Ruminants are herbivorous grazing or browsing artiodactyls belonging to the suborder Ruminantia that are able to acquire nutrients from plant-based food by fermenting it in a specialized stomach prior to digestion, principally through microbial actions. The process, which takes place in the front part of the digestive system and therefore is called foregut fermentation, typically requires the fermented ingesta (known as cud) to be regurgitated and chewed again. The process of rechewing the cud to further break down plant matter and stimulate digestion is called rumination. The word "ruminant" comes from the Latin ruminare, which means "to chew over again".
The roughly 200 species of ruminants include both domestic and wild species. Ruminating mammals include cattle, all domesticated and wild bovines, goats, sheep, giraffes, deer, gazelles, and antelopes.
The Ruminant Digestive System INCLUDES EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THEI...AnneXx2
Feeding is a critical aspect of cattle and carabao production. Proper nutrition ensures optimal growth, reproduction, and overall health of these ruminant animals. In this section, we will explore various aspects of feeds and feeding.
Objectives:
1. To understand the nutritional requirements of cattle and carabao.
2. To learn about the different types of feeds and their impact on animal health and meat quality.
3. To explore feeding practices that optimize meat production while considering animal welfare.
Feeds and Feeding
Feeding is a cornerstone of cattle and carabao production, significantly influencing animal growth, health, and productivity. Understanding various aspects of feeds and feeding is paramount. In conclusion, feeds and feeding play an essential role in the success of cattle and carabao production. By understanding the nutritional requirements, implementing effective feeding practices, and staying abreast of recent advances, farmers can optimize animal health and productivity. However, challenges such as cost implications and environmental impact must be carefully considered to ensure sustainable practices.
Different types of digestive system in animals.pdfIqra bano Bano
Ruminant stomachs have four compartments: the rumen, the reticulum, the omasum and the abomasum. Rumen microbes ferment feed and produce volatile fatty acids, which is the cow's main energy source. Rumen microbes also produce B vitamins, vitamin K and amino acids.
The Ruminant Digestive System INCLUDES EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THEI...AnneXx2
Feeding is a critical aspect of cattle and carabao production. Proper nutrition ensures optimal growth, reproduction, and overall health of these ruminant animals. In this section, we will explore various aspects of feeds and feeding.
Objectives:
1. To understand the nutritional requirements of cattle and carabao.
2. To learn about the different types of feeds and their impact on animal health and meat quality.
3. To explore feeding practices that optimize meat production while considering animal welfare.
Feeds and Feeding
Feeding is a cornerstone of cattle and carabao production, significantly influencing animal growth, health, and productivity. Understanding various aspects of feeds and feeding is paramount. In conclusion, feeds and feeding play an essential role in the success of cattle and carabao production. By understanding the nutritional requirements, implementing effective feeding practices, and staying abreast of recent advances, farmers can optimize animal health and productivity. However, challenges such as cost implications and environmental impact must be carefully considered to ensure sustainable practices.
Different types of digestive system in animals.pdfIqra bano Bano
Ruminant stomachs have four compartments: the rumen, the reticulum, the omasum and the abomasum. Rumen microbes ferment feed and produce volatile fatty acids, which is the cow's main energy source. Rumen microbes also produce B vitamins, vitamin K and amino acids.
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Nutrition is the process of taking food and using it for obtaining energy, growth and repair of the body. Animals depend on other organisms for getting their food. They cannot make their own food, so they are heterotrophs.
In this slide you will get to know about nutrition in animals:
What is nutrition and feeding?
Processes involved in nutrition in animals
Nutrition in amoeba, hydra, frog, paramecium, spider, mosquito
Human digestive system- digestion in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, assimilation and egestion
Ruminants
The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion (the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder).In this system, the process of digestion has many stages, the first of which starts in the mouth. Digestion involves the breakdown of food into smaller and smaller components, until they can be absorbed and assimilated into the body.
Chewing, in which food is mixed with saliva begins the process of digestion. This produces a bolus which can be swallowed down the esophagus and into the stomach. Here it is mixed with gastric juice until it passes into the duodenum, where it is mixed with a number of enzymes produced by the pancreas. Saliva also contains a catalytic enzyme called amylase which starts to act on food in the mouth. Another digestive enzyme called lingual lipase is secreted by some of the lingual papillae on the tongue and also from serous glands in the main salivary glands. Digestion is helped by the mastication of food by the teeth and also by the muscular actions of peristalsis and segmentation contractions. Gastric juice in the stomach is essential for the continuation of digestion as is the production of mucus in the stomach.
Peristalsis is the rhythmic contraction of muscles that begins in the esophagus and continues along the wall of the stomach and the rest of the gastrointestinal tract. This initially results in the production of chyme which when fully broken down in the small intestine is absorbed as chyle into the lymphatic system. Most of the digestion of food takes place in the small intestine. Water and some minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon of the large intestine. The waste products of digestion (faeces) are defecated from the anus via the rectum.
RNA occurs in multiple copies and various forms. Cells contain up to eight times as much RNA as DNA.
RNA is found in both nucleus & cytoplasm
3D structure of RNAs are complex and unique
Hydrophobic interactions stabilize the structure.
Forms – A & Z form – common
B form – not seen
Breaks in regular A form helix caused by mismatched bases results in bulges or internal loops.
Hairpin loops (end has UUCG) are formed b/w self complementary sequence – common 2° structure helps to form the 3D structure
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Similar to Interaction of microorganisms with Animals.pptx
YOUTUBE VIDEO:
https://youtu.be/GgV4xo21mFU
GOOGLE FORM WORKSHEET:
https://forms.gle/CqxrYZr1ukewvLhN8
Nutrition is the process of taking food and using it for obtaining energy, growth and repair of the body. Animals depend on other organisms for getting their food. They cannot make their own food, so they are heterotrophs.
In this slide you will get to know about nutrition in animals:
What is nutrition and feeding?
Processes involved in nutrition in animals
Nutrition in amoeba, hydra, frog, paramecium, spider, mosquito
Human digestive system- digestion in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, assimilation and egestion
Ruminants
The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion (the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder).In this system, the process of digestion has many stages, the first of which starts in the mouth. Digestion involves the breakdown of food into smaller and smaller components, until they can be absorbed and assimilated into the body.
Chewing, in which food is mixed with saliva begins the process of digestion. This produces a bolus which can be swallowed down the esophagus and into the stomach. Here it is mixed with gastric juice until it passes into the duodenum, where it is mixed with a number of enzymes produced by the pancreas. Saliva also contains a catalytic enzyme called amylase which starts to act on food in the mouth. Another digestive enzyme called lingual lipase is secreted by some of the lingual papillae on the tongue and also from serous glands in the main salivary glands. Digestion is helped by the mastication of food by the teeth and also by the muscular actions of peristalsis and segmentation contractions. Gastric juice in the stomach is essential for the continuation of digestion as is the production of mucus in the stomach.
Peristalsis is the rhythmic contraction of muscles that begins in the esophagus and continues along the wall of the stomach and the rest of the gastrointestinal tract. This initially results in the production of chyme which when fully broken down in the small intestine is absorbed as chyle into the lymphatic system. Most of the digestion of food takes place in the small intestine. Water and some minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon of the large intestine. The waste products of digestion (faeces) are defecated from the anus via the rectum.
RNA occurs in multiple copies and various forms. Cells contain up to eight times as much RNA as DNA.
RNA is found in both nucleus & cytoplasm
3D structure of RNAs are complex and unique
Hydrophobic interactions stabilize the structure.
Forms – A & Z form – common
B form – not seen
Breaks in regular A form helix caused by mismatched bases results in bulges or internal loops.
Hairpin loops (end has UUCG) are formed b/w self complementary sequence – common 2° structure helps to form the 3D structure
The process by which an RNA copy of a gene is made or it’s a DNA dependent RNA synthesis.
Transcription resembles replication
In its fundamental chemical mechanism
Its polarity (direction of synthesis)
Its use of a template
Transcription differs from replication
It does not requires a primer
It involves only limited segments of a DNA molecule
Within transcribed segments only one DNA strand serves as a template for synthesis of RNA.
DNA can be damaged by a variety of processes,
some spontaneous
Damage caused by environmental agents.
Error occurs during Replication (introduction of mismatched base pairs such as G paired with T).
The cellular response to this damage includes a wide range of enzymatic systems that catalyze some chemical transformations in DNA metabolism.
All Cells Have Multiple DNA Repair Systems
Direct repair
Mismatch repair
Excision repair
Replication fork encounters an unrepaired DNA lesion
Microscope is an instrument used to observe the objects which are not visible to our naked eye. Faber (1625) used the term microscope and it is derived from two Greek words namely, Mikros= Small ; Skopian= To See. The Dutch spectacle maker, Zaccharias Janssen (1590) discovered the first microscope, he found that two hand lenses could greatly enlarge the image. His lenses gave 50-100X magnification; this was the beginning of the compound microscope. Robert Hooke (1668) invented compound microscope with two kinds of magnifying lens systems namely objective lens system and ocular lens system. He obtained 200X magnification He observed and described the microscopic structure of cork cells in his ‘’Micrographia’’. Antony Van Leeuwenhoek (1667) who was wrongly credited as inventor of compound microscope actually invented simple microscope by using convex lenses of high magnification power up to 300X.
HIGHLIGHTS IN THE HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY
Effects of Disease on Civilization
Infectious diseases have played major roles in shaping human history.
Bubonic Plague epidemic of mid 1300's, the "Great Plague", reduced population of western Europe by 25%. Plague bacterium was carried by fleas, spread from China via trade routes and poor hygiene. As fleas became established in rat populations in Western Europe, disease became major crisis.
Smallpox and other infectious diseases introduced by European explorers to the Americas in 1500's were responsible for destroying Native American populations. Example: In the century after Hernan Cortez's arrival in Mexico, the Aztec population declined from about 20 million to about 1.6 million, mainly because of disease.
Infectious diseases have killed more soldiers than battles in all wars up to World War II. Example: in U. S. Civil war, 93,000 Union soldiers died in direct combat; 210,000 died as a result of infections.
Until late 1800's, no one had proved that infectious diseases were caused by specific microbes, so there is no possibility of prevention or treatment.
Microbiology is a branch of science that deals with microbes. The term microbiology derives its name from three Greek words mikros [small] bios [life] and logos [study]. Microbiology focus on the occurrence and distribution of microorganisms in nature, their structure, physiology, reproduction, metabolism and classification.
Microbes - Microorganisms are tiny and invisible to naked eye. They can be seen only by magnifying their image with a microscope. Small subcellular or cellular living beings with milli-micron or micron in size and are not visible to our naked eyes are called micro-organisms. Microorganisms include the cellular organisms like bacteria, fungi, algae and protozoa. Viruses are also included as one of the microorganism but they are acellular.
The process of movement and integration of a piece of DNA into different sites in the chromosomes called transposition.
DNA segments that carry the genes required for transposition are transposable elements or transposons, or jumping genes.
It is present in procaryotes, viruses, and eucaryotic chromosomes.
It generates new gene combinations.
It does not require extensive areas of homology between the transposon and its destination/target site.
Replication:
DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical copies of DNA from the original/parentral DNA molecule.
This process occurs in all living organism.
Basis for biological inheritance
DNA Replication Is Semiconservative
Replication Begins at an Origin and Usually Proceeds Bidirectionally
DNA Synthesis Proceeds in a 5’-3’ Direction and Is semidiscontinuous
In air sampling the separation of particles from air can be achieved by
1. Settling under gravity
Hesse's Tube
Settle Plate Method
2. Centrifugal action
Air Centrifuge
Reuter centrifugal air sampler
3. Filtration
Tube sampler
Millipore filter
4. Impingement
Impingement into liquids
Raised impinger
Bead - bubbler device
Lemon Sampler
Impingement onto solids.
Hollaender & Dalla Valle Sampler
Slit Sampler
Sieve Sampler
5. Electrostatic Precipitation
Air sanitation is the system of removing the impurities present in air inside buildings to protect people from infections. Sanitation of air is essential in enclosed places like hospitals and operation rooms.
Air is the simplest one
It occurs in á single phase - gas.
In addition to various gases, dust and condensed vapour may also be found in air.
In addition to gases, dust particles and water vapour, air also contains microorganisms.
There are vegetative cells and spores of bacteria, fungi and algae, viruses and protozoan cysts.
Air is often exposed to sunlight, it has a higher temperature and less moisture. So, if not protected from desiccation, most of these microbial forms will die.
Air is mainly a transport or dispersal medium for microorganisms
They occur in relatively small numbers in air when compared with soil or water.
Microflora of air
Air can be studied under two headings
Outdoor microflora and Indoor microflora
Insects as microbial habitats
Insects are the most abundant class of animals living today, there are about over one million spp. are known.
20 % of insects support the symbiotic m’orgs.
This symbiotic association provides nutritional advantages or protection.
These symbionts found on the insect surface or in their digestive tracts.
Endosymbionts – intracellular bacteria localized to specialized organs within the insect.
Symbionts of insects
Types of heritable symbionts
Heritable symbionts are obligate symbionts becoz they lack free-living replicative stage.
Bacteria requires host for replication.
Insect symbionts
Aphid – Buchnera aphidicola (γ proteobacterium)
Mealybugs (Planococcus citri) – Betaproteobacterium
Termites - Protozoan
The flagellated protozoa Trichonympha live in the gut of termites & wood roaches
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Interaction of microorganisms with Animals.pptx
1.
2. Ruminant
Ruminant group:
Cattle
Deer
Elk
Bison
Water
buffalo
Camels
Sheep
Goats
Giraffes
Caribou
These animals
spend their time
to chew the cud.
Cud – small ball
of partially
digested grasses.
‘’Eat now, digest later’’
3. • Rumen – upper part of
the stomach expanded
to form a large pouch.
• Reticulum – small
honey comb like
structure.
• Lower portion divided
into antechamber,
omasum & abomasum
(true stomach)
Stomach of these herbivorous
animals are divided into 4
chambers.
4. • It’s a highly muscular, anaerobic fermentation chamber.
• Slightly warmer
• Contain diverse group microbes like bacteria, archae,
fungi & protists. Helps in the digestion of grass eaten by
the animal.
5. Animal eats
plant material
Mixed with
saliva
Swallowed
without chewing
Enter the rumen
Microbes attack
the grass
Reducing it to
pulpy, partially
digested mass
Moves into
reticulum
Regurgitated as
cud
Chewed & re-
swallowed by the
animal
Enter into
omasum
Then abomasum
(digestive
enzymes)
Nutrients are
absorbed into
bloodstream
6. • 1012 orgs /ml of digestive fluid.
• Resident microflora carry out anaerobic metabolism
Cellulose D-glucose
Acetate, butyrate, propionate
Fattyacids
In cow (produce 200-400 l of CH4/day)
Acetate, CO2, H2 CH4 (green house gas)
Methanogenic bacteria
Cellulase
Bacteria
Fermentation
