Uploaded byNattapong Boonpong
Monera
The document discusses the Kingdom Monera and prokaryotic cells. It describes key differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including that prokaryotes have no nucleus or organelles, one circular chromosome, binary fission reproduction, and cell walls made of peptidoglycan. It also summarizes characteristics of bacterial cell structures like the cell membrane, cell wall, flagella, pili, and endospores.
More Related Content
Monera
- 1. Kingdom Monera B I O L O G Y Mr. Nattapong Boonpong (B.Ed.) Phlubphlachai Phittayakhom School
- 2. Prokaryotic Cells • ComparingProkaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells – Prokaryote comes from the Greek words for prenucleus. – Eukaryote comes from the Greek words for true nucleus.
- 3. Prokaryote Eukaryote • One circular • Paired chromosome, not in chromosomes, in a membrane nuclear membrane • No histones • Histones • No organelles • Organelles • Peptidoglycan cell • Polysaccharide cell walls walls • Binary fission • Mitotic spindle
- 4. Glycocalyx • Outside cellwall • Usually sticky • A capsule is neatly organized • A slime layer is unorganized & loose • Extracellular polysaccharide allows cell to attach • Capsules prevent phagocytosis
- 5. Cell Wall • Preventsosmotic lysis • Made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria)
- 6. Peptidoglycan • Polymer ofdisaccharide N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) & N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) • Linked by polypeptides
- 7.
- 8. Gram-positive cell walls Gram-negative cell walls • Thick peptidoglycan • Thin peptidoglycan • Teichoic acids • No teichoic acids • In acid-fast cells, • Outer membrane contains mycolic acid
- 9. Gram-Positive cell walls •Teichoic acids: – Lipoteichoic acid links to plasma membrane – Wall teichoic acid links to peptidoglycan • May regulate movement of cations • Polysaccharides provide antigenic variation
- 10. Gram-Negative Outer Membrane •Lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, phospholipids. • Forms the periplasm between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane. • Protection from phagocytes, complement, antibiotics. • O polysaccharide antigen, e.g., E. coli O157:H7. • Lipid A is an endotoxin. • Porins (proteins) form channels through membrane
- 11.
- 12. Gram Stain Mechanism •Crystal violet-iodine crystals form in cell • Gram-positive – Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan – CV-I crystals do not leave • Gram-negative – Alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes in peptidoglycan – CV-I washes out
- 13. A typical CellWalls • Mycoplasmas – Lack cell walls – Sterols in plasma membrane • Archaea – Wall-less, or – Walls of pseudomurein (lack NAM and D amino acids)
- 14. Damage to CellWalls • Lysozyme digests disaccharide in peptidoglycan. • Penicillin inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan. • Protoplast is a wall-less cell. • Spheroplast is a wall-less Gram-positive cell. • L forms are wall-less cells that swell into irregular shapes. • Protoplasts and spheroplasts are susceptible to osmotic lysis.
- 15. Fimbriae & Pili •Fimbriae allow attachment • Pili are used to transfer DNA from one cell to another Fimbriae 200 nm
- 16. Flagella • Outside cellwall • Made of chains of flagellin • Attached to a protein hook • Anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body
- 17.
- 19. Motile Cells • Rotateflagella to run or tumble • Move toward or away from stimuli (taxis) • Flagella proteins are H antigens (e.g., E. coli O157:H7)
- 20.
- 21.
- 22. Plasma Membrane • Phospholipid bilayer • Peripheral proteins • Integral proteins • Transmembrane proteins
- 23. Fluid Mosaic Model •Membrane is as viscous as olive oil. • Proteins move to function • Phospholipids rotate and move laterally
- 24. • Some prokaryotes – Do have specialized membranes that perform metabolic functions 0.2 m 1 m Respiratory membrane Thylakoid membranes (a) Aerobic prokaryote (b) Photosynthetic prokaryote
- 25. Nucleoid • The typicalprokaryotic genome – Is a ring of DNA that is not surrounded by a membrane and that is located in a nucleoid region • Some species of bacteria – Also have smaller rings of DNA called plasmids Chromosome 1 m
- 26. Endospores • Resting cells • Resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals • Bacillus, Clostridium • Sporulation: Endospore formation • Germination: Return to vegetative state
- 27. Endospores Endospore 0.3 m
- 28. Type of Bacteria:Shape • Average size: 0.2 -1.0 µm 2 - 8 µm • Basic shapes:
- 29. Type of Bacteria:Shape Spheres (Coccus/Cocci)
- 30. Type of Bacteria:Shape Rods (Bacillus/Bacilli)
- 31. Type of Bacteria:Shape Spirals (Spirillum/Spirilli)
- 32. Type of Bacteria:Nutrition and metabolic adaptation • A great diversity of nutritional and metabolic adaptations have evolved in prokaryotes • Examples of all four models of nutrition are found among prokaryotes – Photoautotrophy – Chemoautotrophy – Photoheterotrophy – Chemoheterotrophy
- 33. Type of Bacteria:Nutrition and metabolic adaptation • Major nutritional modes in prokaryotes
- 34. Type of Bacteria:Metabolic Relationships to Oxygen • Obligate aerobes – Require oxygen • Facultative anaerobes – Can survive with or without oxygen • Obligate anaerobes – Are poisoned by oxygen
- 35. Reproduction • Prokaryotes reproducequickly by binary fission – And can divide every 20 minutes to 1–3 hours
- 36. Classification • Subkingdom Archaebacteria - Euryarchaeota - Crenarchaeota • Subkingdom Eubacteria - Proteobacteria - - - - - - Chlamydias - Spirochetes - Gram-positive bacteria - Cyanobacteria
- 37.
- 38. Archaea • Archaea share certaintraits with bacteria – And other traits with eukaryotes
- 39. Classification: Subkingdom Archaebacteria Euryarchaeota(Methanophile & Halophile) Crenarchaeota (Thermophile & Acidophile)
- 40. Archaea • Some archaea – Live in extreme environments • Extreme thermophiles – Thrive in very hot environments
- 41. Archaea • Extreme halophiles – Live in high saline environments
- 42. Archaea • Methanogens – Live in swamps and marshes – Produce methane as a waste product • Hyperthermophiles – Pyrodictium – Sulfolobus • Methanogens – Methanobacterium • Extreme halophiles – Halobacterium
- 45. Microbial Diversity • Bacteriasize range – Thiomargarita (750 µm) to nanobacteria (0.02 µm) in rocks
- 46. Classification: Subkingdom Archaebacteria Crenarchaeota(Thermophile & Acidophile) Pyrococcus abyssi (archaea) • 3,500 m deep in the Southeast Pacific. • Optimally at 103°C (217°F) • 200 atms
- 47. Classification: Subkingdom Archaebacteria Crenarchaeota(Thermophile & Acidophile) P. furiosus (archaea) • In the marine sand surrounding sulfurous volcanoes. • Optimally at 100°C (212°F) • Highly resistant to radiation • May possess an efficient system for repairing DNA.
- 48. Classification: Subkingdom Eubacteria Proteobacteria Rhizobium sp.
- 49. Classification: Subkingdom Eubacteria Proteobacteria Helicobacter pylori
- 50. Classification: Subkingdom Eubacteria Clamydias • Chlamydia trachomatis - May be transmitted to newborn's eyes - Painful urination and watery discharge • Mycoplasma hominis • Ureaplasma urealyticum
- 51. Nongonococcal Urethritis • Chlamydiatrachomatis – May be transmitted to newborn's eyes – Painful urination and watery discharge • Mycoplasma hominis • Ureaplasma urealyticum
- 52. Gonorrhea • Neisseria gonorrhoeae •Attaches to oral or urogenital mucosa by fimbriae • Females may be asymptomatic; males have painful urination and pus discharge • Treatment with antibiotics • Untreated may result in – Endocarditis – Meningitis – Arthritis – Ophthalmia neonatorum
- 53.
- 54.
- 55. Leptospirosis • Leptospira interrogans •Reservoir: Dogs and rats • Transmitted by skin/mucosal contact from urine- contaminated water • Diagnosis: Isolating bacteria or serological tests
- 56. Syphilis • Treponema pallidum •Invades mucosa or through skin breaks
- 57. Classification: Subkingdom Eubacteria Gram-PositiveBacteria Lactobacillus sp. Streptomyces sp. Bacillus sp. B. subtilis B. megaterium B. anthracis Mycoplasma
- 58. Classification I. Cyanophyta Blue green algae (Cyanobacteria) Morphology • Non nuclear membrane • Cell wall ; Cellulose & Pectin • Non flagella • Cyanophycean Starch • Pigment : chlorophyll a , B - carotene , Flavicin & phycobilin 2 type ; c - phycoerythrin & c - phycocyanin ท้าให้มีสีน้าเงิน
- 59. I. Cyanophyta Habitat • น้้าจืด น้้าเค็ม ในดินที่ชื้นแฉะ • บางชนิดเป็น phycoplankton พบในน้้าจืดและทะเลสาบทั่วไป • Ex. Anabaena , Nostoc , Calothrix , Cylindrospermum , Tolypothrix Oscillatoria etc. การด้ารงชีวิต • Mutualism ; lichen :- • Gloeocapsa & Nostoc is phycobionts • Anabaena azollae & Azolla filiculoides • Blue green algae & Protozoa พวก rhizopod ที่เรียกว่า cyanellae
- 60. I. Cyanophyta Reproduction • Only asexual reproduction • Binary fission : Chroococcus , Anacystis , nidular • Fragmentation : Oscillatoria • Akinete : การสร้างจะถูกกระตุ้นด้วย glucose และถูกยับยั้งด้วย KNO3 & NH4Cl : เป็นโครงสร้างที่มีผนังหนา และมีอาหารสะสมภายใน • Heterocyst : ตรึง N2 ในอากาศ Anabaena , Nostoc , Oscillatoria , Calothrix
- 61. Classification: Subkingdom Eubacteria Cyanobacteria Anabaena azollae Nostoc sp. Oscillatoria sp. Calothrix sp.
- 63. Anacystis Chroococcus Calothrix Anabaena Oscillatoria Nostoc
- 64.