Protista are eukaryotic organisms that are simpler than plants and animals. They can be unicellular or multicellular and lack complex tissues. Protista are categorized into animal-like protists which include protozoa, plant-like protists such as algae, and fungus-like protists. Animal-like protists include amoebas, paramecium, trypanosomes, and plasmodium. Plant-like protists include euglena, diatoms, dinoflagellates, red, green, and brown algae. Fungus-like protists include water and downy molds and slime molds which have both fungal and amoeba
In our mysterious world of nature, animals depend on one another, in terms of food, shelter and even transportation. This form of dependence is named symbiosis. One form of symbiosis is commensalism. Let us explore the concept of commensalism together!
This presentation offers a bird's eye view about community dynamics in general and ecological succession in particular with special reference to Climax vegetation.
In our mysterious world of nature, animals depend on one another, in terms of food, shelter and even transportation. This form of dependence is named symbiosis. One form of symbiosis is commensalism. Let us explore the concept of commensalism together!
This presentation offers a bird's eye view about community dynamics in general and ecological succession in particular with special reference to Climax vegetation.
It is quite interesting to note that the only producer of food in the entire world is PLANT. All others are consumers, and depend only on plants to provide food to all the living organisms and species.
Stimulus and Response Worksheet 2 with Answers zfhh01
This worksheet clearly covers all aspects of coordination and control . Go through this video before solving it.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fRYvDbY-2E8
Hope this is helpful!!
They have distinct cell nuclei and membrane-bound organelles which allow for compartmentalization and dedication of specific areas of the cell for specific functions.
Plays a very important role in the phylogeny of all eukaryotes.
They serve as the stem group for the fungi, plants, and animals.
Major groups within this kingdom include the algae, euglenoids, ciliates, protozoans and flagellates.
It is quite interesting to note that the only producer of food in the entire world is PLANT. All others are consumers, and depend only on plants to provide food to all the living organisms and species.
Stimulus and Response Worksheet 2 with Answers zfhh01
This worksheet clearly covers all aspects of coordination and control . Go through this video before solving it.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fRYvDbY-2E8
Hope this is helpful!!
They have distinct cell nuclei and membrane-bound organelles which allow for compartmentalization and dedication of specific areas of the cell for specific functions.
Plays a very important role in the phylogeny of all eukaryotes.
They serve as the stem group for the fungi, plants, and animals.
Major groups within this kingdom include the algae, euglenoids, ciliates, protozoans and flagellates.
Microbiology - Algae
Algae is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades.
Algae are sometimes considered plants and sometimes considered "protists" (a grab-bag category of generally distantly related organisms that are grouped on the basis of not being animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, or archaeans).
Protozoa (also protozoan, plural protozoans) is an informal term for a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
3. What is Protista?
Prostista are considered the simplest eukaryotes. Ernst Haekel
coined the termed Protista in 1886. Protista range from unicellular
to multicellular species that have a nucleus. However, the
multicellular species lack complex tissues and organs unlike those of
plants and animals. Some protista are microscopic, while others are
macroscopic. Protista are categorized into three: Animal-Like
Protists, Plant-Like Protists, & Fungus-Like Protists. Based on this
categories, protists can be inferred to have different modes of
nutrition, autotrophic and various forms of heterotrophic nutrition.
4. I. Animal-Like Protists
The protozoans “first animal” represent the animal-like protists.
Protozoans are generally free living although some are parasitic.
Protozoa range in size from 1/5,000 to 1/50 of an inch (5 to 500 µm)
in diameter. They are classified according to their shapes and types
of locomotor structures.
4 Groups of Animal-Like Protists
1. Sarcodines (Amoeboids)
2. Ciliates
3. Flagellates
4. Sporozoans
5. The Amoeboids are found in the phylum
Rhizopoda. Sarcodines (Amoeboids) are split into
to group those with shells and those without,
testate amoebae, which have a shell-like covering,
and the naked amoebae, which don't have this
covering. These shells form limestone, marble and
chalk.
Amoeba irregular in shape and move by
cytoplasmic streaming (like the Blob!). The
projections that are formed are called
pseudopodia. They can cause dysentery.
1.Sarcodines(Amoeboids)
Name: Amoeba
6. Ciliates came from the phylum
Ciliophora. These are generally the
largest protozoa. Have cilia on the
outside of their cells. Tiny hair-like
projections used for movement, to
gather food and as feelers.
Paramecium is slipper shapped that
moves using its hair like cilia.
2. Ciliates
Name: Paramecium
7. Flagellates are one of the phylum
Zoomastigina. the smallest of the
protozoa. Flagellates use their flagella
to move. Contains Flagellum a long
whip-like structure used for movement.
Trypanosoma is a spindle-shaped and
flagellated. This protozoan can cause
sleeping sickness.
3. Flagellates
(Zooflagellates)
Name: Trypanosoma
8. 4. Sprozoans
Name: Plasmodium
One of the Protozoans come from the
phylum, Sporozoa. All Sporozoans are
parasites. They feed on cells and body
fluids.
Plasmodium has an irregular shape and
immobile. All species can cause
malarial fever o humans.
9. II. Plant-Like Protists
The algae, euglena, and dinoflagellates are representatives of the plant-like protists.
Plant-Like Protists generally thrive in the aquatic environment. The algae have
chlorophyll that makes them photosynthetic. They can be unicellular or multicellular.
Algae are classified according to their colors type of chlorophyll present, and kind of
stored food formed. The macroscopic algae generally referred to as seaweeds.
There are three unicellular phyla of algae:
Phylum Euglenophyta (Eugelnoids) Phylum Bacillariophyta (Diatoms) Phylum Dinoflagellata
(Dinoflagellates)
There are three multicellular phyla of algae which are classified by color:
Red Algae Green Algae Brown Algae
10. 1. Euglenoids
Name: Euglena
Euglenoids is a genus of single cell flagellate
eukaryotes. It is the best known and most
widely studied member of the class
Euglenoidea, a diverse group containing
some 54 genera and at least 800 species.
Species of Euglenoids are found in
freshwater and salt water.
Euglena is a unicellular protest that can
move using its flagellum.
11. 2. Diatoms
Name: Diatoms
Diatoms are a major group of algae
specifically microalgae, found in the
oceans, waterways and soils of the
world. Make up a large portion oh
phytoplankton, a source of Earth’s
oxygen. Diatoms are microscopic,
unicellular algae.
12. 3. Dinoflagellates
Name: Dinoflagellate
Dinoflagellates is the unicellular
alga that causes “red tide.” The
dinoflagellates are protists
constituting the phylum
Dinoflagellata. Usually considered
algae, dinoflagellates are mostly
marine plankton, but they also are
common in freshwater habitats.
13. 4. Red Algae
Name: Galaxaura
They are found in warm or cold marine
environments along coast lines in
deeper water “Multicellular
Seaweeds.” They absorb green, violet,
and blue light waves. These light waves
are able to penetrate below 100
meters.
Galaxaura is a marine red alga.
14. 5. Green Algae
Name: Spirogyra
One of the multicellular algae are the green
algae from the Phylum Chlorophyta. Most
are unicellular, few are multicellular. Green
Algae can live in fresh and salt water and on
land in damp places.
Spirogyra is a microscopic and filamentous
green algae.
Halimeda is a marine green alga.
Name: Halimeda
15. 6. Brown Algae
Name: Sargassum
Brown Algae is commonly called seaweed. Can
contain brown, green, yellow, orange and black
pigments. They are found in cool salt water
along rocky coasts. Phylum Phaeophyta is
made up of the brown algae.
Giant Kelp are the largest and most complex
brown algae. They have hold fasts and air
bladders. Giant Kelp can be 100 meters long!
Padina and Sargassum are both marine brown
alga.
Name: Padina
16. III. Fungus-Like Protists
Fungus-Like Protists thrive in moist, damp places where
there is a lot of rotting organic matter. They participate a life
cycle involving an alternate change from motile protozoan
stage (amoeba-like stage) to stationary fungus-like stage.
The protozoan stage is the feeding stage. When food in the
environment becomes scarce, the protozoan stage
differentiates into a fruiting body (fungus-like stage) that
produces spores o survive harsh environmental conditions.
Fungus-Like Protists is categorized in 3 types: Slime Molds,
Watery and Downy Molds.
17. Watery and Downy Molds
Watery and Downy
Molds
Watery and Downy Molds lives in water or
moist places. Tiny threads that look like fuzz.
They attack food crops and they caused the
Irish Potato Famine in Ireland 1845-1849.
Water Molds from the Phylum Oomycota
are classified as protists because they have
flagellated reproductive cells.
Downy Mildews parasitize plants and are
decomposers in freshwater ecosystems.
18. Slime Molds
Slime Molds
Slime Molds are reproduced by Fruiting
Bodies: The Fruiting Bodies contain
Spores.
At first they look like an amoeba, then
later they look like a mold.
Slime Molds lives on moist shady
places and feed on bacteria and other
microorganisms.
19. Slime Molds contd.
Slime Molds have traits like both fungi and animals. During good
times, they live as independent, amoeba-like cells, dining on fungi
and bacteria. But if conditions become uncomfortable (not enough
food available, the temperature isn't right, etc.) individual cells begin
gathering together to form a single structure. The new communal
structure produces a slimy covering and is called a slug because it so
closely resembles the animal you sometimes see gliding across
sidewalks. The slug oozes toward light. When the communal cells
sense that they've come across more food or better conditions, the
slug stops.