Bacteria
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This document summarizes key characteristics and features of bacteria from the domain Eubacteria. It outlines that bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes found everywhere that lack nuclei and have cell walls without cellulose. Bacteria can be motile using flagella or pili and have various cellular structures including cell membranes, capsules, cytoplasm, and endospores. Bacteria can be both beneficial and harmful to organisms, playing important roles in ecosystems, industries, and human health.
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Bacteria reproduce through binary fission and grow by reproducing. Helpful bacteria include Lactobacillus, which helps with lactose digestion, Bifidobacterium, which helps reduce diarrhea, and Propionibacterium freudenreichii, which produces gas bubbles in Swiss cheese. Harmful bacteria include Streptococcus pyogenes, which causes strep throat, Escherichia coli (E. coli), which causes food poisoning, Vibrio cholerae, which causes cholera, Salmonella enterica, the most common cause of food poisoning, and Salmonella typhi, a major killer in underdeveloped countries.
Bacteria
This document provides an overview of bacteria. It begins by defining bacteria and discussing their discovery. It then covers the characteristics of bacteria, including their size, shape, reproduction methods, and habitats. The document also summarizes methods of classifying bacteria based on morphology, oxygen needs, staining properties, heat tolerance, and pathogenicity. Finally, it outlines the structure of bacteria and discusses both the beneficial and harmful effects of bacteria.
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Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that can exist in three basic shapes - rods (called bacilli), spheres (called cocci), or spirals. They reproduce through binary fission and consume nutrients in various ways. Bacteria are classified based on several factors including their shape, staining properties, oxygen requirements, environment, and cell wall composition. Some key groups of bacteria include phototrophic bacteria, gliding bacteria, sheathed bacteria, and spirochetes.
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Bacteria reproduce through binary fission and grow by reproducing. Helpful bacteria include Lactobacillus, which helps with lactose digestion, Bifidobacterium, which helps reduce diarrhea, and Propionibacterium freudenreichii, which produces gas bubbles in Swiss cheese. Harmful bacteria include Streptococcus pyogenes, which causes strep throat, Escherichia coli (E. coli), which causes food poisoning, Vibrio cholerae, which causes cholera, Salmonella enterica, the most common cause of food poisoning, and Salmonella typhi, a major killer in underdeveloped countries.
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Viruses are non-living particles that can only reproduce inside host cells. They are smaller than bacteria and contain genetic material surrounded by a protein coat. Viruses come in various shapes and sizes and cause diseases like influenza, measles, HIV/AIDS, and some cancers. Edward Jenner developed the first vaccine for smallpox using a related cowpox virus. Viruses are identified based on their morphology, genetic material, presence of an envelope, capsid shape, host cell, and more. They exist in nature as parasites and depend on host cells for reproduction through lysogenic or lytic cycles.
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Bacteria are found nearly everywhere on Earth and have evolved into hundreds of thousands of species over billions of years. They are classified into groups based on their structure, physiology, composition, and staining properties. The two main bacterial kingdoms are Archaebacteria and Eubacteria, which include extremophiles that thrive in extreme environments like hot springs, salt lakes, and acidic ocean vents. Common pathogenic bacteria include Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, which can cause infections like acne, strep throat, and food poisoning.
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Structure of fungi
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FUNGI
We will learn
General characteristics of fungi
Structure of fungi
Economic Importance
Pathogenicity
Brief intro of some fungi
THE SIX KINGDOMS
Fungi are placed in a separate kingdom called the kingdom fungi
OF FUNGI
CHARACTERISTICS
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Fungi are NOT plants
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Eukaryotes
Nonmotile
Most are saprobes (live on dead organisms)
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Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food first & then absorb it into their bodies
Release digestive enzymes to break down organic material or their host
Store food energy as glycogen
The Characteristics of Fungi
Important decomposers & recyclers of nutrients in the environment
Most are multicellular, except unicellular yeast
Lack true roots, stems or leaves
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Body is called the Thallus
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Vegetative Structures
Hyphae
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Hyphae
Stolons – horizontal hyphae that connect groups of hyphae to each other
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Hyphae
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Form network called mycelia that run through the thallus (body)
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Fungi get carbon from organic sources
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Aseptate or coenocytic (without septa)
Septate (with septa)
Modifications of hyphae
Hyphal growth
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Mycelia are the ecologically active bodies of fungi
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This document provides an overview of microbiology and microorganisms. It defines key microbiology terms like colony, prokaryotes, eukaryotes, algae, bacteria, and saprophytes. It discusses the history of microbiology including early pioneers like Anton van Leeuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur, and Robert Koch. It also explains taxonomy and the five kingdoms of life. Overall, the document serves as an introduction to the field of microbiology.
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The document discusses various factors that affect bacterial growth, including:
- Binary fission, where bacteria divide into two equal cells through asexual reproduction.
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The document discusses the importance of proper hand washing to prevent the spread of germs. It outlines the 5 steps to properly wash hands: 1) Wet hands with running water, 2) Apply soap and scrub for 20 seconds, 3) Rinse hands under running water, 4) Dry hands completely with a towel. Following these steps can help families and learners stay safe by removing dirt and germs that cause sickness. Washing hands is important to unfriend germs and have a happy, healthy family.
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This document discusses germs and their sources, as well as ways to prevent their spread. It defines germs as bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa, and notes they can be found many places. It emphasizes the importance of washing hands and provides three rules for preventing transmission of germs: cough/sneeze into your elbow, stay home when sick, and wash hands frequently. The document also lists some online games about germs for educational purposes.
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Here's a few facts that demonstrate some of us are still in the dark ages when it comes to hygiene. Regular hand washing and some common sense will help you effectively overcome these 5 gross hygiene facts. For more information please visit @patrick_boshell
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Virus and bacteria
This document discusses viruses and bacteria. It defines bacteria as unicellular prokaryotes that lack organelles like a nucleus. Viruses are described as non-living particles that need a host to reproduce and are smaller than bacteria. The document lists some common human viruses including hepatitis A, influenza, herpes, and HIV. It explains that antibiotics only work on bacteria, not viruses, and how the immune system develops immunity through memory cells, helper T cells, and killer T cells to fight diseases. Vaccination is highlighted as the best way to build immunity against viruses.
Chapters 10 and 15
This document discusses classification and viruses. It describes how phylogenies are based on homologous structures in living organisms that provide evidence of common ancestry. It also discusses how molecular biology is a powerful tool in systematics, allowing phylogenetic hypotheses to be developed based on molecular comparisons. Viruses can integrate their DNA into host cells and remain latent for long periods. Bacteria can also transfer genes through transformation, transduction, or conjugation.
Bacteria & Virus
Bacteria and viruses share some characteristics:
- They can both reproduce rapidly and mutate. However, bacteria are cellular and prokaryotic while viruses are non-cellular and require a host cell to reproduce.
- Bacteria come in many types including autotrophs that produce their own food and heterotrophs that feed on organic material. They have cell walls and circular DNA.
- Viruses have either DNA or RNA inside a protein coat and some have an additional envelope. They reproduce by taking over the machinery of living host cells. While viruses cause disease, some bacteria are useful in food webs, nitrogen fixation, and producing antibiotics.
General characteristics of virus
Viruses are the smallest infectious agents that can only replicate inside living host cells. They are metabolically inert and made up of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. Some viruses have an outer envelope as well. Viruses come in different shapes, sizes and structures depending on the symmetry of their capsids. They infect plants, animals and bacteria. Viruses replicate through lytic and lysogenic cycles where they take over the host cell machinery to produce new virus particles. While they exhibit some living properties like mutation and existing in different strains, viruses still lack many cellular functions and rely entirely on host cells for reproduction.
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Kingdom fungi: THE SAC FUNGI
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that include mushrooms, molds, yeasts, and multicellular filaments called hyphae. They have cell walls containing chitin and obtain nutrients by absorbing organic matter. Fungi reproduce both sexually through spores and asexually by fragmentation or budding. Important fungi include sac fungi (ascomycetes) which produce spores called ascospores in sac-like structures. Morels, truffles, yeasts, and molds are examples of sac fungi. Fungi play important ecological roles as decomposers in nutrient cycling, as parasites of plants and animals, and in symbiotic relationships with algae or plants.
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Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang kingdom monera yang merupakan makhluk hidup bersel satu atau bakteri, dengan ciri-ciri ukuran 1,25 mikrometer, bentuk bulat, spiral atau batang, tidak memiliki membran inti dan organel selain dinding selulosa, serta berkembang biak secara amitosis. Diberikan contoh bakteri yang menguntungkan atau merugikan manusia seperti Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus casei, Salmonella typhosa, dan V
Kingdom monera
The document summarizes the Kingdom Monera, which consists of eubacteria and cyanobacteria. Eubacteria are heterotrophic organisms named according to their shape as coccus (round), spirillum (spiral), or bacillus (rod-shaped). Cyanobacteria are autotrophic organisms commonly found in water and land, and some can fix nitrogen through specialized cells called heterocysts.
Protist APBio
The document discusses the kingdom Protista, which includes mostly unicellular eukaryotic organisms that can reproduce sexually or asexually and exhibit various modes of nutrition including photosynthesis, ingestion, and absorption. Protists display diverse and complex life cycles and forms, and include photosynthetic algae, protozoa, and many parasites of plants and animals. They are classified into major groups based on their structures and genetic relationships.
Plant kingdom
Plants originated from green algae in the oceans and have since colonized all environments on Earth through adaptations. They are divided into two main groups - plants without seeds like mosses and ferns, and plants with seeds including gymnosperms like conifers and angiosperms. Plants are multicellular autotrophs that produce their own food through photosynthesis, where chloroplasts in leaves use chlorophyll, water, carbon dioxide and sunlight to produce oxygen and glucose. Sexual reproduction in seed plants involves pollination transferring pollen between male and female parts, leading to fertilization and seed formation in fruits.
cell wall of bacteria
The bacterial cell wall provides structural integrity and determines cell shape. It is located outside the cytoplasmic membrane and is composed of peptidoglycan and teichoic acid. Peptidoglycan is responsible for the rigidity of the cell wall and consists of sugars and amino acids that form a mesh-like layer. Bacteria are classified as Gram-positive or Gram-negative based on their cell wall structure. Gram-positive bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer that makes up 90% of the cell wall, while Gram-negative bacteria have an additional outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides.
The Eubacteria
Eubacteria, also known as true bacteria, are prokaryotic, unicellular microorganisms that can exist in spiral, rod, or spherical shapes. They reproduce asexually, produce important substances like antibiotics and vitamins, and obtain nutrients through photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, or absorbing organic materials from living and dead organisms. Eubacteria are used to produce foods like yogurt, wine and cheese, and commonly inhabit hot environments near volcanic activity.
Plant kingdom
The document summarizes the evolution of plants from aquatic to terrestrial environments. Early plant ancestors were green algae that lived in water. They developed adaptations like vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients on land. These included roots, stems, leaves, and a waxy cuticle. Land plants diversified into spore-producing plants like ferns and seed-producing plants like flowering plants. All plants undergo an alternation of generations between haploid and diploid forms.
Kingdom Plantae
The document describes the three divisions of bryophytes - liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. It outlines their key characteristics such as lacking true roots, stems and vascular tissue. Liverworts have a flattened thallus structure or leafy appearance. Mosses have a leafy body and reproduce asexually through budding. Hornworts are distinguished by their horn-like sporophytes. All bryophytes reproduce both sexually and asexually and play an important role as some of the earliest land plants.
Fungi
Fungi can be unicellular yeasts or filamentous hyphae. Most fungi occur as hyphae that can be septate or coenocytic. Fungi are heterotrophs that can be saprophytes, symbionts, or parasites. They reproduce asexually via spores or sexually. Their vegetative phase is generally sedentary. Major fungal phyla include Zygomycota, Basidiomycota, and Ascomycota.
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11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
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Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
(Work in progress.)
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
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Bacteria
- 2. Kingdom Eubacteria (True Bacteria) Bacteria are located everywhere – air, water, land, and living organisms including people. General Characteristics: 1. All are unicellular (one-celled structural level) 2. All are prokaryotic - cells that lack nucleus (no nuclear envelope) (PRO = NO nucleus) 3. All have cell walls – NO cellulose in cell walls 4. Can live in both aerobic (with O2) and anaerobic (without O2) environments
- 3. Ex: Streptococcus Ex: Lactobacillus Ex: Spirillium
- 5. •Motility - movement •Swarming occurs with some bacteria •Arrangement basis for classification •Monotrichous; 1 flagella •Lophotrichous; tuft at one end •Amphitrichous; both ends •Peritrichous; all around bacteria Flagella
- 7. Pili •Short protein appendages smaller than flagella •Adhere bacteria to surfaces •F-pilus; used in conjugation Exchange ofgenetic information
- 8. Cell Membrane •Bilayer Phospholipid •Water can penetrate •Flexible •Not strong, ruptures easily
- 9. Capsule or Slime Layer •Glycocalyx - Polysaccharide on external surface •Adhere bacteria to surface •Prevents Phagocytosis
- 10. Cytoplasm •80% Water {20% Salts- Proteins) •DNA is circular, Haploid •Plasmids; extra circular DNA •No organelles (Mitochondria, Golgi, etc.)
- 11. Endospores •Resistant structure (Heat, irradiation, cold) •Takes time and energy to make spores •Location important in classification (Central, Subterminal, Terminal)
- 12. Causes Disease by: 1. Destroying cells of infected organisms by breaking the cells down for food.
- 14. D. Importance: 1. Beneficial a. breakdown dead matter to recycle nutrients into ecosystem - decomposers
- 15. b. dairy industry - bacteria in yogurt, sour cream and cheese c. Oil spills - bacteria can digest small oil spills
- 17. e. symbiotic relationship - E. coli and our intestines-both organisms benefit Example: E. coli in intestines helps us digest food and make vitamins (such as Vitamin K and B-complex) In return, human intestines provide food and shelter for bacteria. (This strain of E. coli is different from the E. coli strain that causes food poisoning.)
- 18. Harmful : a. human diseases – strep throat, tuberculosis, tooth decay and bad breath, anthrax, plague, tetanus, food poisoning Tetanus Strep Throat Anthrax
- 19. b. food spoilage and poisoning – caused by Salmonella and Staphylococcus c. Treated with antibiotics – Some bacteria are able to survive in presence of antibiotics that kill other bacteria – antibiotic resistant bacteria Note: This is why doctors tell you to take the entire amount of medicine given even if you start to feel better because if not, bacteria will have the chance to evolve and become antibiotic resistant.
- 20. G+ve •Thicker cell wall •Teichoic Acids 1.Glycerol, Phosphates, & Ribitol 2.Attachment for Phages G-ve Endotoxin – LPS Gram+ve and Gram -ve (1.Lipid A 2. Polysaccharide)
- 21. THANK YOU