This document provides information on plant taxonomy, including definitions, history, key concepts, and the taxonomic classification system. Some main points:
- Taxonomy is the classification of organisms into a systematic arrangement based on similarities and differences. It began over 2,300 years ago and was greatly advanced by Carolus Linnaeus in the 18th century.
- The taxonomic system arranges organisms in a hierarchy of categories ranging from broad to specific, including kingdom, division, class, order, family, genus, and species.
- Scientific names follow binomial nomenclature, providing the genus and specific epithet. Classification aids identification, description, and understanding of relationships between taxa.
- Characteristics
Angiosperms are the flowering plants also known as Magnoliophyta. The botanical term "Angiosperm" meaning ‘bottle or vessel’ is derived from the ancient Greek. These are the most diverse group of land plants. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants and the distinguished features of angiosperms over gymnosperms are angiosperms bear flowers, endosperm within the seeds and the production of fruits that contain the seed. According to the botanists the flowering plants diversified and widespread 120 million years ago. The classification of the flowering plants also has a long history.
In the past, classification systems were typically produced by an individual botanist or by a small group resulting large number of systems. Different systems and their updates were generally favored in different countries. Bentham and Hooker’s system was popular in the Britain and the Engler’s system was famous in the Europe etc. These systems were introduced before the availability of genetic evidences and angiosperms were classified using their morphology and biochemistry. After the 1980’s genetic evidences were available and phylogenetic methods came into the classification procedures.
In the late 1990s, an informal group of researchers from major institutions worldwide came together and they established the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). The objective was to provide a widely accepted and more stable point of reference for angiosperm classification. APG I was published in 1998 as their first attempt in Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. The initial 1998 paper by the APG made angiosperms the first large group of organisms to be systematically re-classified primarily on the basis of genetic characteristics. The group emphasized the need for a classification system for angiosperms at the level of families, orders and above. The existed systems are rejected is because they are not phylogenetically classified. The outline of a phylogenetic tree of all flowering plants became established and several well supported major clades involving many families of flowering plants were identified. The new knowledge of phylogeny revealed relationships in conflict with the then widely used modern classifications.
The principles of APG system are retaining the Linnean system of orders and families, Use of monophyletic groups (Consist of all descendants of a common ancestor), taking a broad approach to defining the limits of groups such as orders and families and use of term ‘clades’ above or parallel to the level of orders and families. A major outcome of the classification is the disappearance of the traditional division of the flowering plants into two groups, which are monocots and dicots.
Even though there are several controversies about APG the botanists worldwide are influenced by the concept and are currently practice the system.
Angiosperms are the flowering plants also known as Magnoliophyta. The botanical term "Angiosperm" meaning ‘bottle or vessel’ is derived from the ancient Greek. These are the most diverse group of land plants. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants and the distinguished features of angiosperms over gymnosperms are angiosperms bear flowers, endosperm within the seeds and the production of fruits that contain the seed. According to the botanists the flowering plants diversified and widespread 120 million years ago. The classification of the flowering plants also has a long history.
In the past, classification systems were typically produced by an individual botanist or by a small group resulting large number of systems. Different systems and their updates were generally favored in different countries. Bentham and Hooker’s system was popular in the Britain and the Engler’s system was famous in the Europe etc. These systems were introduced before the availability of genetic evidences and angiosperms were classified using their morphology and biochemistry. After the 1980’s genetic evidences were available and phylogenetic methods came into the classification procedures.
In the late 1990s, an informal group of researchers from major institutions worldwide came together and they established the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). The objective was to provide a widely accepted and more stable point of reference for angiosperm classification. APG I was published in 1998 as their first attempt in Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. The initial 1998 paper by the APG made angiosperms the first large group of organisms to be systematically re-classified primarily on the basis of genetic characteristics. The group emphasized the need for a classification system for angiosperms at the level of families, orders and above. The existed systems are rejected is because they are not phylogenetically classified. The outline of a phylogenetic tree of all flowering plants became established and several well supported major clades involving many families of flowering plants were identified. The new knowledge of phylogeny revealed relationships in conflict with the then widely used modern classifications.
The principles of APG system are retaining the Linnean system of orders and families, Use of monophyletic groups (Consist of all descendants of a common ancestor), taking a broad approach to defining the limits of groups such as orders and families and use of term ‘clades’ above or parallel to the level of orders and families. A major outcome of the classification is the disappearance of the traditional division of the flowering plants into two groups, which are monocots and dicots.
Even though there are several controversies about APG the botanists worldwide are influenced by the concept and are currently practice the system.
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2. Definition and Background
Taxonomy or systematic is the study or description on
variations among organisms in order to come out with a
classification system.
Organisms that are arranged into groups enable a large
population to be categorized and understood.
Taxonomy began about 300 years before christ by Theophratus
(370-285 BC)
Carolus Linneaus (1707-1778) is regarded as the founder of
taxonomy (father of taxonomy) till today.
PLANT TAXONOMY
3. 1. To arrange elements or taxa of plants into a more
systematic manner so that they can be better
understood and could be used easily and more
effectively.
2. To arrange data or information and knowledge about
plants.
3. To indicate the source and genetic relationship
(phylogenetic), ancestry and origin of plants.
4. To indicate the distribution and habitat of plants on
earth and their benefits.
Importance of Plant Taxonomy
4. 1. Classification
Plants are arranged into groups of similar characteristics.
The groups are considered as categories or taxa and form
the taxonomic system.
2. Identification
To identify and derive the name of an organism by referring
to an existing classification.
3. Nomenclature
To provide a scientific name to an organism.
4. Description
To describe the characteristics of a taxon e.g. a family.
Taxonomic Components
6. Kingdom :
The highest level in a classification e.g. animal
and plant kingdom
Division :
The number of groups in this taxon is not fixed,
it depends on the classification system.
Based on similar characteristics observed on a
few elements or organs e.g. : dominance of a
sporophyte to a gametophyte, presence of an
ovule, seed formation and several other
morphological and anatomical characteristics.
7. Those are hereditary characteristics and will
continue to exist from generation to generation.
Class :
The number of groups in this taxon is also not fixed,
depending on the classification system.
Separation is based on important basic differences
that exist between the groups.
Order :
Separation is based on a more convincing genetic
relationship which earlier had been detected at the
class and division level.
8. Familiy
Based on more characteristics compared to order,
class and division e.g. the morphological
characteristics of reproductive organs (inflorescence,
ovary position, placentation, number of pistils and
carpels, types of ovule and androecium)
Genus
Genus involves more similar characteristics including
a closer family relationship but they do not cross. If a
hybrid cross does occur the offsprings are normally
infertile or will not survive.
Phylogenetically, new genus arises and separates
from the same parental origin.
13. CLASSIFICATION OF BANANA
KINGDOM: Plantae
DIVISION : Magnoliophyta/Spermatophyta
CLASS : Liliopsida/Monocotyledoneae
ORDER : Zingiberales
FAMILY : Musaceae
GENUS : Musa
SPECIES : Musa acuminata
14. ENDING OF EACH TAXON FOR THE
IDENTIFICATION OF THE CLASSIFICATION
LEVEL
*(excluding KINGDOM, GENUS and SPECIES)
DIVISION : -phyta
CLASS : -opsida / -eae
ORDER : -ales / -ae
FAMILY : -aceae / -ae
Sub family : -oideae
15. SUB AND SUPER CATEGORIES
Besides the 7 main categories, there are infra taxa to describe
varitions within a taxon:
KINGDOM, Subkingdom, DIVISION, Subdivision, CLASS, Subclass,
(Superorder), ORDER, Suborder, FAMILY, Subfamily, Tribe, Subtribe,
GENUS, Subgenus, Section, Subsection, Series, Subseries,
SPECIES, Subspecies, Variety, Subvariety, Form, Subform
Example: There are infraspecific categories Subspecies,
Variety, Subvariety, Form and Subform to describe
variations within Species
16. ** Cultivar the result of crossing over several generations
and does not occur naturally.
** Clone refers to a uniform population of plants, identical
to the mother plant, produced either asexually or
naturally.
Subspecies and Variety : based on morphological
variations that can be identified within a species as a
result of adaption to different ecology.
Form is the category used for only slight variations.
17. THE CONCEPT OF SPECIES
1. Morphological species concept
species is the smallest group of organisms
which can be consistently differentiated using
morphological characteristics.
the concept is widely used among taxonomists
as it is the most practical.
18. 2. Biological species concept
using reproductive biology to define species.
population group which is able to breed but
prevented from gene exchange with population
of other species.
cannot be used for self-pollinated species or
asexually produced species (which do not
undergo crossing)
19. CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS
1. Artificial system
Based on growth habits and uses. A primitive system
300 BC- AD 1500. Theophratus and Dioscorides, Greece.
2. Mechanical system
based on one or a few chosen characteristics. 1580-1760.
Caesalpino, Italy; Bauhin, Swiss; Linnaeus, Sweden.
3. Natural system
Based on many characteristics. 1760-1880. Adanson, France;
de Candolle, Swiss; Bentham and Hooker, Britain.
4. Phylogenetic system
Based on many characteristics, with evolutionary interpretations.
1880-present. Engler, Germany; Bessey, America; Hutchinson,
Britain; Thorne, America.
20. NOMENCLATURE
- Nomenclature is important in order to provide the
correct name for a plant.
The naming activity is under the control of the `International
Codes of Botanical Nomenclature’ (ICBN) published by the
`International Association of Plant Taxonomy’ (IAPT).
- The codes are revised at every `International Botanical
Congress’
21. Scientific name is based on the binomial system
popularised by Carolus Linnaeus (1753). Consists of
genus and species names
The third element is the name of the person who
formally gave the name
Oryza sativa L. Oryza sativa Linn. (Binomial)
Oryza sativa subsp. indica
Oryza sativa subsp. japonica (Trinomial)
Bupleurum falcatum ssp. eufalcatum var. hoffmeisteri
(Quadrinomial)
22. Populus alba var. canescens Aiton
Brassica oleraceae var. capatita
Prunus cornuta forma villosa
(Trinomial)
Name of genera and that of higher taxon,
(Monomial / Uninomial)
Rosa L. Rosaceae Juss.
Cultivar taxonomic category
Oryza sativa cv. Mat Candu
Oryza cv. Mat Candu
Padi kv. Mat Candu
23. - For species that have been named earlier it is adequate to name
the species from then on using only the first letter of the generic
name
Solanum melongena, S. melongena
- For specific name consisting of two words, a hyphen is needed
between the two words:
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
- If the specific name is not known:
Lathyrus sp. or Lathyrus spp. (if many species)
- Scientific name in capital letters and italised is also accepted
CARICA PAPAYA, HEVEA BRASILIENSIS
24. - When two or more authors suggest a scientific name, their names are
linked by `et’
Delphinium viscosum Hook.f et Thomson
- The original name for a species is Panicum dactylon Linn. When C.H.
Persoon changed the genus name to Cynodon, the original specific
name remains while the original author’s name is placed in bracket:
Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pers.
- When the first author suggests a name but was officially published by
a second author, both names are linked by `ex’
Cerasus cornuta Wall ex Royle
25. - Interspecific and intergeneric hybrids:
Agrostis x Polypogon
Agrostis stolonifera x Polypogon monspeliensis
Salix auritia x S. caprea
- Binary names are given to interspecific hybrids:
Salix x capreola (S. aurita x S. caprea)
Rosa x odorata (R. chinensis x R. gigantea)
- A graft between two species uses `+’ :
Rosa webbiana + R. floribunda
HYBRID NAMES
26. TAXONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
1. Morphology
Plant growth habit, leaf arrangement and shape, flower
and fruit characteristics.
2. Anatomy
Secondary xylem characteristics, epidermis including
trichomes and stomata.
3. Palinology
Pollen characteristics including size, shape, aperture
and exine sculpture.
27. 4. Cytology
The chromosome number, structure and habit
5. Chemical and molecular
Alkaloid, phenolic and amino acids contents.
Protein, enzyme and DNA
TAXONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS