Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification
APG I
APG II
APG III
APG IV
Molecular Based system
features and organization
Merits and demerits
Difference in APG system.
This pdf contains information about the various methods of documentation in plant taxonomy. It includes, floras, manuals, monographs, dictionaries, glosaries, indexes, icones, etc.
Classification denotes the arrangement of a single plant or group of plants an distinct category following a system of nomenclature, and in accordance with a particular and well established plan.
The "Telome theory" of Walter Zimmermann (1930, 1952) is the most accepted theory that is based on fossil record and synthesizes the major steps in the evolution of vascular plants.
It describes how the primitive type of vascular plants developed from Rhynia like plants.
Vascular Cambium & Seasonal activity & its Role in Stem & RootFatima Ramay
Vascular Cambium & Seasonal activity & its Role in Stem & Root:
The vascular cambium (pl. cambia or cambiums) is a lateral meristem in the vascular tissue of plants.
The vascular cambium is a cylindrical layer of cambium that runs through the stem of a plant that undergoes secondary growth.
In Dicots:
The vascular cambium is in dicot stems and roots, located between the xylem and the phloem in the stem and root of a vascular plant, and is the source of both the secondary xylem growth (inwards, towards the pith) and the secondary phloem growth (outwards).
In Monocots:
Monocot stems, such as corn, palms and bamboos, do not have a vascular cambium and do not exhibit secondary growth by the production of concentric annual rings. They cannot increase in girth by adding lateral layers of cells as in conifers and woody dicots.
Cambium of some plants remains active for the entire period of their life, i.e., cambial cells divide and resulting cells mature to form xylem and phloem elements.
This type of seasonal activity usually found in the plants present in the tropical regions, and not all plants show cambial activity.
Percentage of ringless trees in the rain forests of; India : 75% Amazon : 43% Malaysia : 15%
In regions with definite seasonal climate; seasonal activity of cambium ceased with onset of unfavorable conditions; In Autumn, it enters the dormant state and lasts for the end of summer; In Spring, cambium again becomes active.
Duration of cambial activity is also affected by day-length, e.g., In Robinia pseudoacacia, cambium is dormant under short-day condition.
The cambium cells formed in circular in cross section from the beginning onwards.
The cambial ring is partially primary (fascicular cambium) and partially secondary (interfascicular cambium).
Periderm originates from the cortical cells (extra stelar in origin).
In Dicot stem, for mechanical support xylem is with comparatively smaller vessels, greater fibers and less parenchyma.
More amount of cork is produces for protection.
Lenticels on periderm are very prominent.
The cambial ring formed is wavy in the beginning and later becomes circular.
The cambium ring is completely secondary in origin.
Periderm originates from the pericycle (intra stelar in origin).
In Dicot root, xylem is with big thin walled vessels with few fibers and more parenchyma.
Less amount of cork is produced as root is underground.
Lenticels on periderm are not very prominent.
Angiosperms are the flowering plants also known as Magnoliophyta. The botanical term "Angiosperm" meaning ‘bottle or vessel’ is derived from the ancient Greek. These are the most diverse group of land plants. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants and the distinguished features of angiosperms over gymnosperms are angiosperms bear flowers, endosperm within the seeds and the production of fruits that contain the seed. According to the botanists the flowering plants diversified and widespread 120 million years ago. The classification of the flowering plants also has a long history.
In the past, classification systems were typically produced by an individual botanist or by a small group resulting large number of systems. Different systems and their updates were generally favored in different countries. Bentham and Hooker’s system was popular in the Britain and the Engler’s system was famous in the Europe etc. These systems were introduced before the availability of genetic evidences and angiosperms were classified using their morphology and biochemistry. After the 1980’s genetic evidences were available and phylogenetic methods came into the classification procedures.
In the late 1990s, an informal group of researchers from major institutions worldwide came together and they established the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). The objective was to provide a widely accepted and more stable point of reference for angiosperm classification. APG I was published in 1998 as their first attempt in Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. The initial 1998 paper by the APG made angiosperms the first large group of organisms to be systematically re-classified primarily on the basis of genetic characteristics. The group emphasized the need for a classification system for angiosperms at the level of families, orders and above. The existed systems are rejected is because they are not phylogenetically classified. The outline of a phylogenetic tree of all flowering plants became established and several well supported major clades involving many families of flowering plants were identified. The new knowledge of phylogeny revealed relationships in conflict with the then widely used modern classifications.
The principles of APG system are retaining the Linnean system of orders and families, Use of monophyletic groups (Consist of all descendants of a common ancestor), taking a broad approach to defining the limits of groups such as orders and families and use of term ‘clades’ above or parallel to the level of orders and families. A major outcome of the classification is the disappearance of the traditional division of the flowering plants into two groups, which are monocots and dicots.
Even though there are several controversies about APG the botanists worldwide are influenced by the concept and are currently practice the system.
This PPT offers a bird's eye view of ICBN and its different rules along with regulations for the naming of plants. It also highlights the history of IBC and its contribution to plant taxonomy.
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification
APG I
APG II
APG III
APG IV
Molecular Based system
features and organization
Merits and demerits
Difference in APG system.
This pdf contains information about the various methods of documentation in plant taxonomy. It includes, floras, manuals, monographs, dictionaries, glosaries, indexes, icones, etc.
Classification denotes the arrangement of a single plant or group of plants an distinct category following a system of nomenclature, and in accordance with a particular and well established plan.
The "Telome theory" of Walter Zimmermann (1930, 1952) is the most accepted theory that is based on fossil record and synthesizes the major steps in the evolution of vascular plants.
It describes how the primitive type of vascular plants developed from Rhynia like plants.
Vascular Cambium & Seasonal activity & its Role in Stem & RootFatima Ramay
Vascular Cambium & Seasonal activity & its Role in Stem & Root:
The vascular cambium (pl. cambia or cambiums) is a lateral meristem in the vascular tissue of plants.
The vascular cambium is a cylindrical layer of cambium that runs through the stem of a plant that undergoes secondary growth.
In Dicots:
The vascular cambium is in dicot stems and roots, located between the xylem and the phloem in the stem and root of a vascular plant, and is the source of both the secondary xylem growth (inwards, towards the pith) and the secondary phloem growth (outwards).
In Monocots:
Monocot stems, such as corn, palms and bamboos, do not have a vascular cambium and do not exhibit secondary growth by the production of concentric annual rings. They cannot increase in girth by adding lateral layers of cells as in conifers and woody dicots.
Cambium of some plants remains active for the entire period of their life, i.e., cambial cells divide and resulting cells mature to form xylem and phloem elements.
This type of seasonal activity usually found in the plants present in the tropical regions, and not all plants show cambial activity.
Percentage of ringless trees in the rain forests of; India : 75% Amazon : 43% Malaysia : 15%
In regions with definite seasonal climate; seasonal activity of cambium ceased with onset of unfavorable conditions; In Autumn, it enters the dormant state and lasts for the end of summer; In Spring, cambium again becomes active.
Duration of cambial activity is also affected by day-length, e.g., In Robinia pseudoacacia, cambium is dormant under short-day condition.
The cambium cells formed in circular in cross section from the beginning onwards.
The cambial ring is partially primary (fascicular cambium) and partially secondary (interfascicular cambium).
Periderm originates from the cortical cells (extra stelar in origin).
In Dicot stem, for mechanical support xylem is with comparatively smaller vessels, greater fibers and less parenchyma.
More amount of cork is produces for protection.
Lenticels on periderm are very prominent.
The cambial ring formed is wavy in the beginning and later becomes circular.
The cambium ring is completely secondary in origin.
Periderm originates from the pericycle (intra stelar in origin).
In Dicot root, xylem is with big thin walled vessels with few fibers and more parenchyma.
Less amount of cork is produced as root is underground.
Lenticels on periderm are not very prominent.
Angiosperms are the flowering plants also known as Magnoliophyta. The botanical term "Angiosperm" meaning ‘bottle or vessel’ is derived from the ancient Greek. These are the most diverse group of land plants. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants and the distinguished features of angiosperms over gymnosperms are angiosperms bear flowers, endosperm within the seeds and the production of fruits that contain the seed. According to the botanists the flowering plants diversified and widespread 120 million years ago. The classification of the flowering plants also has a long history.
In the past, classification systems were typically produced by an individual botanist or by a small group resulting large number of systems. Different systems and their updates were generally favored in different countries. Bentham and Hooker’s system was popular in the Britain and the Engler’s system was famous in the Europe etc. These systems were introduced before the availability of genetic evidences and angiosperms were classified using their morphology and biochemistry. After the 1980’s genetic evidences were available and phylogenetic methods came into the classification procedures.
In the late 1990s, an informal group of researchers from major institutions worldwide came together and they established the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). The objective was to provide a widely accepted and more stable point of reference for angiosperm classification. APG I was published in 1998 as their first attempt in Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. The initial 1998 paper by the APG made angiosperms the first large group of organisms to be systematically re-classified primarily on the basis of genetic characteristics. The group emphasized the need for a classification system for angiosperms at the level of families, orders and above. The existed systems are rejected is because they are not phylogenetically classified. The outline of a phylogenetic tree of all flowering plants became established and several well supported major clades involving many families of flowering plants were identified. The new knowledge of phylogeny revealed relationships in conflict with the then widely used modern classifications.
The principles of APG system are retaining the Linnean system of orders and families, Use of monophyletic groups (Consist of all descendants of a common ancestor), taking a broad approach to defining the limits of groups such as orders and families and use of term ‘clades’ above or parallel to the level of orders and families. A major outcome of the classification is the disappearance of the traditional division of the flowering plants into two groups, which are monocots and dicots.
Even though there are several controversies about APG the botanists worldwide are influenced by the concept and are currently practice the system.
This PPT offers a bird's eye view of ICBN and its different rules along with regulations for the naming of plants. It also highlights the history of IBC and its contribution to plant taxonomy.
Binomial System of Nomenclature is used in Taxonomy. It has been first time used consistently by Carolous Linnaeus aka Carl von Linne in his famous Species Plantarum published in 1753.
Taxonomic is very essential for naming of fungi and fungi like organism are included in easy understandable manner, so it will be very easy to understand for beginners
ICZN (International Code for Zoological Nomenclature)
Biosystematics and Taxonomy
The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature is a widely accepted convention in zoology that rules the formal scientific naming of organisms treated as animals. It is also informally known as the ICZN Code, for its publisher, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.
Introduction to Zoological Nomenclature (Part 1). Approximately 1 hour, 38 slides, in English. By Jerry Hooker, Dep't of Palaeontology, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN)
Name is the means of reference to all living and non-living things.
Any object known to human being is given a name to describe and communicate
ideas about it.
The name may be different in different languages and at different places.
The art of naming the object is known as Nomenclature.
And when it comes to naming of plants it is called Botanical nomenclature.
“The process of naming plants based on international rules proposed by botanists
to ensure a stable and universal uniform system is called Botanical
nomenclature.”
Common name is the same of the plant in a particularly area or locality given by
the people of that particular area.
3. Such names vary from place to place and language to language.
To overcome the problems of common names, scientists
suggested name in such a way that it is accepted in the world
and is used internationally.
But again, the problem remains the same, i.e., the language
which is not universal.
So the botanists agreed to lay down certain rules and conditions.
The main suggestion was that the language of the name should
be Latin.
4. It is because:
The language is not a national language of any country at present.
European languages derived from Latin only.
Past European scholars learnt their subjects in Latin.
A lot of previous botanical literature is written in Latin only.
During 1600 to 1850 AD Europe, particularly Greece, had dominated the
world of science.
The language was Latin but the script was Roman.
5. Binomial Nomenclature:
Linnaeus for the first time proposed that every living being has bionomial
name, i.e., a name with two epithets.
One is generic and the other is specific epithet.
If an organism has a variety also, then the name becomes trinomial.
Linnaeus proposed some rules for generic names of plants in Fundamental
Botanica (1736) and Critica Botanica (1737).
A.P.de Candolle for the first time proposed rules for nomenclature of
plants which are passed by International Botanical Congress at Paris
(1867).
For the first time it was a Swedish Naturalist Carolus Linnaeus who
started naming plants in 1753 as Binomial names.
6. It was published in his book “Species plantarum”.
The generic name is always a noun showing colour, name or adjective, e.g.,
Sarracenia named after a scientist Michel Sarracin.
Species is always an adjective, e.g., for white flower, it is alba., for edible
one it is sativa, black colour-nigrum etc.
These names are not used always. Species may be a Pronoun, e.g.,
americana, indica, benghalensis, etc.
It may be shape of a leaf (character of plant), e.g., sagittifolia, name of other
scientist to whom the plant is dedicated, e.g., Sahnii etc.
Before the middle of 18th century, plant names were generally polynomial
consisting of several words in a series.
7. Linnaeus proposed the elementary rules in Philosophia Botanica in 1751.
In 1813 A.P.de Candolle proposed details of the rules regarding plant
nomenclature in Theorie elementaire de la botanique.
Alphonse de Candolle son of A.P.de Candolle after a long time convened
an assembly of botanists of the world to present a new set of rules.
Candolle convened the first International Botanical Congress at Paris in
1867.
Linneaus to Tourneforte to A.P.de Candolle made Laws of Botanical
Nomenclature.
In 1867 it was put before Paris Botanical Congress with principles of
priority as Basic code with no exception.
8. Earlier to this in 1787 Tourneforte laid 7 laws:
i. Plants of one genus must have same generic name.
ii. Plants of different genera must have different generic name.
iii. If two plants have same name then it should be banished from one place.
iv. He who establishes a new genus should give a name.
v. Polynomials are invalid.
vi. Generic name based on plant character should be encouraged.
vii. Technical term in place of generic name is invalid.
9. Principles of International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, (ICBN)
I. Botanical nomenclature is independent of zoological nomenclature. The code
applies equally to names of taxonomic groups treated as plants whether or not these
groups were originally so treated (Plants do not include Bacteria).
II. Application of names of taxonomic groups is determined by means of
nomenclature types.
III. The nomenclature of a taxonomic group is based upon priority of publication.
IV. Each taxonomic group with a particular circumscription, position, and route can
bear only one correct name, the earliest that is in accordance with the rules, except in
specific cases.
V. Scientific names of taxonomic groups are treated as Latin regardless of their
derivation.
VI. The rules of nomenclature are retroactive unless expressly limited.
The Principles were laid down in 1983.
10. Some Important Rules and Recommendations
1. All those plants which belong to one genus must be designed by the source generic name (Rule
213).
2. All those plants which belong to different genera must be designated by different generic names
(Rule 214)
3. He who establishes a new genus should give it a name (Rule 218).
4. Those generic names are best which show essential characters of plants or its appearance (Rule
240).
5. Generic names one and a half foot long or difficult to pronounce or unpleasant are to be avoided
(Rule 249).
6. The specific name must distinguish a plant from all its relatives (Rule 257).
7. Size does not distinguish species (Rule 260).
8. The original place of plant does not give specific difference (Rule 264).
9. A generic name must be applied to each species (Rule 284).
10. The specific name should always follow the generic name (Rule 285).
11. In accordance with the ICBN some traditional names of the families are
changed to their alternate names as:
Compositae is now known as Asterceae.
Gramineae is now known as Poaceae.
Labiatae is now called as Lamiaceae.
Palmae is now called as Arecaceae.
Umbelliferae is now known as Apiaceae.
A unique exception to article 52 of the code is that the name Leguminosae is
sanctioned only as long as it includes all three subfamilies Papilionoideae,
Caesalpinoideae and Mimosoideae.
If the subsfamilies are upgraded to family status the Papilionaceae shall be called
Fabaceae.
12. Author Citation
A name cannot be complete without an author’s name.
The author’s name is abbreviated, e.g., Linneaus is abbreviated as Linn or L,
Benthm as Benth; Hooker as Hook, Roxburgh as Roxb, Lamark as Lamk etc.
According to Article 46 the indications of name of a taxon are to be accurate
and complete.
It is necessary to cite the name of the author who first validly published the
name.
According to Article 49 when a genus or taxon of a lower rank is altered in upper
rank but retains its name or epithet, the author who first published this as a legitimate
name or epithet must be cited in parentheses; followed by the name of the author was
effected the alternation e.g., Citrus auranium var. grandis L; when raised to rank
of species it become Citrus grandis (L) Obseck. Here L is the first author and
Osbeck altered it.
13. Publication of Names
The name of a Taxon should fulfill certain requirements before its effective publication, e.g.,
(1) Formulation:
It should indicate.
(a) sp. nov (species nova) for a new species
(b) Comb, nov (combination nova) for change in the epithet of basionym The name of the original author should
be kept in Parantheses.
(c) nom. nov (Nomen novum) when the original name is completely replaced.
(2) Latin diagnosis:
Name of New Taxa should have a Latin diagnosis, i.e., translation of all features in Latin language.
(3) Typification:
Holotype should be designated.
The name of new Taxon is valid only when the type of the name is mentioned after January 1, 1990.
The name of the taxon whose type is a specimen or unpublished illustration; the herbarium or institution in
which the type is conserved must be specified.
(4) After January 1, 1996 the name of new taxon of fossil should be accompanied by a Latin or English
description of character.
Article 32, 1-2 or Tokyo Code (ICBN) is amended as new names of plants and Fungi will have to be registered
in order to be validly published after January 1, 2000.
14. Type Concept
Different Kinds of Types:
(i) Holotype:
Single specimen, may be whole plant or a part of it with which the name of taxon is permanently
attached, is known as holotype.
(ii) Isotype or Cotype:
Fragments from the same plant from which the Holotype is made or plants with same field number
are isotypes.
(iii) Paratype:
Specimen other than holotype and Isotype is called Paratype. The specimen may bear a different field
number as it is collected from different localities by different collectors.
(iv) Syntype:
The specimen which is the basis of new taxon when no holotype is designated by author is known as
syntype. If author studies collection from different localities and by different collectors and decides
to establish a new species, labels all of them as types, all these specimen become syntype.
15. (v) Lectotype:
It is type chosen to serve as Holotype, when either an earlier designated holotype was lost or
destroyed or Holotype was never designated and from the Isotype, Paratype or Syntype a
specimen is chosen by a specialist to serve as the type.
(vi) Neotype:
If Holotype, Isotype, Paratype or Syntype are lost or not available a Neotype is selected
from other specimens, to serve as Type. Some taxonomists call it Standard Specimen.
(vii) Topotype:
When no original type material is available and a specimen is collected from type locality is
chosen to serve as type it is called Topotype.
(viii) Epitype:
Specimen is selected to serve as an interpretive type when the holotype, lectotype, Neotype
etc. could not effectively be identified to name the taxon, it is called Epitype.
