1. Cycle Time
Normal Time
Allowance
SERVICE OPERATION
MANAGEMENT

2. Time Studies
 The classical approach to time studies was
developed by Frederick W. Taylor in 1911, and is
the accepted procedure for production analysis.
 A time study, also termed a stopwatch time study,
is an analysis of a worker`s performance against
a time standard.
 Time studies are normally performed on short
repetitive production types of tasks.

3. How is a time study performed?
There are several basic steps which must be
followed in any time study:
1. Define the job to be analyzed.
2. Break the job into discrete tasks.
3. Measure the actual time required for each task.
4. Develop a statistically significant sample size of
the task work cycles to be measured.

4. Cycle Time
 Operator Cycle Time
• total time required for a worker to
complete one cycle of an operation
 Machine Cycle Time
• total time for a machine to finish one
complete cycle
• includes loading and unloading

5. Normal Time
 Normal time = (average element time) x
(Performance rating / 100)
 The normal time for a particular employee is rated
against the average job element time

6. Allowance
 This may take into consideration personal factors
as well as unavoidable constraints encountered in
the work situation.
 Allowances include all unavoidable delays, but
rule out avoidable delays.
 An allowance factor represents time lost due to
personal factors, shift adjustments, improper
equipment, fatigue, and related issues.

7. Standard Time
 When calculating the standard time, three
different types of time are actually utilized.
 Actual time is the time a particular employee
actually takes to perform a particular job operation.
 Normal time is the time needed to complete an
operation by an employee working at 100%
efficiency having no delays.
 Standard time is the time needed to complete an
operation by an employee working at 100%
efficiency with unavoidable delays:

8.  Standard time = normal time + allowance time
 Standard time = normal time / (1 - allowance
fraction)
 Allowances are generally applied to total cycle
time as some percentage of it, but sometimes
these are given separately for machine time as
some % and for manual effort time some other %.