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PLANT NOMENCLATURE

The document discusses plant nomenclature, emphasizing its significance in taxonomy and the evolution from vernacular names to scientific names, specifically through the binomial nomenclature system. It outlines the rules and principles established by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN), which governs naming practices, types of nomenclatural specimens, and the importance of valid publication and priority of names. The text concludes with specific types of nomenclatural types, such as holotype and isotype, and emphasizes the need for stability and clarity in naming taxonomic groups.

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PLANT NOMENCLATURE Dr P B MALLIKHARJUNA Associate Professor GFGC YB
Plant nomenclature is an important aspect of Taxonomy. Naming of plants based on certain rules proposed by the International Botanical Society over a period is called Plant Nomenclature. These names are usually termed as the botanical names or the scientific names. These are evolved as the Binomials from the Polynomials and the Vernaculars through the ages.
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE The method of giving scientific names to plants and animals with the name consisting of two parts is binomial nomenclature. Therefore, the scientific names of organisms are always binomials. Naming the organisms become essential mainly for three reasons •To remember the particular organisms we studied •To communicate the same with the others and •To maintain the scientific documentation.
Giving names to organisms is in practice since time immemorial. However, the names used in earlier days are vernacular names in local languages and such names have many defects for example •They do not remain same throughout the world. •They tend to change from place to place and from language to language •In some instances, a common name is applied to different plants and the same plant may be called by different names. •Common names are not available to all kinds of plants.
Therefore, there was a necessity to give scientific names. However, the first introduced scientific names were polynomial .These were more lengthy and descriptive and difficult to remember For example, Gravelliarobusta grandiflora australiana.Later binomial system was proposed. Where the name consisted only of two parts. The first part of the name is the genus name and the second part is the species name or specific epithet. This binomial system was actually proposed for the first time by “Casper Bauhin”( 1623) but he did not make its application compulsory. Later, it was Linnaeus (1753) a Swedish botanist who adopted the binomial nomenclature in his “Species plantarum.1753”, and hence the credit went to Linnaeus. Therefore, 1st May 1753 is regarded as the beginning date of the scientific names of all living beings including plants. Latin language is chosen for scientific names.
Certain rules are to be followed in giving the binomials. The first letter of the genius should be capital and the first letter of the species should be a small letter for example Mangifera indica, Cocos nucifera etc. Whenever, these names are hand-written or type written they are to be underlined. The names should be in Latin language or if the names are derived from any other source, they are to be latinised. The genus name always be a noun, the species name will be an objective, and hence it usually tells as a character or home of the place. For example Solanum nigrum (nigrum-black), Mangifera indica (Indica-India). The scientific names are usually followed by the name of the author in abbreviation validly published it for the first time. Example Mangifera indica L.(L=Linnaeus).
ICBN International code of botanical nomenclature (ICBN) or the code is the premier constituent body of the international botanical society/Congress. Its main job is to look after the plant nomenclature of both extant and extinct taxa. The first code was held in Paris, France during 1867 under the guidance of A.P. de Condolle. The basis for the code has been drawn from de Condolle's “Theorie elementiare de la Botanique” and also from the Critica Botanica, Fundamenta Botanica and Philosophia Botanica of Linnaeus. Since then for every 6 years the International Botanical Congress (IBC) meeting is held to discuss the various aspects of nomenclature and publishing as the code. The latest edition of code i.e., 19th edition was held in Shenzen, China (2017) recently and which supersedes all previous editions.
The code/ICBN is mainly consisting of the preamble and three divisions as follows
THE PREAMBLE Botany requires precise and simple system of nomenclature used by Botanists in all countries. AIM OF THE CODE: •It aims at the provisions of a stable method of naming taxonomic groups, avoiding or rejecting the use of names, which may cause error or ambiguity. •Further, it aims at the avoidance of the useless creation of new names.
Division I-Principles: these will form the basis of the system of botanical nomenclature and has 6Principles namely, Principle I: Botanical nomenclature is independent of zoological and bacteriological nomenclatures. Further, the code applies equally to names of taxonomic groups treated as plants whether or not these groups were originally so treated. Principle II: The application of names of taxonomic groups is determined by means of nomenclature types. Principle III: The nomenclature of a taxonomic group is based upon the priority of publication. Principle IV: Each taxonomic group with a particular circumscription, position and rank can bear only one correct name, the earliest that is in accordance with the rules, except in specified cases. Principle V: Scientific names of taxonomic groups are treated as Latin regardless of their derivation. Principle VI: The rules of nomenclature are retroactive unless expressly limited.
Division II- Rules and Recommendations: The detail provisions of the code are divided into Rules in the form of Articles (62) and which are binding. The main objective of rules is to put the nomenclature of the past into order and to provide that for the future. Whereas, Recommendations are subsidiary points and which are non- binding but to be preferred. The main objective is to bring about greater uniformity and clarity especially in future nomenclature. This division included 7 Chapters, 16 Sections and 62 Articles. Chapter I deals with taxa and their ranks (Art 1-5) Chapter II deals with typification (Art.6-10) and rule of priority ( Art. 11-15) Chapter III deals with nomenclature of taxa according to their ranks (Art. 16-28) Chapter IV deals with Effective and Valid publication (Art. 29-50) Chapter V deals with rejection of names (Art. 51-58) Chapter VI deals with the names of fungi with pleuromorphic life cycle (Art 59) and Chapter VII deals with the Orthography and gender of names (Art: 60-62)
Division III: includes provisions regulating the governance of the code. It has five appendices namely Appendix I: names of hybrids Appendix IIA/B: Nomina familiarum conservanda Appendix IIIA/B: Nomina generica/specifica conservanda et rejicienda Appendix IV :Nomina utique rejicienda Appendix V: Opera utique oppressa
RULE OF PRIORITY: According to the code /ICBN rule ”Each family or taxon of lower rank with a particular circumscription, position and rank can bear only one correct name. And, it is the earliest legitimate one which is validly published with the same rank (Art 11). Further, the name of a taxon has no status under this code unless it is validly published (Art 12)”. The date of valid publication is 1stMay 1753 of Linnaeus’ Species Plantarum. For instance, when there are several names for a taxon, the earliest name, which is validly published, is regarded as the correct name. Thus, the rule of priority gives stability to the plant nomenclature. Ex: Cleome gynandra Linn(1753) Cleome pentaphylla Linn (1762) Gynandropsis pentaphylla DC(1824) The above three names are existing for a single taxon. Of these, the earliest one i.e., Cleome gynandra is valid and legitimate name according to the the Rule of priority. While the other two are synonyms and these are conserved in the appendix IIIB of the Code (Nomina specifica conservanda et rejicienda). Finally, the application of both conserved and rejected names, are determined by the nomenclature type (Art 14).
Effective and valid publication: According to the Code/ICBN, the author to make it, as a correct or legitimate name must effectively and validly published the scientific name of a given taxon. In general, Effective publication deals with standards applicable to the media. In which the names are published and not to the names themselves (Article 29).Whereas, valid publication deals with standards applicable to the names themselves (Article 32 – 45). There are four general criteria for publication of a name. •The name must be effectively published. That means it must be published in a journal commonly available to botanists such as Rheedea (national level) or TAXON or Systematic Botany( international level). •The name must be published in the correct form, i.e., properly Latinised, with rank indicated (Ex. as “sp.nov” or “gen.nov”). Such a name in correct form is known as the admissible name.
•The name must be published with a Latin description or diagnosis or with a reference to such. The Latin diagnosis may be a brief. For instance, listing how the new taxon is different from a similar related taxon. •A nomenclatural type must be indicated. Finally, the term “PROTOLOGUE is “everything associated with a name at its valid publication i.e., description or diagnosis, illustrations, references, synonyms, geographical data, citation of specimens, discussion and comments”. A full citation of a scientific name may include the authorship and the journal, volume, page numbers and data of publication. For ex: A complete citation for the new species (sp.nov). Cited as: Perityle vigilans Spellenb & A.Powell, Syst. Bot. IS: 252.1990.
TYPIFICATION ( Type Method) According to the Code/ICBN (Article 7-10), the application of names to taxonomic groups is governed by nomenclatural types. This rule previously applicable to the rank of family or below. However, now it is extended to the names of taxa of higher ranks when the names are ultimately based on generic names. Nomenclature type: it is the representative element of a taxon. When any author publishes the account of species, the original plant on which the description is based, is deposited in any standard Herbarium.This type specimen becomes the nomenclatural type of that specimen and is associated ever with the specific name given on its basis. Type specimen: is the one that is ultimately associated with the name of a taxon.The type for a genus is a species, for a family it is a genus, and for an order, it is a family.
Ex: Rosa indica (Species)Rosa (Genus)Rosaceae (Family) Rosales (Order) Magnolia grandiflora (species)Magnolia (Genus)Magnoliaceae (Family)Magnoliales (Order) There are several types of nomenclatural types existing such as Holotype Isotype Syntype Paratype Lectotype Neotype
HOLOTYPE : is the type specimen or other element used or designated by the author in the original publication as the main nomenclatural type. At present, it is essential that a holotype designated for a newly described species be deposited in a national herbarium like the Central National Herbarium(CAL), Calcutta of the BSI. ISOTYPE: is the duplicate specimen of a holotype. There are plants forming part of the same gathering as the holotype and gathered at the same time.In the absence of holotype, isotype will serve as the nomenclatural type.
SYNTYPE: is one or two or more specimens studied and cited by the author when the holotype is not designated by him. PARATYPE: is a specimen cited with the original description in addition to the holotype.When the author fails to designate a holotype or the holotype is missing, a lectotype or neotype is selected to serve as a nomenclatural type. LECTOTYPE: is a specimen selected from those cited by the author with the original description. NEOTYPE: is selected only when all the original specimens collected and cited by the author missing.
For example :Impatiens thomsonii Hook.f., is a member of the family Balsaminaceae and its description is given in the Flora of British India. The author (J D Hooker) has cited three specimens on which the description was based on. • Collected by Thomson from Piti and Kunawar. •Collected by Strach.and Wint.from the Kumaon and Garhwall hills. •Collected by JD Hooker from Sikkim. Hooker stated that specimen 3 of the above is the nomenclatural type (i.e., Holotype).Specimens 1 and 2 are the Paratype. If Hooker had not designated the 3rd specimen as holotype, then all three were Syntypes. One of these syntypes can serve as a Lectotype, if the type holotype is missing. If all 3 specimens are destroyed for some reason, then the 4th specimen (Collected by Wallich from Sikkim, which does not find mention in Hookers description, will be treated as a Neotype.