This document provides an overview of the kingdom Protista, which includes mostly single-celled eukaryotic organisms. It discusses the diversity of protists, including their habitats, modes of nutrition, and life cycles. It then describes several examples of protist groups in more detail, including Euglenozoa (euglenoids and kinetoplastids), Alveolata (dinoflagellates, ciliates, apicomplexans), Stramenopiles (brown algae, diatoms), and Rhodophyta (red algae). It highlights the importance of protists and their role in ecosystems.

1. Kingdom Protista Mr. Nattapong Boonpong (B.Ed.) Bodindecha (Sing Singhaseni) B I O L O G Y

2. Even a low-power microscope Can reveal an astonishing menagerie of organisms in a drop of pond water 50  m Overview: A World in a Drop of Water

3. The Protozoa

4. These amazing organisms Belong to the diverse kingdoms of mostly single-celled eukaryotes informally known as protists Advances in eukaryotic systematics Have caused the classification of protists to change significantly. Protists are more diverse than all other eukaryotes And are no longer classified in a single kingdom Most protists are unicellular And some are colonial or multicellular Characteristic Protist

5. Protists, the most nutritionally diverse of all eukaryotes, include Photoautotrophs, which contain chloroplasts Heterotrophs, which absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles Mixotrophs, which combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition Protist habitats are also diverse in habitat And including freshwater and marine species Characteristic Protist (Continuous)

6. Habitat of Protist

7. Reproduction and life cycles Are also highly varied among protists, with both sexual and asexual species Reproduction of Protist

8. A Sample of Protist Diversity

9. Eukaryotic Unicellular Chemoheterotrophs Vegetative form is a trophozoite Asexual reproduction by fission, budding, or schizogony Sexual reproduction by conjugation Some produce cysts Protozoa

10. No mitochondria, ER, golgi complex, & centriole Multiple flagella Are adapted to anaerobic environments Lack plastids I. Diplomonadida & Parabasala

11. Diplomonads Have two nuclei and multiple flagella Giardia intestinalis, a diplomonad (colorized SEM) Diplomonads & Parabasalids 5 µm

12. Giardiasis; Giardia lamblia

13. Parabasalids include trichomonads Which move by means of flagella and an undulating part of the plasma membrane Have parabasal body Trichomonas vaginalis, a parabasalid (colorized SEM) Diplomonads & Parabasalids Flagella Undulating membrane 5 µm

14. Trichomoniasis; Trichomonas vaginalis

15. Trichonympha sp. , a parabasalid Have one nucleus and multiple flagella Have parabasal body Diplomonads & Parabasalids

16. Move by flagella Photoautotrophs Euglenoids Chemoheterotrophs Trypanosoma Undulating membrane, transmitted by vectors Leishmania Flagellated form in sand fly vector, ovoid form in vertebrate host II. Euglenozoa

17. Euglenoids; Euglena Euglenozoa

18. การเคลื่อนที่ของยูกลีนา

19. Kinetoplastids Have a single, large mitochondrion that contains an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast Include free-living consumers of bacteria in freshwater, marine, and moist terrestrial ecosystems Kinetoplastids

20. Kinetoplastids

21. The parasitic kinetoplastid Trypanosoma Causes sleeping sickness in humans 9  m Kinetoplastids

22. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Trypanosoma cruzi Trypanosomiasis, African ( African sleeping sickness ) Trypanosomiasis, American ( Chagas disease ) Kinetoplastids

23. Trypanosoma

24. Trypanosomiasis (African Sleeping Sickness); T. brucei gambiense & T. brucei rhodesiense

25. Trypanosomiasis (American Chagas Disease)

26. Alveolates have sacs beneath the plasma membrane Members of the clade Alveolata Have membrane-bounded sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma membrane Flagellum Alveoli 0.2 µm III. Alveolata

27. Dinoflagellates Cellulose in plasma membrane Unicellular Chlorophyll a and c , carotene, xanthins Store starch Some are symbionts in marine animals Neurotoxins cause paralytic shellfish poisoning Alveolata: Dinoflagellate

28. Alveolata: Dinoflagellate

29. Dinoflagellate หลายชนิด เช่น Gymnodinium & Trichodesmium จะทำให้เกิดปรากฏการณ์ “ red tide” ในทะเลและมหาสมุทรบางแห่ง และสร้างสารพิษออกมา ทำให้สัตว์น้ำตายครั้งละมาก ๆ โดยจะออกฤทธิ์ที่ระบบประสาท นอกจากนี้ Gymnodinium & Gonyaulax ยังสร้างพิษทำให้ปลาตายและมนุษย์ที่ได้รับสารพิษเข้าไปจะเสียชีวิตได้ Dinoflagellate: Red tide Bloom

30. Peridinium Trichodesmium Gonyaulax Gymnodinium Diniflagellate

31. Nonmotile Intracellular parasites Complex life cycles Plasmodium * Plasmodium vivax * Plasmodium malariae * Plasmodium ovale * Plasmodium falciparum Alveolata: Apicomplexa

32. Alveolata: Apicomplexa; Plasmodium sp. Infected mosquito bites human; sporozoites migrate through bloodstream to liver of human Sporozoites undergo schizogony in liver cell; merozoites are produced Merozoites released into bloodsteam from liver may infect new red blood cells Merozoites are released when red blood cell ruptures; some merozoites infect new red blood cells, and some develop into male and female gametocytes 1 2 3 4 6 Asexual reproduction Intermediate host Merozoite develops into ring stage in red blood cell Ring stage Merozoites Another mosquito bites infected humnan and ingests gametocytes 7 5 Ring stage grows and divides, producing merozoites Definitive host In mosquito’s digestive tract, gametocytes unite to form zygote 8 Male gametocyte Female gametocyte Zygote Sexual reproduction Resulting sporozoites migrate to salivary glands of mosquito 9 Sporozoites in salivary gland

33. Alveolata: Apicomplexa; Plasmodium sp.

34. Apicomlexa; Malaria

35. Ciliates, a large varied group of protists Are named for their use of cilia to move and feed Have large macronuclei and small micronuclei The micronuclei Function during conjugation, a sexual process that produces genetic variation Conjugation is separate from reproduction Which generally occurs by binary fission Alveolata: Ciliates

36. Structure and Function in the Ciliate Paramecium caudatum 50 µm Thousands of cilia cover the surface of Paramecium. The undigested contents of food vacuoles are released when the vacuoles fuse with a specialized region of the plasma membrane that functions as an anal pore. Paramecium, like other freshwater protists, constantly takes in water by osmosis from the hypotonic environment. Bladderlike contractile vacuoles accumulate excess water from radial canals and periodically expel it through the plasma membrane. Food vacuoles combine with lysosomes. As the food is digested, the vacuoles follow a looping path through the cell. Paramecium feeds mainly on bacteria. Rows of cilia along a funnel-shaped oral groove move food into the cell mouth, where the food is engulfed into food vacuoles by phagocytosis. Oral groove Cell mouth Micronucleus Macronucleus FEEDING, WASTE REMOVAL, AND WATER BALANCE Contractile Vacuole Alveolata: Ciliates

37. CONJUGATION AND REPRODUCTION 8 7 2 MICRONUCLEAR FUSION Diploid micronucleus Diploid micronucleus Haploid micronucleus MEIOSIS Compatible mates Key Conjugation Reproduction Macronucleus Two cells of compatible mating strains align side by side and partially fuse. 1 Meiosis of micronuclei produces four haploid micronuclei in each cell. 2 3 Three micronuclei in each cell disintegrate. The remaining micro- nucleus in each cell divides by mitosis. The cells swap one micronucleus. 4 The cells separate. 5 Micronuclei fuse, forming a diploid micronucleus. 6 Three rounds of mitosis without cytokinesis produce eight micronuclei. 7 The original macro- nucleus disintegrates. Four micronuclei become macronuclei, while the other four remain micronuclei. 8 Two rounds of cytokinesis partition one macronucleus and one micronucleus into each of four daughter cells. 9 Alveolata: Ciliates

38. Stentor Paramecium Ciliates

39. Stentor polymorphus Stentor roeseli Epistylis rotans Vorticella Paramecium bursaria Euplotes Strombidium Trichodina pediculus Suctoria Ciliates

40. Stramenopiles have “hairy” and smooth flagella The clade Stramenopila - Includes several groups of heterotrophs as well as certain groups of algae Most stramenopiles - Have a “hairy” flagellum paired with a “smooth” flagellum IV. Stramenopila (Algae) Smooth flagellum Hairy flagellum 5 µm

41. Algae

42. Are the largest and most complex algae Are all multicellular, and most are marine Brown algae (kelp) Cellulose + alginic acid cell walls Multicellular Chlorophyll a and c , xanthophylls; fucoxanthrin Store carbohydrates Harvested for algin Stramenopila: Brown algae (Phaeophyta)

43. Kelps, or giant seaweeds Live in deep parts of the ocean Stramenopila: Brown algae

44. Laminaria saccharia - สกัดเอา algin มาทำยา อาหาร เส้นใย ยาง สบู่ ฯลฯ - ใช้ทำปุ๋ย K ไ ด้ Padina & Fucus - ใช้ทำปุ๋ย K ได้ Sargassum ( สาหร่ายทุ่น ) - มีไอโอดีนสูง และยังให้ algin Laminaria & Sargassum - สามารถนำมาตากแห้ง ต้มน้ำดื่มแก้ร้อนใน คอพอก และฟอกเลือด Giant kelp - สร้างสาร algin มาทำยา อาหาร เส้นใย กระดาษ ยาง สบู่ และเป็นสาหร่ายที่มีขนาดใหญ่ที่สุด เป็นที่อยู่อาศัย หลบภัยและอาหารของสัตว์น้ำนานาชนิดใต้ท้องทะเล Laminaria Padina Fucus Brown algae

45. Sargassum Kelp Brown algae

46. Brown algae (a) The seaweed is grown on nets in shallow coastal waters. (b) A worker spreads the harvested sea- weed on bamboo screens to dry. (c) Paper-thin, glossy sheets of nori make a mineral-rich wrap for rice, seafood, and vegetables in sushi.

47. Diatoms Pectin and silica cell walls Unicellular Chlorophyll a and c , carotene, xanthophylls Store oil Fossilized diatoms formed oil Produce domoic acid Stramenopila: Diatoms ( Bacillariophyta ) 3 µm

48. Accumulations of fossilized diatom walls Compose much of the sediments known as diatomaceous earth Diatomaceous earth

49. Pinnidaria Navicular Asterionella Melorista Diatoms

50. Red algae Cellulose cell walls Most multicellular No flagella stage Chlorophyll a and d , phycobiliproteins (phycocyanin & phycoerythrin ) Store glucose polymer Harvested for agar and carrageenan V. Rhodophyta (Red algae)

51. Rhodophyta (Red algae)

52. Porphyra ( จี่ฉ่าย ) - ใส่แกงจืดเป็นอาหาร Gracilaria ( สาหร่ายผมนาง หรือ สาหร่ายวุ้น ) - นำมาสกัดวุ้นผสมในอาหารเลี้ยงเชื้อจุลินทรีย์ (agar) - ใช้เพาะเลี้ยงเนื้อเยื่อ - ทำแคปซูลยา ทำยา ทำเครื่องสำอางค์ ครีมโกนหนวด ฯลฯ Chondrus Plumoria Andrus Corellina Polysiphinia Gelidium Grinnellia Porphyra Polysiphinia Red algae

53. Gelidium Chodrus crispus Red algae

54. Green algae Cellulose cell walls Unicellular, multicellular or colonial form Chlorophyll a and b Store glucose polymer Gave rise to plants Are named for their grass-green chloroplasts Are divided into two main groups: chlorophytes and charophyceans Are closely related to land plants VI. Chlorophyta (Green algae)

55. Chlorophyta (Green algae)

56. Chlorophyta (Green algae)

57. Chlorophyta (Green algae)

58. Spirogyra Chlorophyta (Green algae)

59. Micrasterias rotata Cell division Micrasterias fimbriata Staurastrum Hyalotheka dissilens Closterium lunula Staurodesmus convergens Euastrum verrucosum Volvox aureus Draparnadia platyzonata Mougeotia Pediastrum Chlorophyta (Green algae)

60. Chlorophyta (Green algae)

61. Chara sp., Overlap between Protista with Plant Chlorophyta (Green algae)

62. Cellular slime molds Resemble amoebas, ingest bacteria by phagocytosis Cells aggregate into stalked fruiting body. Some cells become spores Plasmodial slime molds Multinucleated large cells Cytoplasm separates into stalked sporangia Nuclei undergo meiosis and form uninucleate haploid spores VII. Mycetozoa (Slim Molds)

63. Cellular Slim Molds

64. Plasmodial Slim Molds

65. Slim Molds

66. Slim Molds

67. Slim Molds

68. Slim Molds

69. Slim Molds

70. Slim Molds

71. Rhizopodium; Amoeba

72. Amoebiasis

73. Acanthamoeba spp. & Balamuthia mandrillaris

74. Entamoeba coli - in Large intestine; colon Entamoeba gingivalis - in Mouth; teeth & gill Entamoeba histolytica - in Small intestine Entamoeba

75. Entamoeba histolytica ; Amoebic Dysentery Amoeba feeds on RBCs and GI tract tissues Diagnosis by observing trophozoites in feces Treated with metronidazole Entamoeba histolytica

76. The End