Work study is a technique used to examine human work and identify ways to improve efficiency. It involves two main components: method study, which examines and develops more effective work methods, and work measurement/time study which establishes the time required to complete a specified job. The work study process includes selecting a job to study, recording the current process, critically examining it to identify improvements, developing a new method, measuring the new method, installing it, and maintaining the improvements.
method study is the branch of an industrial Engg. specially the sub branch of mechanical engg.
those who r the college students of engg. specially mechamnical 8mechanical can download this .it is very helpful for presentation purpose
work measurement, the uses of work measurement, the techniques of work measurement, time study, time study form, methods of timing, work sampling, allowances, predetermined motion time and systems (P.M.T.S.),
method study is the branch of an industrial Engg. specially the sub branch of mechanical engg.
those who r the college students of engg. specially mechamnical 8mechanical can download this .it is very helpful for presentation purpose
work measurement, the uses of work measurement, the techniques of work measurement, time study, time study form, methods of timing, work sampling, allowances, predetermined motion time and systems (P.M.T.S.),
it is a WORD FILE for METHOD STUDY.
college btech students specially MECHANICAL ENGNN. and PROFESSORS can access this file.
it is HELPFUL for an idea about the topic, for EDUCATION purpose and for PRESENTATION PAPER WORK IN SEMINARS etc.
This is presentation about Micro-Macro Motion Study in use of work study. here defined about work method in subject of industrial engineering technology,
Production Planning and Control
Objective of PPC
There are three stages in PPC
Classification/Functions of PPC
Benefits of PPC
Limitations of PPC
Production Planning / Operations Planning
Factors determining Production Planning Procedures
Production Planning System
Production Control
Factors Determining PC procedures
Main Functions of Production Planning
& Control Department
Plant Planning & Facility Planning
it is a WORD FILE for METHOD STUDY.
college btech students specially MECHANICAL ENGNN. and PROFESSORS can access this file.
it is HELPFUL for an idea about the topic, for EDUCATION purpose and for PRESENTATION PAPER WORK IN SEMINARS etc.
This is presentation about Micro-Macro Motion Study in use of work study. here defined about work method in subject of industrial engineering technology,
Production Planning and Control
Objective of PPC
There are three stages in PPC
Classification/Functions of PPC
Benefits of PPC
Limitations of PPC
Production Planning / Operations Planning
Factors determining Production Planning Procedures
Production Planning System
Production Control
Factors Determining PC procedures
Main Functions of Production Planning
& Control Department
Plant Planning & Facility Planning
Work Study: Definition, objective and scope of work study. Human factors in work study. Work study and management.
Method Study: Definition, objective and scope of method study, activity recording index aids. Charts to record moments in shop operation – process charts, flow process charts, travel charts and multiple activity charts.
Method Study, Objective of method study, Pre-requisites for method study, Steps/basic procedure in method study, different method recording techniques,
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
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Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
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introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
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adversary training.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
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2. WORK STUDY
It is a generic term for those techniques,
method study and work measurement
which are used in the examination of
human work in all its context. And which
lead systematically to the investigation of
all the factors which affect the efficiency
and economy of the situation being
reviewed, in order to effect improvement
2
4. WORK STUDY
Method study
It is the systematic recording & critical examination
of existing and proposed ways of doing work, as a
means of developing and applying easier and more
effective methods and reducing cost
Work measurement / Time study
It is the application of techniques designed to
establish the time for a qualified worker to carry out
a specified job at a defined level of performance
4
10. METHOD STUDY
10
It is the systematic recording & critical
examination of existing and proposed ways
of doing work, as a means of developing and
applying easier and more effective methods
and reducing cost
16. RECORDING TECHNIQUES - CHARTS
16
Primary Information required on the chart
Adequate description of activities
Chart for present or proposed method
Specific reference to when the activities
will begin & end
If applicable, time & distance scales
Name of person & date
17. RECORDING TECHNIQUES - CHARTS
17
Macro-motion charts
Operation/Outline process chart
Flow process chart
Multiple activity chart
Two handed process chart
18. RECORDING TECHNIQUES - CHARTS
18
Operation/Outline process chart
•Record major activities & inspections
•Operation & Inspection symbol used
25. RECORDING TECHNIQUES - CHARTS
25
Flow process chart usefulness:
•Reduce travel distance of man/material
•Avoid waiting time & unnecessary delays
•Reduce cycle time by combining or eliminating
operations
•Fix up the sequence of operations
•Relocate the inspection stages
26. RECORDING TECHNIQUES - CHARTS
26
Two handed process chart
(Operator process chart)
•Records activity of workers hand
•Representing sequence of manual activities
of the worker
•Studies work station layout & repetitive task
Inspection – touch/feel by hand is to be recorded
Storage – hand used as a grip or vice to hold the object
28. RECORDING TECHNIQUES - CHARTS
28
Multiple activity chart
•Activities of more than one subject (man or
equip.) are each recorded on a common time
scale to show their inter-relationship
•Study idle time of man & machines
•Determing number of machines handled by
one operator
•Determing number of operator required in
teamwork to perform given job
30. MICRO-MOTION STUDY
30
Micro-motion/Therbligs
Technique of recording and analyzing the
timing of basic elements of an operation
Developing best possible pattern of
movement; operator performing @ minimum
effort and fatigue, for repeated operations
Consists of taking motion pictures of the
operation with a clock in the picture (or with a
video camera running at a known speed)
31. MICRO-MOTION STUDY
31
Micro-motion/Therbligs
The speed of the camera used ranges from 960
to 1000 frames per minute. But faster cameras
may be used to study very fast hand motions or
complex operations.
Micromotion study should be used when it is
economical to do so (short cycle highly
repetitive operations, large volume production
or operation performed by a large number of
workers)
33. MICRO-MOTION STUDY
33
Therbligs
Search (SH) – attempt to find an object using eyes or hand
Find (F) – mental reaction at end of search
Select (ST) – choose among several objects in a group
Grasp (G) – grasp an object
Hold (H) – hold an object
Transport loaded (TL) – move an object with hand and arm
Transport empty (TE) – reach for an object
Position (P) – position object in defined location
Assemble (A) – join two parts
Use (U) – manipulate a tool
Disassemble (DA) – separate multiple parts that were previously joined
Inspect (I) – determine quality of object
Pre-position (PP) – position object for next operation
Release load (RL) – release control of an object
Unavoidable delay (UD) – waiting due to factors beyond worker control
Avoidable delay (AD) – worker waiting
Plan (PN) – decide on an action
Rest (R) – resting to overcome fatigue
34. MICRO-MOTION STUDY
34
Micro-motion study involves the following steps:
1)Filming the operation to study
2)Analysis of the data from the films
3)Making recording of the data
(using SIMO chart)
36. MICRO-MOTION STUDY
36
Provides a permanent record of motion study on films.
A large number of operators can see the procedure at
any time even after the completion of motion study work.
Films can easily reveal the difference between the
present and the proposed technique.
Films can be demonstrated to large work force at any
desired speed.
It provides very accurate time for each operation or
motion in comparison to stop watch time study.
37. MICRO-MOTION STUDY
37
It helps in making detailed and accurate analysis of the
prevailing technique.
To study the activities of the machine and the operator.
To impart training to the workers or operators
regarding motion; economy so that unnecessary movement
by the workers may be avoided.
To study the relationship between the activities of
operator and the machine.
To obtain motion time data for developing synthetic time
standards for various elements.
38. MEMO-MOTION STUDY
38
In memomotion study, the camera speed is at
60 or 100 frames per minute
It is a form of time lapsed cine-photography
Time interval lies b/w 1/2sec to 4sec
10 or 20 min. may be compressed into 1min
39. RECORDING TECHNIQUES - DIAGRAMS
39
Diagrams
Indicates the path of movement
Study of traffic & frequency over different
routes of plant
Identification of back-tracking & obstacles
during movements
Study of different layout plans & select
optimal layout
40. RECORDING TECHNIQUES - DIAGRAMS
40
Flow Diagram
1)Layout of w/p is drawn to scale
2)Relative positions of m/c tools, work benches, etc
are marked
3)Path followed by the subject under study is traced
by drawing lines
4)Each movement is serially numbered and
indicated by arrow for direction
5)Different colors are used to denote different types
of movements
42. RECORDING TECHNIQUES - DIAGRAMS
42
String Diagram
String/Thread is used to measure the distance
Records the pattern of movement of a worker
working within a limited area during a certain
period of time
Repetitive movements can be conveniently traced
43. RECORDING TECHNIQUES - DIAGRAMS
43
String Diagram
1)Layout of the w/p or factory is drawn to scale on a
soft board
2)Pins are fixed into boards to mark the location of
work stations,
3)Pins are also driven at the turning point of the routes
4)A measured length of thread is taken to trace the
movement (path)
5)The distance covered by the object is obtained by
measuring the remaining part of the thread and
subtracting it from the original length
46. RECORDING TECHNIQUES - DIAGRAMS
46
Cycle graph & Chronocycle graph
Both records the motion path of an
operator & requires filming equipment
Movements which are very fast and very
difficult for the human eye to trace are
traced by these techniques
47. RECORDING TECHNIQUES - DIAGRAMS
47
Cycle graph
Indicates a permanent
record of the motion pattern
employed in the form of a
closed loop of continuous
line.
It does not indicate the
direction or speed of motion.
48. RECORDING TECHNIQUES - DIAGRAMS
48
Chronocycle graph
Indicates short dashes of line spaced in proportion to
the speed of the body member photographed
Wide spacing would represent fast
moves while close spacing would
represent slow moves
Jumbling of dots at one point would
indicate fumbling or hesitation of the body member
Used to study the motion pattern as well as to compute
velocity, acceleration and retardation experienced by the
body member at different locations.
49. CRITICAL EXAMINATION
49
A systematic and progressive series of
questions with the purpose of determining true
reasons
Based on the reasons, improvements are found
and adopted into a new method, called better
method
The use of questioning technique reduces the
possibility of missing any information which
may be useful for the development of better
method
50. CRITICAL EXAMINATION
50
A popular procedure of carrying out critical
examination uses two sets of questions:
Primary questions (answers to these show up the
necessity of carrying out the activity), &
Secondary questions (answers to these allow
considerations to alternative methods of doing the
activity)
Selection of the best way of doing each activity is
later determined to develop new method which is
introduced as a standard practice.
52. CRITICAL EXAMINATION
52
PURPOSE: what is done?
why is it done?
what else might be done?
what should be done?
PLACE: where is it done?
Why is it done there?
Where else might it is done?
Where should it be done?
SECONDARY QUESTIONS
53. CRITICAL EXAMINATION
53
SEQUENCE: When is it done?
Why is it done?
When might it be done?
When should it be done?
PERSON: who does it?
Why does that person do it?
Who else might do it?
Who should do it?
MEANS: How is it done?
Why is it done that way?
How else might it be done?
How should it be done ?
55. DEVELOPMENT & SELECTION OF IMPROVED METHOD
55
Eliminate all unnecessary operations
Combine operations & elements
Change the sequence of operations
Simplify the necessary operations
Steps in development & selection
Evaluation (evaluate the alternatives)
Investigation (tech. & eco. feasibility)
Selection
56. PRINCIPLES OF MOTION ECONOMY
56
These principles can be considered under three
different groups;
Those related to the use of the human body
Those related to the workplace arrangement
Those related to the design of tools &
equipment
57. PRINCIPLES OF MOTION ECONOMY
57
Principles related to the use of human body:
Both hands should begin and end their basic divisions of activity
simultaneously & should not be idle at the same instant, except
during the rest periods
Momentum should be employed to assist the worker wherever
possible, and it should be reduced to a minimum if it must be
overcome by muscular effort
Continuous curved motions should be preferred to straight line
motions involving sudden and sharp changes in the direction
Work that can be done by the feet should be arranged so that it is
done together with work being done by the hands
Twisting motions should be performed with the elbows bent
58. PRINCIPLES OF MOTION ECONOMY
58
Principles related to the arrangement & conditions of workplace:
Fixed locations should be provided for all tools and
materials so as to permit the best sequence and eliminate
search and select
Gravity bins and drop delivery should be used to
reduce reach and move times
Use may be made of ejectors for removing finished parts
Work table height should permit work by the operator in
alternately sitting and standing posture
Glare-free adequate illumination, proper ventilation and
proper temperature should be provided
60. PRINCIPLES OF MOTION ECONOMY
60
Principles related to the design of tools and equipment:
Use colour, shape or size coding to maximize speed and minimize error
in finding controls
Use simple on/off, either/or indicators whenever possible
All levers, handles, wheels and other control devices should be readily
accessible to the operator and should be designed so as to give the best
possible mechanical advantage
Use quick acting fixture to hold the part/material upon which the work
is being performed
Use stop guides to reduce the control necessary in positioning motions
Operating, set-up and emergency controls should be grouped
according to the function
61. INSTALLATION OF THE PROPOSED METHOD
61
Recommendation phase
Implementation phase
62. MAINTAIN THE PROPOSED METHOD
62
Follow-up
Monitoring & control
Audit of the savings
Review of the approach
Evaluation of effectiveness of
proposed method
63. WORK MEASUREMENT / TIME STUDY
63
The application of techniques designed to
establish the time for a qualified worker to carry
out a specified job at a defined level of
performance
Work measurement refers to the estimation of
standard time for an activity, that is the time
allowed for completing one piece of job by using
the prescribed method. Standard time can be
defined as the time taken by an average
experienced worker for the job with provisions for
delays beyond the worker's control.
64. WORK MEASUREMENT OBJECTIVES
64
Comparing alternative methods
Assessing the correct initial manning
Realistic costing
Delivery date of goods
Cost reduction & cost control
Training new employees
Find ineffective time in a process
Evaluate worker's performance
Facilitate operations scheduling
Establish wage incentive schemes
65. WORK MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
65
For repetitive work (short work cycle) or non-repetitive work;
Time study (stop watch technique)
Work sampling
Synthetic data
Analytical estimating
Predetermined Motion Time Study
(PMTS)
Note - Time study & Work sampling involve direct observation
while remaining are data-based & analytical in nature
66. WORK MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
66
Techniques Applications Unit of
measurements
Time study Short cycle repetitive jobs.
Widely used for direct work
Centi-minute
(0.01 min)
Work sampling Long cycle jobs Minutes
Synthetic data Short cycle repetitive jobs Centi-minute
Analytical
estimating
Short cycle non-repetitive jobs Minutes
MTM Manual operation confined to
one work centre
TMU (1 TMU =
0.006min)
68. TIME STUDY – BASIC STEPS
68
a. Obtaining and recording all available information
about the job, operator and the surrounding conditions
likely to affect the execution of the work
b. Recording the complete description of the method,
breaking down the operation into 'elements'
c. Measuring with a stopwatch and recording the
time taken by the operator to perform each element of
the operation
d. Assessing the rating
e. Extending observed time to 'basic times'
f. Determining the allowances to be made over and
above the basic time for the operation
g. Determining the 'standard time' for the operation
69. TYPES OF ELEMENTS
69
A repetitive element
An occasional element
A constant element
A variable element
A manual element
A machine element
Governing element
A foreign element
70. TIME STUDY EQUIPMENT
70
There are two methods of timing using
a stop watch. They are:
Fly back or Snap back method
Continuous or Cumulative method
71. TIME STUDY EQUIPMENT
71
1. Fly back Method:
Here the stop watch is started at the beginning of the first element. At
the end of the element the reading is noted in the study sheet. At the
same time, the stop watch hand is snapped back to zero. This is done
by pressing down the knob, immediately the knob is released. The
hand starts moving from zero for timing the next element. Thus the
timing for each element found is called observed time.
2. Continuous method:
Here the stop watch is started at the beginning of the first element.
The watch runs Continuously throughout the study. At the end of each
element the watch readings are recorded on the study sheet. The time
for each element is calculated by successive subtraction. The final
reading of the stop watch gives the total time known as observed
time.
72. TIME STUDY EQUIPMENT
72
Equipments used to measure time using Stop
watch:
Digital or electronics stop watch
Electronic data collector and computer
Observation board
Observation sheet
Stationary – Pen, Pencil, Eraser, Calculator
73. PERFORMANCE RATING
73
Process of adjusting the actual pace of
working of an operator by comparing it with
mental picture of pace of an operator working
at normal speed
Performance rating methods
Speed rating
Westing house method of rating (S,E,C,C)
Synthetic rating (R = P/A)
Objective rating
76. WORK MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
76
Work sampling (ratio delay study)
A technique of getting facts about utilization of
machines or human beings through a large number
of instantaneous observations taken at random
time intervals.
The ratio of observations of a given activity to
the total observations approximates the percentage
of time that the process is in that state of activity.
77. WORK MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
77
Work sampling
Estimates percent of time a worker
spends on various tasks
Determines how employees allocate
their time
Used to set staffing levels, reassign
duties, estimate costs, and set delay
allowances
78. WORK MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
78
Work sampling Procedure
Step 1 . Define the problem.
• Describe the job for which the standard time is to be determined.
• Unambiguously state and discriminate between the two classes of
activities of operator on the job: what are the activities of job that
would entitle him to be in ‘working’ state.
This would imply that when operator will be found engaged in any
activity other than those would entitle him to be in ‘Not Working’
state.
Step 2. Design the sampling plan.
• Estimate satisfactory number of observations to be made.
• Decide on the period of study, e.g. two days, one week, etc.
• Prepare detailed plan for taking the observations.
This will include observation schedule, exact method of observing,
design of observation sheet, route to be followed, particular person
to be observed at the observation time, etc.
79. WORK MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
79
Work sampling Procedure
Step 3. Contact the persons concerned and take them in
confidence regarding conduct of the study.
Step 4. Make the observations at the pre-decided random
times about the working/not working state of the operator.
When operator is in working state, determine his
performance rating. Record both on the observation
sheet.
Step 5. Obtain and record other information. This
includes operator's starting time and quitting time of the
day and total number of parts of acceptable quality
produced during the day.
Step 6. Calculate the standard time per piece.
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Predetermined Motion Time Study (PMTS)
A procedure that analyzes any manual
activity in terms of basic or fundamental
motions required to perform it.
Each of these motions is assigned a
previously established standard time value
and then the timings for the individual motions
are synthesized to obtain the total time needed
for performing the activity.
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Predetermined Motion Time Study (PMTS)
The main use of PMTS lies in the
estimation of time for the performance of a
task before it is performed.
The procedure is particularly useful to
those organizations which do not want
troublesome performance rating to be used
with each study.
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Applications of PMTS are for
Determination of job time standards.
Comparing the times for alternative proposed
methods so as to find the economics of the
proposals prior to production run.
Estimation of manpower, equipment and space
requirements prior to setting up the facilities and
start of production.
Developing tentative work layouts for assembly
lines prior to their working in order to minimize the
amount of subsequent re-arrangement and re-
balancing.
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Some commonly used PMT systems are:
Method Time Analysis
Work Factor
Basic Motion Time
Method Time Measurement