The type method is used to name taxonomic groups based on selecting a representative type specimen. The type specimen fixes the name of the taxonomic group and is permanently associated with it. There are several kinds of type specimens depending on how they were selected, including holotypes, isotypes, syntypes, paratypes, lectotypes, neotypes, and topotypes. The type specimen is usually a single preserved plant housed in a known herbarium and identified by collection details.

2. The Type Method
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Typification

3. A
The Type Method
The names of different taxonomic groups are based on the type
method.
The TYPE is a certain representative of the group is
The TYPE is the source of the name for the group.
The TYPE called the nomenclatural type or simply the type,
this method is called as TYPIFICATION.
The TYPE may not be the most typical member of the group,
The TYPE only fixes the name of a particular taxon and the two are
permanently associated.
The type of a family and the higher groups is ultimately a genus A
type of a particular genus is a species, e.g. Poa pratensis for Poa
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4. A
The Type Method
Type may be correct name or even a synonym.
Thus the tea family name
(Theaceae) is derived from synonym Thea although the correct
name for the genus is Camellia.
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Mimosa is the type for family Mimosaceae
Mimosaceae, family has pentamerous flowers in general, but the
the type genus Mimosa has tetramerous flowers.

5. A
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large family Urticaceae was split into a number of smaller natural
families, the name Urticaceae was retained for the group containing
the genus Urtica, (other families Moraceae (genus Morus,
Cannabaceae ( genus Cannabis)
Tiliaceae (type genus Tilia )ss merged with Malvaceae. Tilia to
Malvaceae, but retains rest of the genera.
This necessitated name change for Tiliaceae.
New name Grewiaceae, with Grewia as the type genus

6. A
The Type Method
The type,
• is a single type specimen, preserved in a herbarium
identified by the place of collection, name of the
collector and collection number.
• Can be an illustration of the plant
• consist of a single /several plants (parts) or of multiple small
plants.
• A specimen is mounted on a single herbarium sheet or in a
box, packet, jar or microscope slide.
• Type specimens must be preserved permanently
• Type is never living plants or cultures.
• when publishing a new species a TYPE Specimen is required.
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7. A
The type, is a single type specimen, preserved
in
a known herbarium and identified by the
place of collection, name of the collector and
his collection number.
Code recognizes several kinds of type,
depending upon the way in which a type
specimen is selected.
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8. A
Holotype
The single
specimen
designated as the
type of a species
by the original
author at the time
the species name
and description
was published.
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9. A
Isotype:
A specimen which is
a duplicate of the
holotype, collected
from the same
place, at the same
time and bycate of
the holotype,
collected from the
same place, at the
same time and by
the same person.
Often the collection
number is also the
same, differentiated
as a, b, c, etc17-01-2021 TYPE METHOD Sadhna Pandey 9

10. A
Syntype: Any one of
the two or more
specimens cited by
the author when no
holotype was
designated, or any
one of the two or
more specimens
simultaneously
designated as
types. Duplicate of
a syntype is an
isosyntype
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11. A
Paratype: paratype is
a specimen cited in
the protologue that is
neither the holotype
nor an isotype, nor
one of the syntypes if
two or more
specimens were
simultaneously
designated as types.
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12. A
. Lectotype :: A
specimen or any
other element
selected from the
original material
cited by the author
when no holotype
was originally
selected or when it
no longer exists. A
lectotype is
selected from
isotypes or
syntypes. .17-01-2021 TYPE METHOD Sadhna Pandey 12

13. A
. Neotype A specimen
chosen by a later
researcher to serve in
place of a holotype when
all specimens available to
the original publishing
author of a scientific name
have been lost or
destroyed. ::
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14. A
Topotype
Topotype is often the name given to
a specimen collected from the same
locality from which the holotype was
originally collected.
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TOPOTYPE
SPECIMEN

15. A
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Thank you

16. A
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