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Biomolecules
1. The Raw Materials of cell
The Building Blocks of Life
The Molecules of Cells
Biomolecules
Rahna.K.Rathnan
Assistant professor
Sahrdaya College of engineering and technology
2. Biomolecules are Organic
Molecules
Molecules containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and
Oxygen.
All are polymers
All are organic (C) compounds
They make up living organisms
Examples: Glucose (C6H12O6)
3.
4. Biological Macromolecules
Life depends on four types of organic macromolecules:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids
Can you think of an example of each?Can you think of an example of each?
5. Carbohydrates
Energy, support and recognition
Proteins
Enzymes, structure, recognition, transport pigments, signals,
mov’t
Lipids
Cell membrane structure energy storage, signals cellular
metabolism (VitK..)
Nucleic Acids
Hereditary and protein information, energy, signals
Function:
6. Carbohydrates
Polysaccharide of simple sugars
Proteins.
Polypeptide.of amino acids
Lipids.
Insoluble in water..although common polymer glycerol and fatty acid
Nucleic Acids.
Polynucleotide..of nucleotides
Structure:
7. Biomolecules made up of
Subunits ( Monomer)
The smaller molecules that are the building blocks of macro molecules
Glucose ---------cellulose
Amino Acids --------Proteins
Fatty acids and glycerol -----------lipids
9. 1. Carbohydrates
Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1
Account for less that 1% of body weight
Used as energy source
Called saccharides
15. Polysaccharide
“many sugars” Complex Sugar.: polymer
any molecule made up of several repeating units.
Starch is a polymer of glucose.
Functions: Cells use them for energy and structure.
They allow organisms to gradually use energy since it is
stored in a large structure. (like the Bank)
16. Polysaccharides
Starch = energy storage in plants
Glycogen = energy storage in animals
Cellulose = plant cell wall
All are long strings of glucose molecules
Difference lies in how they are bonded together
20. Polysaccharides
Glycogen:
Animals store carbohydrates
(glucose) in the form of glycogen;
similar in form to starch.
reserve energy
Stored in liver and muscles
22. Nucleic Acids
Molecules of heredity
Macromolecules
Made up of nucleotide
Two types
DNA ( Nucleus)
RNA(90% cytoplasm,10% nucleolus)
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
23. Nucleic Acids
Information storage
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Protein synthesis
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Energy transfers
ATP (adenosine tri-phosphate) and NAD
(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
24. Nucleic acids
Contain C, H, O, N, and P
Made up of nucleotide
Nucleotide consists of
Sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base
25. Nucleotides:
Each nucleotide consists of three
components:
A carbon to carbon ringed
structure with nitrogen
Called a nitrogenous base
Either a purine or a pyrimidine
A 5-carbon sugar and
A phosphate group.
26. Nitrogenous bases found in the two nucleic acid types
are different
DNA = A T C G
RNA = A U C G
Two types
Purine :A&G
Pyramidine : T,C,U
Adenine, cytosine, and guanine
are found in both RNA and DNA
Thymine -DNA
uracil - RNA.
27. Nucleic acid types differ in the structure
of the sugar
That OH makes RNA less
stable---easily degraded
RNA is a transient
molecule..
DNA contains
2-deoxyribose
RNA contains ribose
The only difference is
the presence or absence of a a OH
(hydroxyl group) on the second
carbon
28. All nucleotides have a phosphate group
Phosphate – as found in
phospholipids
HPO4
Found between two
adjacent nucleotides in a
polypeptide
Sugar – phosphate
backbone
31. DNA Double HelixDNA Double Helix
NitrogenousNitrogenous
Base (A,T,G or C)Base (A,T,G or C)
““Rungs of ladder”Rungs of ladder”
““Legs of ladder”Legs of ladder”
Phosphate &Phosphate &
Sugar BackboneSugar Backbone
32. Chapter 10: DNA Structure & Analysis 32
Watson and Crick
Model
Double stranded
right-handed helix
Antiparallel strands
5’ to 3’polarity
Sugar phosphate backbone on outside of
helix
bases pointing inward
Bases of opposite strands are H-bonded
together
C-G; 3 bonds
A-T; 2 bonds
33. • Major and minor groove
• Complementary base pairing
Bases are 0.34 nm (3.4 angstroms) apart
in a strand
3.4 nm 0r 34 angstroms per turn of the
helix
10 nt per turn
Helix is 2 nm or 20 angstroms in diameter
34. Complementary base pairing Rule
Adenine always base pairs with Thymine (or Uracil if RNA) -----
Double bond
Cytosine always base pairs with Guanine---------- triple bond
Purines Pyramidines
Adenine Thymine
Adenine Uracil
Guanine Cytosine
G C
T A
35. A nucleotide: ATP
Energy storage for cells
Many enzymes use ATP
Provides a way to run
reactions that are
otherwise endergonic
(require energy)
36. three types of RNA
All used in protein synthesis
All encoded in the DNA
RNA includes:
mRNA (messenger)
tRNA (transfer)
rRNA (ribosomal)
mRNA :
transcribed genetic information
from (DNA)
rRNA
assembly site for protein
synthesis
in complexes or protein and
RNA known as ribosomes,
tRNA :
essential carrier molecule for
amino acids to be used in
protein synthesis.
37.
38.
39. Lipids
naturally occurring organic compounds
Insoluble in water
Soluble in ether, chloroform, acetone & benzene
Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
the ratio of C:H is 1:2 (much less O)
contain other elements, phosphorous, nitrogen, and sulfur
Form essential structures in cells
Are important energy stores
40. 40
Types of Lipids
The types of lipids containing fatty acids are
Waxes.
Fats and oils (triacylglycerols).
Glycerophospholipids.
Prostaglandins.
42. Lipids
Long-term energy storage
Generally insoluble in water
Structural components of cells (phospholipids)
Cellular messengers (hormones)
43. Lipids: Triglycerides (Fats and
Oils)
Consist of 3 fatty acids and
glycerol
Insulation
Energy
protection
Q: What ‘s the difference
between saturated and
unsaturated?
49. Proteins
Consist of chains of amino
acids
Linked together by peptide
bonds
Enzymes are proteins
50. Each ball is
An Amino
Acid.
Bonded by
Peptide
Bonds
There are 20
Amino Acids
51. Each AMINO ACID
has
An amino group,
A carboxyl group,
A hydrogen atom and
a specific side chain (R group)
Bonded to
the α-carbon atom
52.
53.
54. Protein Function………..!! WOW!!
Structural…. Bones,skin, nails, hooves, hair
Enzymatic… Digest sugar, makes DNA, makes fatty acids
Transport… Carries oxygen and fats in blood, Ca2+/Cl-
Contractile.. Muscles for movement, move chromosomes
Hormone…. regulate blood sugar, increase heart rate
Immunity... Antibodies fight foreign substance
Pigment….. Pigment in skin, eyes
Recognition. On cell surfaces—Other molecules (receptors)
Toxins…… Stops nerve transmission, effects movement of
ions, enzymes that destroy red blood cells
55. BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS
1. Catalytic function:
Nearly all chemical reactions in biological systems are catalyzed
by specific enzymes.
2. Transport and storage:
For example;
Hemoglobin transports oxygen in erythrocytes
Myoglobin carries & stores oxygen in muscle.
Albumin transports free fatty acids in blood.
Transferrin transports iron in blood.
3. Coordinated motion:Actin and myosin are contractile proteins in
muscle.
56. BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS (cont.)
4. Structural and Mechanical support:
For Example; collagen, a fibrous protein in skin and bone.
5. Defense function:
For Example Clotting factors prevent loss of blood.
Immunoglobulins protects against infections.
6. Generation and transmission of nerve impulses:
For example, rhodopsin is the photoreceptor protein in retinal
rod cells.
7. Control of growth and differentiation:
For Example
growth factor proteins.
hormones such as insulin and thyroid-stimulating
hormone.
57. General structure of protein
polymers of twenty known amino acids.
All biologically known amino acids are α L amino acids.
58. Protein Structure – 4 levels
Primary: amino acid sequence
Secondary: Hydrogen bonds form spirals or pleats
Tertiary: Secondary structure folds into a unique shape
Quaternary: several tertiary structures together
61. Shape and Function
Protein function is based on shape
Shape is based on sequence of amino acids
Denaturation:
loss of shape and function (due to heat, pH change or
other factors)
Editor's Notes
Figure: 11-08
Caption:
Demonstration of 5’-to-3’ synthesis of DNA.