types of loading, production & operations managementMahima Mutnuru
Types of Loading-
Infinite Loading
Finite Loading
Also know about Scheduling as Loading is an vital part of Scheduling.
Explained with examples.
Important concept in Production and Operation Management.
This was a presentation done team-wise in Manipal as part of our MBA assignments. The subject name was Operations Management and the presentation topics were different types of layouts. Our team got the topic Process Layout.
Cellular layout helps us in increasing the productivity with minimizing the cost.
It is the latest technique to minimize the cost and increase the profits without affecting the organization. The concept of LEAN management.
Types of loading, production & operations managementMahima Mutnuru
Types of Loading-
Infinite Loading
Finite Loading
Also know about Scheduling as Loading is an vital part of Scheduling.
Explained with examples.
Important concept in Production and Operation Management.
This was a presentation done team-wise in Manipal as part of our MBA assignments. The subject name was Operations Management and the presentation topics were different types of layouts. Our team got the topic Process Layout.
Product layout in Food Industry and Line BalancingAbhishek Thakur
The product or line layout is the basic type of layout commonly used by the food industry. Line balancing is done to analyze the net output of our production line and processing time at various steps.
Problem 6-2A manager wants to assign tasks to workstations as .docxsleeperharwell
Problem 6-2
A manager wants to assign tasks to workstations as efficiently as possible, and achieve an hourly output of 331/3 units. Assume the shop works a 60-minute hour. Assign the tasks shown in the accompanying precedence diagram (times are in minutes) to workstations using the following rules:
a.
In order of most following tasks. Tiebreaker: greatest positional weight.
Work Station
Tasks
I
II
III
IV
b.
In order of greatest positional weight.
Work Station
Tasks
I
II
III
IV
c.
What is the efficiency? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. Omit the "%" sign in your response. )
Efficiency
%
Problem 6-3
A manager wants to assign tasks to workstations as efficiently as possible, and achieve an hourly output of 4 units. The department uses a working time of 56 minutes per hour. Assign the tasks shown in the accompanying precedence diagram (times are in minutes) to workstations using the following rules:
a.
In order of most following tasks. Tiebreaker: greatest positional weight.
Work Station
Tasks
I
II
III
IV
b.
In order of greatest positional weight.
Work Station
Tasks
I
II
III
IV
c.
What is the efficiency? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. Omit the "%" sign in your response. )
Efficiency
%
Problem 6-8
A shop works a 400-minute day. The manager of the shop wants an output of 200 units per day for the assembly line that has the elemental tasks shown in the table. Do the following:
Task
Immediate
Predecessor
Task Time (minutes)
a
-
0.5
b
a
1.4
c
a
1.2
d
a
0.7
e
b, c
0.5
f
d
1.0
g
e
0.4
h
g
0.3
i
f
0.5
j
e, i
0.8
k
h, j
0.9
m
k
0.3
b.
Assign tasks according to the most following tasks rule.
Work Station
Following Tasks
1
2
3
4
5
c.
Assign tasks according to the greatest positional weight rule.
Work Station
Following Tasks
I
II
III
IV
V
d.
Compute the balance delay for each rule. Which one yields the better set of assignments in this instance? (Omit the "%" sign in your response.)
Balance delay: both part b and c are
%
Problem 6-18
For the set of tasks given below, do the following:
Task
Task Time
(seconds)
Immediate
Predecessor
A
45
-
B
11
A
C
9
B
D
50
-
E
26
D
F
11
E
G
12
C
H
10
C
I
9
F, G, H
J
10
I
193
Assign tasks to stations for a desired output of 500 units in a 7-hour day to balance the line using the longest operation time heuristic. Break ties with the most following tasks heuristic. Calculate the percentage idle time for the line. Use the actual bottleneck cycle time in your calculation. (Round your percentage of idle time to 2 decimal places. Omit the "%" sign in your response.)
Work Station
Task
I
II
III
IV
Percentage of idle time
%
Problem 7-1
An analyst has timed a metal-cutting operation for 50 cycles. The average time per cycle was 10.9 minutes, and the standard deviation was 1.20 minutes for a worker with a performance rating of 139 percen.
This presentation gives an overview about the concept of Category Management in Retail. It covers topic such as Visual Merchandising, Planogram, CM in Grocery Store vs Apparel Store
This presentation gives details about the Rural Retail Initiative called Hariyali Kisaan Bazaar right from the thought of inception till how it became a successful venture in India.
Pidilite Industries | Company AnalysisRohan Bharaj
This presentation gives a in-depth analysis (PESTLE, SWOT, Competition, Market, Industry) of Pidilite Industries and what strategy they should adopt for sustainable growth.
This is a hypothetical case given by Harvard Business School about Brannigan Foods and the challenges it is currently facing.
In the end, a decision needs to be taken as to what should be the decision of the company.
The case can be found found online.
This presentation shows the various ways a company can use Snapchat for promoting their product/service/business.
It also depicts what the future holds for Snapchat.
Services Marketing - Transitional Intensive Care (TIC)Rohan Bharaj
This presentation gives an overview of the business of TIC. It highlights the exceptional service provided by TIC to distinguish itself from the competition.
Brand Identity vs Brand Image of Lakme in IndiaRohan Bharaj
This presentation describes the Brand Identity vs Brand Image of Lakme in India.
It also highlights the marketing strategies undertaken by Lakme to differentiate itself from its competitors in India.
Pricing Strategies by Coca-Cola in IndiaRohan Bharaj
This document describes the the pricing journey of Coca-Cola India right from its entry till today. Coca-cola competes in a very fiercely competitive market and pricing is one of the most important factors it has to consider while conceptualizing its strategies.
Digital Banking for PSU banks in IndiaRohan Bharaj
This documents highlights the importance of Digital banking for PSU banks in India. In this digitally enhanced age, it is of utmost importance for PSU banks to be up to date with the latest technology.
Communication Plan of launching a Comedy TV show in Nepal and BangaldeshRohan Bharaj
In this document we have prepared a communication plan for launching a comedy TV show in Nepal and Bangladesh. We have considered the social, cultural and economic factors to come to our conclusion.
This document highlights the important points as to why Patanjali should launch its operations in UK. I have considered the socio-economic and political factors for UK to look at the feasibility.
The adoption of Electrically Powered VehiclesRohan Bharaj
This presentation tells us about the future of Electric Vehicles in a country like India. It also describes the pros and cons of the technology and the steps undertaken by the current Modi government to encourage electric vehicles.
In this document we have tries to analyze the current economic and business situation and predict how will the world and India look like ten years from now i.e. 2026.
This presentation describes the journey of Louis Vuitton in Japan. It highlights the strategies adopted by Louis Vuitton to beat the competition in the fiercely competitive luxury market of Japan
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Gen AI Study Jams _ For the GDSC Leads in India.pdf
Operations Management : Line Balancing
1.
2. Line balancing is the procedure in which tasks along task the assembly line are assigned to work
station so each has approximately same amount of work.
A workstation within an assembly line in order to meet the required production rate and to achieve
a minimum amount of idle time.
3. BALANCED LINE
Promotes one piece flow
Avoids excessive work load in some stages
(overburden)
Minimizes wastes (over-processing, inventory,
waiting, rework, transportation, motion)
Reduces variation
Increased Efficiency
Minimizes Idle time
UNBALANCED LINE
High work load in some stages (Overburden)
Maximizes wastes (over-processing, inventory,
waiting, rework, transportation, motion)
High variation in output
Restrict one piece flow
Maximizes Idle time
Poor efficiency
4. TASK PRECEDENCE:The sequence in which tasks are performed.
CYCLETIME:The time expressed in minutes between two simultaneous products coming off
the end of a production line.
PRODUCTIVETIME PER HOUR:The average number of minutes a workstation is working in
an hour.
WORKSTATION:A physical area where a worker with tools/ one or more machines, or an
unattended machines like a robot performs a particular set of task in a production line.
WORK CENTER:A small group of identical workstations, where each workstation performs the
same set of task.
NUMBER OF WORKSTATIONSWORKING:The amount of work done at a work centre
expressed in number of workstations.
MINIMUM NUMBER OF WORKSTATIONS:The least number of workstation that provides the
required production.
ACTUAL NUMBER OF WORKSTATIONS:This is the total number of workstations required on
the entire production line. It is calculated as the next higher integer of the number of
workstations working.
UTILIZATION:The percentage of time a production line is working.
5. Example of Assembly-Line Balancing
Problem: An Assembly consists of the following elements as given in table below.
The production rate required is one assembly every 15 minute. Determine the
minimum no of workstations required so as to minimize the Balance- Delay. Find
Balance Delay Station-wise.
STEP 1. List the sequential relationships among tasks and then draw a precedence diagram
Task A B C D E F G H I J K L
Immediate
Predecessor
Nil A B B B B C,D G E I,F H,J K
Task Time 12 6 6 2 2 12 7 5 1 4 6 7
7 min.
12 min.
12 min
F
6 min
C
6 min
B
2 min
D
6 min
6. Incremental Utilisation (IU) Heuristic
A heuristic method is a procedure that can find a good feasible solution
for a given class of problems, but which is not necessarily an optimal
solution.
❖ It add tasks to a workstation in a precedence task order.
❖ To each task added to the station, operators are added when necessary, and the station
utilization is calculated by equation.
❖ Tasks are added at the used station until its utilization is 100%, or until a reduction
occurs, considering the new task and another operator when necessary.
❖ Then, a new station is considered, and the procedure is repeated on the next
workstation for the remaining tasks.
7. The incremental utilization heuristic is appropriate when one or
more task times is equal to or greater than the cycle time. An
important advantage of this heuristic is that it is capable of
solving line-balancing problems regardless of the length of task
times relative to the cycle time.
10. If 100 burgers per hour must be prepared by the crew and 50 minutes per
hour must be prepared by the crew and 50 minutes per hour are
productive:
a.Draw a diagram of the precedence relationships.
b. Compute the cycle time per burger in minutes.
c. Compute the minimum number of workstations required.
d. How would you combine tasks into workstations to minimize idle time?
Use the incremental utilization heuristic. Evaluate your proposal.
11. Solution
a) Compute the cycle time per burger:
Cycle time = Productive time/ hour
Demand/ hour
= 50 minutes/hour
100 burgers/ hour
= 0.50 minute/burger
b) Compute the minimum number of workstations:
Minimum no. = Sum of task times x Demand/hour
of workstations Productive time/hour
= 5.07 minutes/burger x 100 burgers/hour
50 minutes/hour
= 0.14 workstations
12.
13.
14. d) Evaluation of the proposal:
Utilization= Minimum number of workstations
Actual number of workstations
= 10.14
43
= 0.2358 or 23.58 %
16. STEP 2. . Calculate the required workstation cycle time
CYCLE TIME = (PRODUCTION TIME PER DAY) /(OUTPUT PER DAY) = 15 minutes
STEP 3. Calculate the theoretical minimum number of workstations.
NUMBER OF WORK STATIONS = ( SUM OF TOTAL TASK TIMES) / (CYCLE TIME)
= 70 min’s / 15 min’s
= 4.67 ≈ 5 (rounded)
STEP 4. Choose a primary rule that will determine how
tasks are to be assigned to workstations
For this example, our primary rule is to prioritize
tasks based on the largest number of following tasks.
If there is a tie, our secondary rule is to prioritize
tasks in the order of the longest task time.
In general, select rules that prioritize tasks
according to the largest number of followers or based on
length of time.
STEP 5. Beginning with the first workstation, assign each task, one at a time, until the sum of
the task times is equal to the workstation cycle time or until no other tasks can be assigned
due to sequence or time restrictions.
Task
Number of
Following Tasks
A 11
B 10
C or D or E 4
I,F or G 3
H or J 2
K 1
L 0
17. Stations Task TaskTime
(in minutes)
Number of
Following
Tasks
Remaining
Unassigned
Time
(Balance-Delay)
Feasible
Remaining
Tasks
Task with
Most
Followers
Task with
Longest
Operating
Time
Station 1 A 12 11 3 IDLE None
Station 2 B
C
D
6
6
2
10
4
4
9
3
1 IDLE
C,D,E
D,E
None
C,D,E
D,E
C
D ,E
Station 3 E
F
I
2
12
1
4
3
3
13
1
0 IDLE
F,I, G
I
None
F,I,G F
Station 4 G
H
7
5
3
2
8
3 IDLE
H, J
None
H, J H
Station 5 J
K
4
6
2
1
11
5 IDLE
K
None
Station 6 L 7 0 8 IDLE None
18. STEP 7. Evaluate the efficiency of the line balance.
EFFICIENCY = (SUM OF ALL TASK TIMES)/(ACTUAL NO OF
WORKSTATIONS)X(CYCLE TIME)
= (70) / (6) X (15)
= 0.778 OR 77. 78 %
19. Cars for the masses
Cost $850
Built new plant at Highland Park, Michigan
Ford consulted FrederickTaylor, Creator of Scientific Management
Installation of Gravity Slides
December 1, 1913, the first large scale assembly line was officially launched
Assembly Line- The Ford Way
20. Cars 84 Steps in the assembly line
Interchangeable parts
Less waste and higher quality product
Production time dropped from over 12 hours to just 93 mins
Produced 3,08,612 cars in 1914
Cost of ModelT dropped to $260 in 1924
Work time was reduced from 9 to 8 hours and wages doubled to $5 a day
Assembly Line- The Ford Way
21. Apparel Industry
With proper implementation of line balancing it was seen that the efficiency was further
increased.
23. Production lines were designed so that conveyor belts paced the
speed of the employees work.This arrangement wasn't
appreciated by the employees.
Inevitable changes lead to production lines being out of balance.
Rebalancing causes disruptions to production
The line balancing problem is to arrange the individual processing and assembly tasks at the workstations so that the total time required at each workstation is approximately the same. *If the work elements can be grouped so that all the station times are exactly equal, we have perfect balance on the line and we can expect the production to flow smoothly.