The document describes various ecological hierarchies that shape biodiversity on Earth, including taxonomic, trophic, and ecological hierarchies. It then discusses key concepts in biogeography and ecosystems, such as biomes, disturbance regimes, succession, and how energy and nutrients flow through ecosystems. Specific biomes are also outlined such as tropical rainforests, grasslands, deserts, and tundra.
This presentation is all about the Terrestrial Biome..made for Environmental Science Students.This came from different authors which I browsed from the net..Hope this will help=)
Importance
Intrinsic Value
Extinctions
What is Biodiversity?
Genetic Biodiversity
Species Biodiversity
Ecosystem Biodiversity
Ecosystem Function
Marine Biodiversity
Caribbean Diversity
Extinctions
Threats to Biodiversity
Protection & MPA’s
Points on biomes,habitat,ecotone and their differentations.
also on terrestrial ,wetland,fresh water,marine habitat and their types .Explained much with pictures..so easy to remember and to take class .Hope this may help....
Wildlife management techniques and methods of wildlife conservationAnish Gawande
Wildlife Conservation is the practice of protecting wild plant and animal species and their habitat. Wildlife plays an important role in balancing the environment and provides stability to different natural processes of nature. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure that nature will be around for future generations to enjoy and also to recognize the importance of wildlife and wilderness for humans and other species alike. Many nations have government agencies and NGO's dedicated to wildlife conservation, which help to implement policies designed to protect wildlife. Numerous independent non-profit organizations also promote various wildlife conservation causes.
Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of human activity on wildlife. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living species that is in the danger of becoming extinct because the species has a very low or falling population, or because they are threatened by the varying environmental or prepositional parameters.
This presentation is all about the Terrestrial Biome..made for Environmental Science Students.This came from different authors which I browsed from the net..Hope this will help=)
Importance
Intrinsic Value
Extinctions
What is Biodiversity?
Genetic Biodiversity
Species Biodiversity
Ecosystem Biodiversity
Ecosystem Function
Marine Biodiversity
Caribbean Diversity
Extinctions
Threats to Biodiversity
Protection & MPA’s
Points on biomes,habitat,ecotone and their differentations.
also on terrestrial ,wetland,fresh water,marine habitat and their types .Explained much with pictures..so easy to remember and to take class .Hope this may help....
Wildlife management techniques and methods of wildlife conservationAnish Gawande
Wildlife Conservation is the practice of protecting wild plant and animal species and their habitat. Wildlife plays an important role in balancing the environment and provides stability to different natural processes of nature. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure that nature will be around for future generations to enjoy and also to recognize the importance of wildlife and wilderness for humans and other species alike. Many nations have government agencies and NGO's dedicated to wildlife conservation, which help to implement policies designed to protect wildlife. Numerous independent non-profit organizations also promote various wildlife conservation causes.
Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of human activity on wildlife. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living species that is in the danger of becoming extinct because the species has a very low or falling population, or because they are threatened by the varying environmental or prepositional parameters.
Introduction to Biogeography of the Global GardenScott St. George
Biogeography uses ideas from biology, geography and history to explain the panorama of life on Earth. This course provides students with a broad introduction to important concepts and issues in ecology and environmental science. Over the semester, we’ll investigate how weather and climate affects the distribution of species, how individuals interact with their own species and others, and discuss why species expand or go extinct. Within this framework, we’ll also examine the many ways humans, either as individuals or in groups, act as agents of biotic change.
Habitats as primary factor in vegetation of israelNir Herr
The primary and steady factor affecting vegetation type presence is habitat conditions.
Therefore, vegetation patchiness is driven mainly by habitat.
Habitat facilities is the main factor of the vegetation formations distribution
And of the patchiness in Israel. The ecological system repair human influences.
Ecological resilience contributes to overcome long or short term human disturbances.
Nirforestecosoil.com
לצפייה באתר ולהורדת הקובץ ראה בקישור הבא:
Look in the site: http://nirforestecosoil.com/
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
2. Overview
Describing Life on Earth
Taxonomic Hierarchy
Classifying species
Biogeographical Realms
Trophic Hierarchy
Energy and nutrient flow
Food chains and Food webs
Nutrient Cycles
Ecological Hierarchy
Communities and Assemblages
Stability, succession and disturbance
Terrestrial Ecosystems
Biomes
Biomes
Formation classes
3. Biogeography: the study of the
distributions of plants and animals and
related ecosystems; the geographical
relationships with their environments
over time
4. The Biosphere
The biosphere encompasses all of the living
species on earth (Biodiversity)
What the species are
How they interact with each other
How they are distributed over the globe
Scientific perspectives derive from
Evolutionary theory
Genetic relationship between species
Natural selection
Interaction with each other through competition for resources
Ecology
Co-occurrence of species in given areas
Competition (especially in food chains) regulates the flow of
energy through
Global classification based on
Evolutionary linkages (Realms and Regions)
Ecological relationships (Biomes)
5. Hierarchies of Life
Biodiversity is shaped by the
interactions of species that result in the
formation of stable groups (or unstable
groups) of species through the
regulation of the flow of energy and
nutrients.
Taxonomic hierarchies
organization of related species
Trophic hierarchies
organization of energy and nutrient flow
Ecological hierarchies
organization of species into groups
6. Taxonomic Hierarchy
Taxonomy: the systematic classification of
plants, animals and other life forms according
to presumed natural relationships
Taxon: a group or entity within a
classification system (pl. taxa)
Species specific
Genus
Family
Order
Class
Phylum
Kingdom general
Groupings based on identified evolutionary
relationships
7. Species are classified according to:
Morphology – similarity of physical and behavioral
traits
Reproductive criteria
genetic relationships
Species named with Latin binomials,
according to taxonomic criteria
Genus + Specific epithet
Example: Genus Syzygium
Syzygium inophylloides
S. samarangense
S. dealatum
S. savaiiense
Groupings into similar genera and families implies
evolutionary linkage
11. There are roughly 1.8 million known species
on Earth
Estimates on total species vary between 4 million
and 20 million
Taxonomic distribution
56% Insects
Beetles (Coleoptra) comprise 24% of the total
17% Other arthropods and invertebrates
14% Plants
9% Algae, protozoans, fungi
2.7% Vertebrates
1% Bacteria and viruses
13. Biogeographic Realms
Realms
As continental masses separated off from
each other, their isolation from each other
allowed their species to evolve separately,
giving rise to unique assemblages
Oceans form main barrier to spread, but also
mountains, climatic conditions
14.
15.
16. Trophic Hierarchy
Organizing life according to the flow of energy
Solar energy
Critical role of plants: photosynthesis
trophic levels, foodchains, efficiency, food
pyramids
Producers: plants (autotrophs)
Consumers (heterotrophs)
Primary consumers: herbivores
Secondary consumers: carnivores
Tertiary consumers: higher order carnivores, omnivores
Food Chains & Food webs
Chains indicate linear pathways of energy flow
(single path)
Food webs illustrate complex multiple pathways
Efficiency: Loss of energy at each level
17.
18. Abiotic Components
Light: photoperiod
Climate: temperature and water
Altitudinal zones (life zones)
Increases in altitude mimic increases in latitude
Normal lapse rate: temperatures cool with
increasing altitude: changing climatic patterns
Elemental cycles (biogeochemical cycles)
Nitrogen cycle
Carbon and oxygen cycle
Limiting factors: an abiotic or chemical factor
that is in short supply and inhibits ecosystems
from operating at full potential.
20. Critical Role of Plants
A vital link between the abiotic and biotic
components
with help from soil biota
Photosynthesis
Stores Carbon dioxide, water, and energy
Creates Carbohydrates and oxygen
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
Respiration
Releases stored energy, carbon dioxide and water vapor
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O
Plants also intercept Nitrogen, a building block of
proteins
Net Primary Productivity: photosynthesis usually
exceeds respiration.
21.
22. Net primary productivity results in increased biomass
Biomass: net dry weight of organic material
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28. Consider also grass-fed beef; although similar inefficiencies exist,
people cannot directly digest grass. In areas where agriculture is
not viable, this makes ecological sense.
31. Ecological Hierarchy
Organization of life according to number of
species and spatial scale
Individual Species
Individual
Population
Metapopulation
Community
Assemblages
Guilds
Ecosystem: communities plus trophic interactions
Biomes: ecosystems on a global scale,
differentiated by levels of abiotic inputs and
primary productivity
Biosphere
33. Ecosystem Components
Ecosystems have biotic and
abiotic components
Abiotic:
solar energy input
nutrient cycles
nitrogen
carbon
34. Biotic
Communities
an assemblage of interacting plants and animals
Competition
Mutualisms
Habitat
the type of environment that a particular species lives in and is
adapted to.
Some species are adapted to one type of habitat
“habitat specialists”
Some species are adapted to several habitats
“habitat generalists”
Niche: the functional role a species plays in its community
Habitat niche
Trophic niche: producer, consumer, decomposer
Reproductive niche
Competitive exclusion principle
An ecosystem is most stable when all of its niches are filled
35. Range and Distribution
The distribution of the abiotic resources that
a species needs affects where that species
can occur
Climatic factors are important determinants of
range
Species that are limited to one or a few areas
are referred to as endemics
These species are often highly specialized to a
particular niche
Often the most efficient competitor for that niche,
but are susceptible to change
Generalist species often have a much greater
spatial range than specialized species, and
are more tolerant of change
36.
37.
38. Stability, Succession, Disturbance
Basic Concepts
Stability: ability of a community to retain its species
composition: most stable when all niches are filled
Climax community
Resilience: ability of a community to recover its
original species composition after a disturbance
Biodiversity: the number and abundance of species in
an area
Disturbance: an event that alters community
composition, re-allocates stored nutrients, and alters
nutrient pathways
Succession: changes in species composition in a
community over time as the community moves toward
stability following a disturbance
Biodiversity and stability
High native biodiversity conveys ecosystem stability
Prevent loss of energy and nutrients
39. Disturbance
When a disturbance is small in comparison to the
community in question, the community quickly
reincorporates the disturbance and reestablishes
stability
Example: tree fall, creating gaps in forest canopy
When a disturbance is larger than a community
and occurs relatively frequently, the type of
disturbance structures the community composition
“Disturbance Regime”
Examples: Hurricanes, fire ecology
When a disturbance is of similar spatial scale and
occurs with a frequency comparable to succession
rates, transformation of ecosystems can occur
40.
41.
42. Ecological Succession
Patch Dynamics
Succession
Seed banks (seeds already present at a location)
Dispersal (seeds transported into a location)
Areas of infrequent disturbance are more likely to return to
original community composition
Areas of frequent disturbance will change composition
toward dispersible species from outside the patch
Terrestrial Succession
Primary Succession
Occurs in areas with no vegetation
example: lava flows
example: surface mining
Species adapted to growing on little or no soil (lichens, mosses)
are often the pioneer species
Secondary Succession
Occurs where disturbance leaves some vegetation
Rapidly dispersing, opportunistic species are frequent pioneer
species
43. Fire Ecology
A disturbance regime
Fire is a “natural” part of many ecosystems
Especially in the western US
Lightning strikes
Native American land management
created a “park-like landscape” that provided habitat for
game
Many tree species are adapted to fire, and require
it to complete their reproductive cycles
Fire suppression allowed accumulation of
fuel, contributing to catastrophic fires
Fire is now used as a management tool
44. Ecosystems and Biomes
Terrestrial Ecosystems
self-regulating assemblages of plant and
animal species interacting with each other
and their abiotic environment
The assemblage of plant species gives
each ecosystem its defining character
provides link between abiotic and biotic
components (distinguishes ecosystems from
communities)
provides habitat and niche
45. Biome: large, stable, terrestrial
ecosystem
Classification based on dominant
vegetation
forest
savanna
shrubland
grassland
desert
tundra
Ecotone: transition zone between biomes
Formation classes: dominant vegetation
within the general biome classes
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57. Formation Classes
Equatorial and Tropical Rainforest (ETR)
Tropical Seasonal Forest and Scrub (TrSF)
Tropical Savanna (TRS)
Midlatitude Broadleaf and Mixed Forest (MBME)
Needleleaf Forest and Montane Forest (NF/MF)
Temperate Rain Forest (TeR)
Mediterranean Shrubland (MSh)
Midlatitude Grasslands (MGr)
Warm Desert and Semi-desert (DBW)
Cold Desert and Semi-desert (DBC)
Arctic and Alpine Tundra (AAT)
(Ice)
58.
59. Equatorial and Tropical Rainforest
Occur in tropical areas that receive high amounts
of rainfall regularly throughout the year
High net primary productivity and biomass
Vertical arrangement of ecological niches
Emergent Layer: Intense sunlight, high temperatures,
strong winds, low humidity
Canopy Layer: 90% of species live here; epiphytes,
lianas, primates
Understory: 2 – 15% of sunlight; dark, sparse, shade
tolerant species
Forest Floor: Less than 2% light. Decomposing organic
matter
Oxisols, Ultisols
Represent approximately half of the world’s
remaining forests
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65. Tropical Seasonal Forest and Scrub
Also called Moist Deciduous forest
On the margins of tropical rainforests
Seasonal variation in rainfall
Tropical Savanna climate
Tropical Monsoon climate
Semi-deciduous trees
lose their leaves during the dry-season
Oxisols, Ultisols, Vertisols, Alfisols
Caatinga (Brazil), Chaco (Paraguay and
Argentina), brigalow (Australia), dornveld
(South Africa)
66. Tropical Savanna
Transitional between tropical forests and semi-
arid tropical steppes and deserts
Mixture of grasslands and small trees and
shrubs
Herbivores that move in herds are characteristic
of landscapes that are wide open
Fire-ecology disturbance regime
Rainfall only occurs with ITCZ (less than 6 months)
Dry conditions otherwise
xerophytic vegetation
Alfisols, Ultisols, Oxisols
67. Midlatitude Broadleaf and Mixed
Forest
Moist continental climates
humid sub-tropical hot-summer climate
marine west coast climates
cool summer, winter drought climate
Mixture of deciduous and evergreen
species
Community structure greatly altered by
human activity
Ultisols, Alfisols, some Spodosols
68. Needleleaf Forest and Montane
Forest
Also called boreal forests
Taiga in in areas transitional to arctic or subarctic
climates
Humid microthermal climates
Needleaf forests not common in S. Hemisphere
Montane forests found world wide (altitudinal
zonation)
Evergreens
Pine, spruce and fir
Characteristic fauna
Beaver, moose, snowshoe rabbit, lynx, wolverine
Spodosols, Histosols, some Alfisols
69.
70. Temperate Rainforest
Mostly in the Pacific NW of N America
Relatively low diversity of tree species
Tallest trees in the world: Giant Redwoods
(Sequoia sempervirens)
Evergreens, some deciduous
Extremely wet climate
Tongass National Forest, Alaska
The world’s last pristine temperate
rainforest
Spodosols, Inceptisols
71. Mediterranean Shrubland
Mediterranean dry-summer climate
Poleward of subtropical high pressure
cells
Stable high-pressure creates dry conditions
Fire ecology disturbance regime
Sclerophyllous vegetation
hardy, drought resistant shrubs with deep
roots and hard waxy leaves
Chaparral
Alfisols, Mollisols
72. Midlatitude Grasslands
The most heavily human modified biome
mining of Mollisols for agriculture
Very little of this biome left
Fauna also characterized by herding
herbivores
Prairies of the Great Plains, Pampas of
Argentina
Mollisols, Aridisols
73. Warm Desert and Semi-desert
Subtropical high pressure cells create the
dry conditions in these areas
Atacama Desert, Chile
Xerophytic shrubs, succulents, thorn trees
Aridisols, Entisols
74. Cold desert and Semidesert
Higher latitudes than warm deserts
Rainshadows and cold ocean currents
influence the dryness
Sage brush and scrub
Many were former short-grass regions,
transformed by intensive grazing
Aridisols, Entisols
75. Arctic and Alpine Tundra
Northern hemisphere, bordering the Arctic
ocean North of 10o latitude
Tundra vegetation
Mosses, lichens, short grass, some small trees
Alpine tundra: high altitude zonation
Fauna
Lemmings, caribou, musk ox, arctic fox, polar bear
Gellisols, Inceptisols, Entisols
permafrost